UHD MGMT 3301 - Week 3, Chapter 9
According to Herzberg's theory, Hot Topic's empowering their workers, providing interesting work, and publicly recognizing excellent performance would be classified as
motivator factors
The process by which managers eliminate behaviors that reinforce the undesired effect.
Extinction
______ focuses on motivating workers to contribute their inputs to their jobs and organizations: in this way it is similar to expectancy theory and equity theory. However, this theory takes this focus a step further by considering as well how managers can ensure that organizational members focus their inputs in the direction of high performance and the achievement of organizational goals.
Goal-Setting Theory
An _______ is anything a person contributes to the job or organization, such as time, effort, education, experience, skills, knowledge and actual work behaviors.
Input
Why should managers be concerned about motivation?
It explains WHY people behave the way they do in an organization.
McClelland's Needs Theory
Janelle; Curtis
______ can be defined as a relatively permanent change in a person's knowledge or behavior that results from practice or experience.
Learning
The basic premise of ______ as applied to organizations is that managers can increase employee motivation and performance by how they link the outcomes that employees receive to the performance of desired behaviors and the attainment of goals.
Learning Theories.
Whether workers are intrinsically motivated, extrinsically motivated, or both depends on a wide variety of factors. These factors could be:
The individual workers personal characteristics (their abilitites, values, attitudes, needs and general personality) The nature of their jobs (such as whether they have been enriched or where they are on the five core characteristics of the job characteristics model) The nature of the organization (such as structure, culture, control systems and human resource management reward distribution)
Betsy McLaughlin enjoys tackling new concepts, being an entrepreneur, and challenges. She has a high need for
achievement
Hot Topic encourages employees to move around in the company to develop new types of teams and to take on new challenges. This helps to motivate them by filling their need for
achievement
Intrinsically motivated behavior is:
behavior that is perfromed for its own sake such as: having a sense of accomplishment and achievement.
Hot Topic has no walls in the work space. This helps workers fulfill which of Maslow's needs?
belongingness
Managers are able to motivate team members to contribute inputs by
ensuring that members of an organization obtain the outcomes they desire when they make valuable contributions.
Characteristics of an extrinsically motivated person might be:
A sales person motivated by earning commission. An attorney who's motivated by salary and prestige. A factory worker motivated by the opportunity to ear a secure income and benefits.
Characteristics of an pro-socially motivated person might be:
A teacher who wants to teach and give the their students the best learning experience possible. A surgeon skilled at organ transplants that enjoys the job for the ability to help, the challenge and the high salary.
Extrinsically motivated behavior is:
Behavior that is performed to acquire material or social rewards or to avoid punishment. The source of motivation is the consequence of behavior, not the behavior itself.
Equity Theory
Brando; Mira
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs Theory
Caroline ; Elise
Motivation is highest when workers believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance and that high performance leads to the attainment of desired outcomes.
Expectation Theory
Effort (input) > (expectancy) > Performance > (__________) > Outcomes (valence)
Instrumentality
Motivation can come from either _________ or __________ sources.
Intrinsic; extrinsic
_______ exists when a person perceives that his or her own outcome-input ratio is greater than that of a referent.
Overpayment Inequity
______ reinforcement gives people outcomes they desire when they perform organizationally functional behaviors such as pay, praise, or promotion.
Positive
______ refers to an employees perception of the fairness of the procedures used to determine how to distribute outcomes in an organization.
Procedural Justice
Effort
Refers to how hard people work
Herzberg's Motivator-Hygiene Theory
Scott; Nicholas
_____ is a persons belief about his or her ability to perform a behavior successfully.
Self-Efficacy
______ are any desired or attractive outcomes or rewards that people can give to themselves for good performance, such as a feeling of accomplishment.
Self-Reinforcers
____ proposes that motivation results not only from direct experience of rewards and punishments but also from a persons thoughts and beliefs.
Social Learning
Examples of Inputs from organizational members include:
Time, effort, education, experience, skills, knowledge and work behaviors.
Expectancy Theory
Tony; Aileen
_________ exists when a person's own outcome-input ratio is perceived to be (less) than that of a referent.
Underpayment Inequity
Betsy McLaughlin states that it is important to her employees to be recognized for what they contribute. On Maslow's hierarchy, this would motivate people through their need for
esteem
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory and McClelland's needs for achievement, affiliation and power are
examples of need theories
Hot Topic promotes from within. Workers know that if they perform well, they may be promoted from the store to the headquarters. This is an example of instrumentality, a part of ______ theory.
expectancy
In order for people's motivation to be high, ________ must be high.
expectations
The concert reimbursement program is an example of a(n) ________ motivator.
extrinsic
Effective management can result in:
highly motivated employees that perform and help the organization achieve its goals.
A "passion for the product" works as a(n) ______ motivator.
intrinsic
Valence
is how desirable each of the outcomes available from a job or organization is to a person.
Motivation:
may be defined as pychologizal forces that determine the direction of a person's behavior in an organizaiton, a person's level of effort, and a person's level of persistence in the face of obstacles.
As the meeting goes on, Davy also mentions that he is bored with what he is used to doing and wants to do more challenging work. According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, Davy is seeking to satisfy ____ needs.
motivator
In a comparison of one's own outcome-input ratio to a referent's ratio, one's ______ of outcomes and inputs (not any objective indicator of them) are key.
perceptions
The _______ might be another person or a group of people who are perceived to be a similar to oneself; the referent also might oneself in a previous job or one's own outcome-input ratios should be.
referent
John Stacy Adams, who stressed that what is important in determining motivation is the _______ rather than the _______ levels of outcomes a person receives and inputs a person contributes.
relative; absolute
The direction of a person's behavior may refer to:
the many possible behaviors a person can engage in.
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs are
the most basic or compelling of needs.
A compensation plan basing pay on performance is often called a ________.
Merit Pay Plan
A ______ is a requirement or necessity for survival and well-being.
Need
A top manager who derives a sense of accomplishment from managing a large corporation AND strives to earn year-end bonuses is said to be:
Both Intrinsically and Extrinsically motivated.
_______ refers to an employee's perception of the fairness of the distribution of outcomes (such as promotions, pay, job assignments, and working conditions) in an organization.
Distributive Justice
________ exists when a person perceives his or her own outcome-input ratio to be equal to a referent's outcome-input ratio.
Equity
_______ is a theory of motivation that concentrates on people's perceptions of the fairness of their work (outcomes) relative to, or in proportion to, their work (inputs).
Equity Theory
What theories, allude to the importance of pay and suggests that pay should be based on performance?
Expecation theory Need theories Equity Theories Goal-Setting theory Learning theoires
Davy has expected that if he demonstrates high performance, he will get rewards in the form of a salary increase or promotion. When he doesn't receive such rewards, his motivation decreased significantly. According to expectancy theory, which factor is the main reason for Davy's low motivation?
Expectancy
_______ is a person's perception about the extent to which effort (an input) results in a certain level of performance.
Expectancy
High Motivation results when:
Expectation is high [people percieve that if they try hard, they can perform at a high level] Instrumentality is high [People perceive that high performance leads to the receipt of certain outcomes.] Valence is high [People desire the outcomes that result from high performance]
According to __________ , people have two sets of needs or requirements: motivator needs and hygiene needs.
Herzber's motivator-hygiene theory
_____, or lack of fairness, exists when a person's outcome-input ratio is not perceived to be equal to a referent's.
Inequity
_______ creates pressure or tension inside people and motivates them to restore equity by brining the two ratios back into balance.
Inequity
_____ refers to an employee's perception of the extent to which his or her manager provides explanations for decisions and the procedures used to arrive at them.
Informational Justince
According to expectancy theory, employees are motivated to perform at a high level only if they think the high performance will lead to high outcomes and results. This relates to
Instrumentality
Another major concept in expectancy theory, is a person's perception about the extent to which performance at certain level results in the attainment of outcomes. This concept is known as
Instrumentality
_____ refers to an employee's perception of the fairness of the interpersonal treatment he or she receives from whoever distributes outcomes to him or her (typically his or her manager)
Interpersonal Justice
Jobs that are interesting and challenging are more likely to lead to _______ motivation than are jobs that are boring or jobs that that do not utilize a person's skills and abilities.
Intrinsic
The need for achievement, the need for affiliation and the need for power would fall under who's need theory?
McClelland
Davy explains that he has not been motivated to work harder because he did not get a salary increase or promotion for his good performance. This is an example of ____ motivation.
Operational
Performance contributes to:
Organizational Efficiency Organizational Effectiveness The attainment of Organizational Goals.
An ______ outcome is anything a person gets from a job or an organization. Examples include: Autonomy, responsibility, a feeling of accomplishment.
Outcome
Outcomes received by organizational members:
Pay, job security, benefits, vacation time, job satisfaction, autonomy, responsibility, feelings of accomplishment, enjoyment of doing interesting work and improving the lives or well-being of others.
Underpayment Inequity
Person: Outcomes / Inputs < Referent: Outcomes / Inputs
Equity
Person: Outcomes / Inputs = Referent: Outcomes / Inputs
Overpayment Inequity
Person: Outcomes / Inputs > Referent: Outcomes / Inputs
Persistence
Refers to whether, when faced with roadblocks and obstacles, people will either keep trying or give up.
True / False: Behavior can be pro-socially motivated in addition to being extrinsically and/or Intrinsically motivated.
True
______, often called observational learning, occurs when a person becomes motivated to perform a behavior by watching another person (model) performing the behavior and being positively reinforced for doing so.
Vicarious Learning
Betsy McLaughlin loves the team, enjoys the people she works with, and enjoys working alongside people she genuinely likes as human beings. These all act as ______ motivators for her.
intrinsic
In Maslow's Hierarchy, the lowest level of ______ needs in the hierarchy is the prime motivator of behavior; if and when this level is satisfied, needs at the next highest level in the hierarchy motivate behavior.
unmet
Characteristics of an intrinsically motivated person might be:
A person who is motivated by goals and accomplishments. A person attracted to a job that in interesting and challenging. A teach, computer programmer, a commercial photographer.
The basic premise of _______ theories is that people are motivated to obtain outcomes at work that will satisfy their needs.
Need
_____ reinforcement can encourage members of an organization to perform desired or organizationally functional behaviors such as criticism, disciplinary action or loss of employment.
Negative
According to _______, developed by B.F. Skinner, people learn to perform behaviors that lead to desired consequences and learn not to perform behaviors that lead to undesired consequences.
Operant Conditioning Theory
Enterprise Rent-a-Car motivates employees by offering:
Promotion from within, financial incentives and Philanthropic activities and initiatives.
Behavior that is performed to benefit or help others is known as:
Prosocially motivated behavior
The administering of an undesired or negative consequence to subordinates when they perform the undesired effect.
Punishment