Ultimate AP Psych tool

What two parts does autonomic system break down into?

Sympathetic and parasympathetic system

Endocrine system

System of glands that secrete and regulate hormones

Function of dendrites

Take in/receive messages

100 ______ _______ each with 50-100 ______ _______ ____ that send message to "matching partner cell" In _____ lobe

Taste buds, taste receptor cells (transducers), temporal

BF Skinner's students experiment

Taught Racoons to put coins in piggy bank; instinct caused them to investigate coins and not care about food)

Prosocial behavioral models

Teach children positive behaviors (Ghandi and MLK Jr taught to inspire others and peaceful protest; children often imitate parents behavior)

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) approach

Technique that looks for the location of genes that might be associated with particular behaviors

Technology across the lifespan

Technological advances have given greater access to information at virtually every stage of development

Hearing loss has risen in _____ by 33% since 1990's

Teens

Women and emotion

Tend to talk about emotions more than men do Outperform men in accurately recognizing facial expressions of emotion Tend to smile more often

Bystander effect

Tendency for any person to be less likely to give aid if other people are present (more ppl=less chance to help)

Conformity

Tendency of people to adjust their behavior to what others are doing to adhere to the cultural norms.

Hindsight bias

Tendency to believe, after learning outcome, we should have for seen it.

Fundamental attribution error

Tendency to cite dispositional causes for others behavior; purposefully ignoring situational variables (only applying to others)

State dependent memory

Tendency to have improved retrieval when in the same state of consciousness as when memory was encoded (if high energy when studying, perform better with high energy on exam)

serial positioning effect

Tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Out-group homogeneity

Tendency to see members of out-group as the same

laws of similarity

Tendency to see/perceive smooth patterns rather than disjointed ones

Ethnocentrism

Tendency to view ones own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways

Reuptake

Terminal buttons take back the neurotransmitters (vacuum), and can use it to make copies after

Educational and School Psychology

Test and counsel children having difficulties in school. (Special ed to gifted)

inferential statistics

Test hypothesis and predict how likely a sample score is to occur in the population

Hypothesis

Testable prediction, services from a theory

What controls the sex drive in men and women?

Testosterone; men have higher levels

Visual Cliff (Gibson and Walk)

Tests depth perception in infants and young animals (all glass box with one side covered with print; they don't walk on the glass side because of right)

Marijuana

Tetrahydrocannabinos (THC) 7 seconds to hit brain (smoking) Lower inhibitions Amplifies sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells Not possible to gain dependence; can build up tolerance Smoke before brain develops=less frontal lobe development Impaired motor coordination (don't drive! Impairs memory)

Hair cells send messages to the _____, then to the _______ ______ of ______ lobe

Thalamus, auditory cortex of temporal lobes

What does 95% in terms of a p value mean?

That's the IV has caused change in DV; the manipulation worked

Glial cells

The "glue" that holds the nervous system together

Combination of philosophy and physiology (Aristotle said mind and body work together)

The Origins of psychology

Empathy

The ability to share the feelings of others and understand their situations

According to the gate control theory, what opens the gate?

The activation of small fibers

Persuasion

The active and conscious effort to change an attitude through the transmission of a message

Relearning

The amount of time saved when acquiring knowledge for the second time (psych intro—> psych AP)

Prototype

The best fitting example of a category (dog = first one is lab)

Apparent motion

The brain and accurately interprets the sensation of the light on our retinas (see movement when there is none; optical illusion)

Applied psychology

The branch of psych concerned with everyday practical problems

Rehearsal

The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

intimacy versus isolation

The development crisis is whether or not one will join their identity with another person Love is the main concern, but if this is already achieved, can be about forming live friendships

Tolerance

The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug (need to take more to get same effect)

Principle 4 of behavioral genetics

The environment affects how and when genes affect behavior

Reciprocity norm

The expectation that people will helo those who have helped them

Heritability

The extent to which a characteristic is influenced by genetics. Ranges on a score from 0-1, more heritable closer to one (it's never 0 or 1, always in the middle; even .4 is considered significant)

Wilhelm Wundt (1879)

The father of psychology. He started the first psych lab in Germany, measure "atoms of mind" (memory and attention; experimental psych)

figure-ground

The figure stands in front of a somewhat unformed background/ground Ex. Rubins face-vase figure

Acquisition

The final product of classical conditioning (NS becomes CS and produced CR)

Process of the three mid ear bones

The hammer hits the anvel, which then moves the stirrup (created vibration) Vibration of the stirrup activated the inner ear (specifically the cochlea)

Monogenic transmission

The hereditary passing on of traits determines by a single gene (very few examples)

Multitasking

The implication of shifting attention; Rapid switching from one task to another

Attribution theory

The inferences we make about what causes behavior.

Conditioned response (CR)

The learned response to a CS (which was originally an NS)

Threshold

The level of strength a stimulus much reach to be detected

Nurture works on what nature provides (both are important); the environment interacts continuously with biology to shape who we are and what we do

The modern debate of nature vs nurture

The more area on the strip for a body part means....

The more sensitive that body part is the Ex. More area for the hands than feet because hands are sensitive

Resting potential

The neurons stable negative charge when it is inactive

Frequency

The number of wave cycles per second; pitch (higher frequency = higher pitch) Short wavelength = higher frequency

Dominant gene

The one that is expressed when paired genes are different

Dependent variable

The outcome/result of manipulation (what found out from experiment)

Reliability

The overall consistency of a measure (hits the same spot)

Percentile-rank

The percentage of scores in a distribution lower than the score

Recall

The person must retrieve information learned ealier without cues (fill in the blank test)

Recognition

The person needs to only identity items previously learned (MC test)

P-value

The probability that two sets of data are significantly different from each other (you want the lower probability; when p is less than or equal to .05, groups are significantly different; significance=there is a difference)

Modeling

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior (monkey see money do)

accommodation

The process of the lens changing shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

Evolutionary model (instinct theory)

The purpose of any living organism to perpetuate itself (pass on genes) Major motives all involve basic survival and reproduction needs and drives (stay alive long enough pass genes): hunger, thirst, body temp regulation, oxygen, sex (gene pass) We do things to feel good; live in to feel gold though these things

Metabolism

The rate at which we consume energy (some fast/others slow) 4 biological components that drive our metabolism

Principle 1 of behavioral genetics

The relationship between genes and behavior is complex

What was the NS in Pavlov's study?

The ringing of the bell (completely un associated with food unless taught to make this connection

congnitive psychology

The science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive

Developmental psychology

The scientific study for physical (biological), cognitive (thinking), and social change throughout the lifespan

Psychology

The scientific study of thought and behavior. Psych=mind

Twin adoption studies

The study of hereditary influences on twins, both identical and fraternal, who were raised together and apart. (Identical = 100% same genes, fraternal = 30-60%)

social psychology

The study of how living among others influence human thoughts, feelings, and behavior

pyschopysics

The study of how we make psychological meaning of physical stimuli

Biological psychology (neuroscience)

The study of the link between physiological (genetic, hermonal, and neural) and pyschological process (how physiolgy affects thought and behavior)

Spacing effect

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study

Own-race bias

The tendency for people to recognize faces of their own race more accurately than faces of other races

False consensus effect

The tendency to over estimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.

Mood congruent memory

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad emotions (good mood now = happy bad memory)

Which structure does smell bypass and why?

The thalamus because evolutionarily smell has developed before the thalamus (embryologically)

How is 50% of variation in personality across family members explained?

The unshared environment (birth order, parents, teachers, friends, etc)

Framing

The way that an issue is posed can often change the way ppl interpret info.

What are adolescents searching for?

Their identity (figuring out who you are in all aspects of life)

triarchic theory of intelligence

Theory by Robert Sternberg; intelligence broken down into 3 categories of successful intelligence (skills and cognitive abilities needed to achieve life success): practical intelligence (solving everyday problems); analytic intelligence (IQ test information); creative intelligence: solving new problems (inventive)

Sigmind Freud (1920's)

Theory of personality based on early childhood experience; studied the unconscious (psychoanalysis; very controversial)

Conclusion of 2nd cat experiment?

There is a critical period for norms sensory and perceptual development

post synaptic potential

These affect the probability of receiving a neurons message.

Structuralism/functionalism, functionalism

These don't really exist today but just current fields stem back to this school of psych

Festinger and Carlsmith

These two psychologists conducted a study where after completing a boring task some participants were paid $1 and others were paid $20 to convince others waiting to do the same task that it was fun and interesting. Those paid $1 rated it as interesting while the group that was paid $20 rated the task no differently than a control group. (Cognitive dissonance experiment)

What happens to authoritarian influenced children later in life?

They act out more (ex. In college they binge drink)

What do behavioral psychologists believe today?

They agree that psychology is an objective study, but it does reference cognition

What are photoreceptor and what 2 types are there

They are transducers, rods and cones

Wernicke's aphasia

They believe that they are speaking fine but no one actually understands them.

What does the IACUC do?

They ensure humane care (no abusing) and healthful conditions (fed well) in testing should minimize discomfort (no extra pain); basically the IRB for animals

Why do psychologists perform autopsies?

They focus on the brain and determine if a person had any brain abnormalities by comparing it to the brain of a healthy person.

What is the flaw with eye witness testimonies?

They usually take several mins because witnesses are pressured to ping out the correct perpetrator; should take under 10 sec

Heuristic (mental shortcut)

Thinking strategy that is quicker but more error prone than algorithms (may not get right solution)

Imaginary audience

Thinking that ppl (typically peers) are watching and judging your every move Ex. Jen wants to tell her friends a secret but thinks everyone in the room is listening

What defines attractiveness and why?

Thinness, because of food surplus (contiene is seen as ideal) (in past with low food it used to be fat)

Nature vs nurture debate

This is the controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience to the development of our traits and behaviors

biopsychological perspective

This perspective takes every other psychological perspective into account

Nature

This side says that biological genes play the role in the debate

Nurture

This side says that the environment plays the role in the debate

conditioned stimulus (CS)

This starts off as an NS. Then when the NS is paired with a US, it becomes this

Behaviorism

This theory is based off of the manipularon of the environment

Creativity

Thought/behavior that is novel (original) and useful (adaptive)

Genetic markers of behavior

Thrill seeking Impulsivity Neuroticism (anxiety) (Mixture of genes passed down causes each)

What is does it mean with "experience is critical" with early sensory development"?

Through cat research and others it was found critical periods exist; we must be exposed to many sensations at a young age so we can develop normally

Thomas and chess

Through naturalistic observation of children they identified three basic temperaments for infants; difficult, slow to warm and easy

Puberty

Time period of when sexual maturation occurs

normative social influence

To gain acceptance (ex peer pressure)

Stranger situation technique (Mary Ainsworth)

To test attachment style; brings baby and mother into a room and see how the baby reacts when the mother leaves the room Focuses on the reunion (key determinant) or how the baby reacts when mom comes back

External validity

To what extent can any affect in research be generalized to populations and settings (sleep study in lab—-> cannot be generalized because it's not at home—-> low external validity)

Nicotine

Tobacco (in all of its forms) 5-4 million die from diseases caused by tobacco Behind in early adolescence As addictive as heroin and cocaine Monkey experiment with cocaine (12,000 times press lever)

Functional MRI (fMRI)

Tracks metabolic changes by looking at blood flow and which part of the brain requires the most oxygen (this tells us the function of a specific brain part)

Mechanoreceptors are a type of _____

Transducer

Emerging Adulthood (18-25)

Transitional time between adolescents and young adult hood; most Americans spend this time in college and starting their career Increase responsibility and demands

Lewis Terman

Translated test into English + coined term IQ Established national norms and applied the ratio score MA/CA to IQ Stanford-Binet test

Lens

Transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina; uses the prices of accommodation

Two theories for the perception of color

Trichromatic color theory, opponent processing theory

What do hair cells do?

Trigger impulses (action potentials) in auditory nerve (sends to brain)

True or false, true color blindness is very rare

True, usually just involves color specific deficits

Door-in-face

Turn down large request; then agree to smaller request

Who founded conjunction fallacy?

Tversky

How many strands does the optic nerve have and where do each go?

Two strands; one goes to visual cortex on same side of the brain other goes to optic chiasm on opposite side of the brain

Correlation

Two variables are related to each other

Achievement

Typically after going through an identity crisis and exploration; made commitment to identity Ex. Jimmy married Tina after years of dating women and discovered what he wants in a wife

adolescent egocentrism

Unable to tell the difference between what you believe your peers think about you and what they actually believe about you Ex. Think everyone hates you when no one even knows you

Which track of dual processing is used more often?

Unconscious tract because it saves time for conscious activities that require energy (don't think about breathing you just do it; but think of math homework); sometimes we need to use conscious process to override unconscious

What comes first, understanding or speaking?

Understanding comes first (wernickes develops before broca's)

Naturalistic

Understanding plants and animals (botanist)

Theory of mind to IA

Understanding that other people aren't thinking the same things we are (no sense of self development)

Object permanence

Understanding that things exist when you can't see then

Intrapersonal

Understanding yourself (controlling and regulating emotions; monk/priest)

Personality

Unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors (consistent through life), feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize and individual

Short term decay

Unless rehearsed, verbal information is quickly forgotten

Altruism

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others (social psych argues that there's never a true altruist act)

Synesthesia

Unusual sensory experience in which a person experiences sensations in one sense when a different sense is stimulated (ex smell is processed in occipital lobe)

Social norms

Unwritten rules about acceptable behavior imposed by the cultural context in which one lives (group held beliefs)

Motivation

Urge to move toward ones goals; to accomplish tasks (3 parts)

Grammar and syntactical language

Used by Homo Sapiens 150,000-200,000 years old Evolved with the complexity of the human brain

test-retest reliability

Used to assed the consistency of a measure from one time to another (take today, then 5 years later and get the same score = high reliability; IQ test as an example)

Inter-rater reliability

Used to assess the degree to which different raters/observers give consistent estimates of the sane phenomenon (same number of counts —-> High, train people ahead of time)

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Used to evaluate ones weight; ideal BMI is between 20-25, 26-29= overweight, obese= over 30

Three mountains task

Used to investigate egocentrism in the preoperational stage. A child is allowed to view a model of three mountains from all sides. The child is then seated with a view of the mountains and a doll is placed in a different position. The child is asked to choose a picture that shows how the mountains would look to the doll. Preoperational children typically choose a picture of what the mountains look like from their own perspective rather than the doll's perspective.

descriptive statistics

Used to summarize data (specific to your study) Ex: mean, median, and mode

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

UsedUsed to make hiring decisions in the workplace, but uses Barnum statements (make people more likely to believe the outcome truly describe their personality) Ex: today will be full of success (can happen in any way)

Fixation

Using a single mental set (approach to a program), rather than exploring different options in problem solving (using same formula over and over again)

African culture view on intelligence

Value social skills such as being socially responsible, cooperative, and active in family and social life

Conventional level

Valuing caring, trust, and relationships as well as the social order and lawfulness (wouldn't do it because I would go to prison or I would do it because of love)

What makes people happier?

Valuing non-competitive goals Having higher EQ Finding meaning in life

Left hippocampus holds?

Verbal information (sound of voices)

Phineas Gage

Vermont railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that changed his personality and behavior; his accident gave information on the brain and which parts are involved with emotional reasoning (before accident he was nice guy but after he became rude and aggressive)

Gender (intelligence)

Very few, if any, true differences between men and women (for intelligence); more variability among men than among women

Protolanguage

Very rudimentary language also known as prelanguage; no grammar or syntax rules

BF Skinner and John Watson (Behaviorism)

View that psych should be an objective science and focus completely on behavior, not mental process (what can see)

Right hippocampus holds?

Visual designs and locations (pictures)

Visual imagery

Visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present (imagination)

Symbolic thought

Visualizing something that isn't there (seeing in your head)

Vocal expression

Vocal and facial response systems work together in emotion expression Talk about negative emotions more specifically than positive ones Voiced-laughs indicate friendliness

Somatic system

Voluntary and conscious decisions

What are the new versions of the Weachler test and what do they include?

WAIS-III/WISC-IV 4 factors: verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Way to test implicit bias from the speed at which people respond to pairings of concepts—such as black or white with good or bad.

Biology of classical conditioning

We are predisposed to make associations that help adapt to our environment (evolution)

Halo effect

We believe what is pretty is good (also happy, healthy, and successful); beauty is in the eye of the culture (where you live and when)

Sociocultural theory

We develop Lang through our parents, peers, television Ex Ebonics

Nativist theory of language development

We discover Lang rather than learn it ; Lang development is inborn (biologically present) Created by Noam Chomsky

infantile amnesia

We don't have episodic memories from out first 2 years if life (for some up to 4)

Truth about flashbulb memories...

We feel they are vivid and accurate; but research shows that they really aren't (distorted)

Law of proximity

We group nearby figures together (makes use of chunking)

Perceptual constancy

We interpret objects as unchanging even one retinal images changes

Confirmation bias

We look for info that aligns with our belief and ignore info that contradicts them

Law of closure

We perceive a whole figure in the absence of complete information

Gestalts law of grouping

We perceive wholes as more than the sum of their parts

Hearing with early sensory development

We prefer our mothers voice and other sounds we heard in the womb after a few days

Freud's explanation to infantile amnesia

We repress early memories because they're sexual (not true)

Optimal arousal model

We seek out ideal level of energy (ex. in test= need a balance amount of stress)

Primary: serial positioning effect

We tend to remember the first items of a list (longer time to process)

Overconfidence

We think we know more than we do

Self serving bias

We use situational attributions for our failures and dispositional attributions for our successes (only ourselves)

Thorndikes law of effect

We will continue behaviors if they are followed by favorable outcomes

Generativity vs Stagnation

We. We to be creative and contribute to the world around us, as opposed to becoming more self focused and unproductive Midlife crisis may occur but it not common

How do beliefs about dreams differs across cultures?

Western cultures see dreams as insignificant and meaningless; non western cultures view them as important sources of info about oneself, future, or spiritual world

zone of proximal development

What a child can do with help (we learn best when things aren't too easy it too difficult; how much help to give comes intuitively to parents)

They attempt to explain how a psychological phenomenon works

What are perspectives of psychology

Unique

What distinguishes us from one another

GAS

What happens when we experience stress? 1. Alarm reaction 2. resistance 3. exhaustion

Extinction

When CR fades (US no longer follow CS so association is weakened)

Positive punishment

When a behavior is followed by the presentation of an unwanted stimulus (Bobby hits brother so mom grounds him)

Negative punishment

When a behavior is followed by the removal of a desirable stimulus (Allison late so dad takes phone away)

Statistical significance

When a probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low

When do prosocial models work best?

When a thins and words are consistent (practice what you preach)

Placebo effect

When an outcome is due to your belief in treatment (fake pills to help sleep problems causes thinking of getting treatment—-> solves issue)

Imprinting

When animals are first born they follow the first person they see

Critics of Mischel say...

When behavior exam and overtime, personality tends to be more consistent than just looking at one example Ex: Tested by a summer camp of juveniles; girls who are nice were treated nice by kids and guards who are rude were treated bad by kids

Convergence

When eyes move in word as an object moves closer

social trap (tragedy of the commons)

When individuals act in their own best interests and ignore what is best for the group; people act to obtain short term individual gain, which in the long run leads to a loss for the group as a whole

Oval windows

When it vibrates it causes the fluid to move, it covers the cochlea

In what situations do social facilitation show up?

When it's an easy task When you have practiced it more

Polygenic transmission

When many genes interact to create a single characteristic. (Much makes common than monogenic transmission; proved my mapping genome)

Arborization

When neurons grow more dendrites; allows more messages to be received

Relative size

When objects are supposed to be the same size, we assume smaller one is farther away

Interposition

When objects overlap the one on top is closer to the viewer

Associations

When one piece of information from the environment is linked repeatedly with another and the organism begins to connect them (ex. Hearing bell ring and knowing to leave class)

Drive reduction model

When our physiological systems are out of balance or depleted cells we see motivated to reduce depleted state

When is persuasion most influential?

When people pay attention, understand message, and find it convincing

Obedience

When people yield to the social pressure of an authority figure (compliance to someone in charge)

Zygote

When sperm and egg combine (about 1 week after conception; not fully fused)

Social inhibition

When the presence of others hinders performance

Social facilitation

When the presence of others improve performances.

What marks the end of the germinal stage and beginning of embryonic?

When the zygote attaches itself to the uterus wall (morning sickness can begin)

Sleep deprivation and sleep debt

When we get too little sleep, our bodies "owe" our brain a debt of sleep to be paid back later

Overjustification effect

When we start earning rewards (positive reinforcement) for the things we already enjoy, then it decreased our internal motivation (getting as can reduce motivation to work)

Test bias

Whether test predicts outcomes equally well for different groups (very little existence in IQ test)

Black

White

William James

Who is credited with functionalism

Edward Bradford Titchener

Who is credited with the idea of structuralism

Skinner

Who is known for operan conditioning and helping the greater humanity?

John Watson

Who is known for the Little Albert experiment

Who inspired psychologists to measure the brain? He also thought the steam of consciousness (thought flow) was important, therefore figuring out how the brain creates this was important.

William James

What did Hubel and Wiesel do and discover in the 2nd experiment?

With cats found that eye closes for week or more permanently impairs development (baby); good eye takes over part of the brain processes by bad eye (first weeks life; not completely blind but trouble with feature detectors)

How can cognitive decline be reduced?

With physician and mental exercise (ex working out and doin puzzles)

Who is synesthesia more common in?

Woman and left handed people

Yap culture (South Pacific)

Woman worn until day or birth and directly after Husband can join in and "feel the pain"

Which gender across cultures is more sensitive to smell and why?

Women; during pregnancy they have to be careful which good they eat and give the fetus (evolutionary)

Placebo effect and alcohol

Works surprisingly well when fooling ppl; ex flavorless alcohol (just water) people pretend to be drunk and believe they are

What stage of the 8 occurs during adolescence?

Years 12-18, identity vs confusion

Blue

Yellow

Fixed = ?, variable = ?

You know (predictable), you don't know (unpredictable)

Prodigy (only as child)

Young children who are extremely gifted in one area (memorization/chess); average intelligence

Approach-Avoidance

a choice must be made about to pursue a single goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspects ex. you are offered a new job with a higher pay, but must have to move to the city (which you do not like)

Approach-Approach

a choice must be made between two attractive goals (but can only choose 1) ex. if free afternoon, should I play tennis or racquetball

avoidance-avoidance

a choice must be made between two unattractive goals ex. collect unemployment check or take degrading job

Category

a concept that organizes other concepts around what they all share in common (more specific than concept)

Need to excel: Achievement

a desire to do things well and overcome obstacles

Display rules

a group's informal norms about when, where, and how one should express emotions

GABA

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter Slows CNS; correlates with anxiety and intoxication (with higher levels)

Inhibitory PSP

a negative voltage shift that decreases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials

Action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon (shift in charge of neuron)

Neuropsychoanalysis

a new scientific movement started in the late 1990s that combined Freudian ideas with neuroscientific methods Has provided sound scientific support for core Freudian ideas that was absent during Freuds time

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes Analyze theme of story, better then ink blot

Reflex

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus

Stage 2

about 10-25 mins (first time takes longer and gets shorter throughout night); periodic sleep spindles

authentic= and hubristic=

accomplishment, overall sense

moods

affective states that operate in the background of consciousness; tend to be longer than most emotions

A (OCEAN)

agreeableness (high=very forgiving, not stubborn, very sympathetic)

Two-Factor Theory

also known as Schachter-Singer theory; to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label arousal

binge eating disorder

an eating disorder in which people overeat compulsively (caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters)

Cannon-Bard theory

an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological response (2) subjective experience of emotion

prejudice

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members.

What is the collective unconscious made up of?

archetypes: ancient images that result from common ancestral experience) Ex: hear of hights

What is the best parenting style?

authoritative, it causes the better outcome for kids

What are the two types of encoding?

automatic processing and effortful processing

Preconventional level

avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards (steal money to buy a toy)

Sedatives

barbiturates and benzodiazepines (anxiety), and tranquilizers Induce sleep and reduce anxiety (effect serotonin levels)

emotion

brief acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation in a person's environment.

regulation of emotion

cognitive and behavior efforts people use to modify their emotions (ex. Reappraisal, expressive suppression, and facial feedback hypothesis)

universal

common to all humans beings and can be seen in cultures all over the world (ex. motherese=baby talk high pitch)

Type A personality

competitive, impatient, verbally aggressive, anger-prone, time conscious (neuroticism higher=stress) More prone to heart disease (heat attack)

Opponent processing theory

cons linked together in three color pairs that oppose one another, so that activation of one in each pair inhibits activity in the other

C (OCEAN)

conscientiousness (high=organized and not impulsive)

expressive suppression

controlling facial associated with emotion

Olfactory bulbs

controls sense of smell

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

created the 5 stages of grief (finding out someone will/had died/or yourself) 1. Denial (can't be true) 2. Anger (why them;aggressive) 3. Bargaining (ask for deal, ask why) 4. Depression (sadness) 5. Acceptance (better place now)

Control group

do not receive treatment

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

each stage builds on tasks of the previous stage, successful mastery leads to sense of self (We always move on to the next stage even it didn't solve previous one)

Type B personality

easy going and relaxed (lower levels of stress)

Full consciousness

ebbs and flows throughout the day (back and forth from full to moderate to low)

affect

emotion

self conscious emotions

emotions that occur as a function of how well we live up to expectations of ourselves, others, and society

The three parts of memory

encoding, storage, retrieval

David Weschler

established an intelligence test especially for adults (WAIS); also WISC (children); most frequently administered in the US

appraisal

evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one's own welfare type of appraisal that occurs=type of emotion generated appraisal may happen on unconscious level

Broaden and Build theory

experiencing positive emotions allow us to have "richer" experiences; positive emotions promote broader attentional focus (help you see the big picture)

Controls

experimental conditions that remain constant (so no extraneous explanations)

types of long term memory

explicit and implicit memory

culturally relative

expressions vary across cultures and can only be understood in their cultural context

E (OCEAN)

extraversion (high=sociable, enthusiastic, and energetic) (low=introversion)

Prosopagnosia

face blindness; sensation without perception of faces (see face but no recognize)

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight; arouses and expands energy; accelerates heart rate, raised blood pressure, slows digestion, raised perspiration

Spermarche

first ejaculation (nocturnal emission=wet dream)

facial feedback hypothesis

forcing yourself to show an emotion on your face can make you feel that emotion

Hans Selye's Stress Response Theory

general adaptive syndrome

Duchenne smile

genuine smile

Stages of Prenatal (before birth) Development

germinal, embryonic, fetal

medium wavelength

green cones

Need to belong (affiliation)

humans are inherently social creatures (rely on each other) Rejection can lead to both physician health and psychological problems (Baumeister and Leary)

Orexin

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by lateral hypothalamus

Two types of sensory memory

iconic and echoic memory

Parental investment theory

if pregnancy results, the cost of having sex is quite different for men and women (women a lot more)

Joseph LeDoux

info from the thalamus to the amygdala allows us to act quickly (fast path allows amygdala to send signals to active autonomic nervous system)

Prefrontal cortex

involved in determine options for response or reappraisal; damage to the left prefrontal cortex leads to depression (left involved w/ positive emotions)

insula

involved in interospection; aka perception of bodily senses

Conditioned = ______, unconditioned = _____

learned, not learned

Which hemisphere of the brain controls language?

left hemisphere

Visual Mnemonics

memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices; imagery is an effective memory aid

Agonist

mimics the action of a neurotransmitter (excitatory)

Alarm reaction

mobilize resources (activation of sympathetic nervous system; increased heart rate/breathing)

Glutamate

most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain; sends messages long distances and faster May play a role in schizophrenia

Neurotic trends

moving toward others, moving against others, moving away from others

Feature detectors

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

N (OCEAN)

neuroticism (emotional stability) (high=tense, moody, low self confidence)

Recessive Gene

one that is masked when paired genes are different

O (OCEAN)

openness to experience (high=imaginative and unconventional)

James-Lange Theory

our experiences of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Life satisfaction

overall evaluation of our lives

Nociceptors

pain receptors sensitive to temperature and pressure (ex feeling frostbite or someone sit on finger) was

PATHS

providing alternative thinking strategies

anterior cingulate cortex

recall/imagine emotional experiences

Experimental group

receives treatment

reappraisal

reevaluating your response

Test fairness

reflects values, philosophical differences, and the ways in which test results are applied; IQ results designed for application for jobs and schools (can be unfairly used)

Thyroid gland

regulates metabolism

Exhaustion

resources depleted; more susceptible to illness (daily stressors add up and overwhelm us) Daily hassles deplete resources more than catastrophes for life changes b/c of frequency and duration

Richard Lazarus

said appraisal is subjective

What was the UR in Pavlov's experiment?

salivation (pretende of food (US), our mouths tend to water

subjective well-being

satisfaction in different domains (such as career and social networks) and the balance between positive and negative affect in life

Roger Sperry

scientist who won a Nobel Prize for work with split brain patients

Abraham Maslow

self-actualization stood atop the hierarchy of needs •spontaneity, simplicity, naturalness •problem centered (having a life calling) •creativity (inventive/artistic) •deep Interpersonal relations •resistance to enculturation (adapting to new ways)

Olfaction

sense of smell

Gustation

sense of taste

Basic emotions

set of emotions that are common to all humans (neurocultural theory of emotion)

examples of self conscious emotions

shame, guilt, humiliation, embarrassment (revealed something unintentionally), pride

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Two parts of the peripheral nervous system

somatic and autonomic systems

Broca's area

speech production (boca=mouth)

Michael Gazzaniga

split-brain research; understanding of functional lateralization in the brain; how the cerebral hemispheres communicate

affective traits

stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses, such as anger

binocular depth cues

stimuli that enable us to judge depth using both eyes

Monocular depth cues

stimuli that enable us to judge depth using only one eye; rely on input from one eye

Hubel and Wiesel

studied feature detection in visual cortex and discovered simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells; won 2 Nobel prizes; experiments with cats

affective neuroscience

studies the structures/systems involved in emotion process; no main emotion system in brain but some areas more important than others

effects of emotional intelligence

teaching kids emotional regulation and awareness skills reduces maladaptive behavior and improves academic performance

Constructive coping

the beneficial actions a person makes to handle the stresses of life (ex. taking the assignment head on by sitting down and starting to plan on how to complete it in a timely manner)

withdrawal symptoms

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

Mental age

the equivalent chronological age a child has reached based on his or her performance on an IQ test; compares a person to same age group

Stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display (survival adaptation; some babies have lesser or greater extent determined by socialization)

anima/animus

the feminine side of a man/the masculine side of a woman (we try to repress the memories from the past opposite sex ancestors; we are in constant conflict deciding gender)

Menarche

the first menstrual period (onset of puberty for girls)

Neurogenesis

the formation of new neurons

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots Looks at themes of responses, works for ppl who use repression of feelings

Conservation

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects Ex. Coin activity, gram crackers, liquids in difft glasses test

Natural selection

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep; immediately go into REM)

Size constancy

the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance Ex: Ames room (tilted room)

Shape constancy

the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina Ex. Viewing a door from the front and the side and knowing it's the same

Defensive coping

the use of Freud's defense mechanism to protect the person from the uncomfortable feeling brought on by stress. (ex. denying that corona virus exists)

Stress

the way we appraise (think) and cope (deal) with environmental threats and chellenges (obstacles that challenge our safety)

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules packed with protein that contain the genes. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell body (one pair from each parent)

Automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Interpersonal

understanding others (psychology)

postconventional level

universal moral rules that may trump local rules (saying everyone deserves free health care so you would steal it)

facial action coding system

we often categorize peoples emotions based on their facial expressions

Humanistic theories

~Optimistic about human nature ~Humans are interested in realizing their potential (self actualization) ~Contributed to the development of positive psychology Humanists=theoretical, positive=texted ideas

Stanley Milgram Experiment

• a study that involved the role of a "teacher" who shocked a "learner" • every single person administered some shock to the learner, and about two-thirds of the participants, of all ages and from all walks of life, obeyed to the fullest extent • found that situations are powerful in terms of pressure and human action

True facts about older population

•Only 5% of those 65 and over are in nursing homes •A significant portion of older adults have incomes well above the federal poverty level •Older drivers have few were accidents per miles driven and tend to avoid speeding and driving at night •If crabby when young crabby when old and vice versa •Old people have a harder time sleeping = sleep less because more prone to sleep disorders •Elder people are increasingly targets for fraud and scams •Older people tend to become more religious as they grow older (start thinking of after life; want to get into heaven)

Other environmental influences on fetal development

•Week immune system (ex flu) •week reproductive systems (uterus not ideal living conditions) •stress (maternal stress gives off hormones which affects baby negatively)

Ideas supported by neuropsychoanalysis

•importance of early childhood experience on later personality development (looks at neuroplasticity) •unconscious motivation •repression and defense mechanisms •pleasure principle •dreams as wishful thinking

Other types of teratogens

•prescription drugs (antidepressants) •alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome;FAS) •nicotine and tobacco (smaller baby; trouble with breathing)

Size of embryos after 5 weeks? 7 weeks?

5=sesame seed, 7=blueberry

Interneurons

Communicate only with other neurons, by far the most common type of neuron

Dopamine

"Feel good" reward Many drug additions involve dopamine

Cognitive psychology (subfield)

"Higher" mental process (this is unique/different to humans) Ex. Memory, language, and problem solving

Retrieval failure

"It's on the tip of my tongue"; stored but cannot access it

Pituitary gland

"Master" gland that regulates other endocrine glands. Produces hormones during puberty and growth.

informational social influence

"They know better than I do" (ex. People in smoke room thought others knew better than they did)

What can be used to help reduce ageism?

(Stereotypes of old ppl) tech can be used to help if used to educate

catharsis + effect

(release of negative emotion) can help or hinder depending on how emotion is expressed

Babbling state

(5-6months)-use of phonemes

Cooing stage

(First 6 months)- repetition of vowels (oooo-ahhh); automatic without needing to be taught

which stage of Erikson's can be found in middle adulthood?

(Individuation is important) Generativity vs Stagnation

How does Alzheimer's disease impact personality?

(Most drastic changes) openness decreases, conscientiousness decreases, neuroticism increases

Survey

(Questionnaire or interview) a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitude or behavior of a particular group

Population

(Usually college students volunteer) the entire group a research in interested in

Central nervous system

(brain and spinal cord) takes sensory information in through spinal chord and makes decision about how to respond (react or do nothing)

Phenotype vs. Genotype

- Phenotype: expressed physical traits - Genotype: Genetic make-up

Visual representation

How we think about images that we see (see and analyze)

Can other species learn human language?

-Chimps and other animals do not have a vocal apparatus that allows them to speak like humans (bio restraint model) -Some primates have been successful using nonvocal sign language, such as American Sign Language (ASL), in communicating with humans and each other -Even very skilled animals only achieve a very rudimentary ability to communicate with human beings (less frontal lobe development)

When do babies start to perceive depth?

6-10 months of age (begin to crawl) Found with visual cliff test

Critical thinking

Ability to analyze, evaluate, and form ideas

Oral

0-18 months; mouth/sucking, biting, chewing

Statistics process

1 test research question 2 calculate (descriptive) 3 does my data fit with how it works in the real world (inferential) + compares results to other studies

Likert's Scale

1-5 or 1-10 on a questionnaire

What are the two main ways we perceive movement

1. Complexity of background (moving more than plain white) 2. Size of object (smaller is faster because less mass)

Two key points of memory test activity

1. Details are lost and story gets shorter=leveling 2. Details changed based on gender (usually follows stereotypes)

The two different categories of intelligence theory are...

1. Either you are smart or not 2. You are smart in your own ways

Order of Needs described by Maslow

1. Food/oxygen/water = physiological 2. Safety (shelter and protection) 3. Love and longingness/friends, family, SO 4. Esteem (loving self) 5. Self actualization=reaching full potential

Sternber's Triangular Theory of Love

1. Intimacy= closeness; how much you share (emotionally) 2. Commitment= dedication/loyalty 3. Passion= physical attraction

Part 1 of three stage processing model

1. We first record info as a fleeting sensory memory

Richard Lazarus' Appraisal Theory of Stress

1. the way we think about a stressful event can lead to negative emotions, thus making us feel stressed (all about interpretation of events) 2. subjective, different from person to person (some feel aggression toward a mistake and this causes stress, others just say its an accident) 3. We also feel positive emotions in stressful situations (ex. grateful for good health during plague)

Kurt Lewin's Motivational Conflicts Theory

1. when two or more competing motivations exist, we have to choose between them 2. 3 types of conflicts: approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, and approahc-avoidance

Difficult child

10% Never sleep, trouble eating, very fussy

Holophrase

12 months- one word stage (first word is usually familiar person/object) (we usually say words with "da" cause it's easier)

She. Can you tell the sex of the fetus?

12-16 weeks

Slow to warm up

15% Qualities of both; Begin difficult but become easier as time goes on

Telegraphic speech

18 months- two word stage (simple sentences)

Anal

18-36 months; anus/bowel and bladder control

Paul Ekman

1934-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: found that facial expressions are universal

Functionalism

19th century school of psychology that argued they it was better to look at why the mind works the way it does rather than to describe its parts (asking deeper questions; need to know why it is that way)

Structuralism

19th century, school of psychology that argued that breaking down experience into its elemental parts offer the best way to understand thought and behavior (how it is rather why it is)

Birth Order Theory

1st born children have a slight advantage over 2nd born children, who have advantage over 3rd born child, and so on

Cerebrum is made up of...

2 hemispheres with 4 lobes

Prisoners dilema

2 people acting in their own self interest often don't produce the optimal outcome

Time period of embryonic stage and what is in formation?

2-8 weeks Formation of major organs [heart(not working still), lungs, skin (it's clear)] Placenta and umbilical cord form

Sentence phase

2.5-3: closer to adult language but often grammatically incorrect (3 yrs old = 80% brain development complete)

Size of baby at 20 weeks? 28 weeks?

20(5months)=banana, 28(7months)=eggplant

Stage 3

3 and 4 combined takes about 30 mins (becomes longer and the night goes on); transitional stage going into slow wave sleep (delta waves= not much activity)

Phallic

3-6 years; genitals/masturbation

_____-_____% of pregnancies end during this stage, without any recognition that the pregnancy occurred

30-50% (miscarriages mostly occur then the zygote cannot attach itself to the uterus wall)

How big if the baby at 33 weeks? 40 weeks?

33(8-9months)= pineapple, 40(full term)=pumpkin

Percent of children not falling into 3 categories of temperament and their characteristics?

35%, good sleep but bad with eating for ex

Snel

39

Lipup

40

Easy child

40% Don't cry a lot, sleep well, not fussy

What is the heritability percentage of most genes found by twin studies?

40-60%

How large does the baby grow in the last 6 months?

400x bigger than the second trimester

Siri

41

Aenroc

42

Aniter

43

Aevof

44

Evren citpo

45

Tops dnilb

46

Binge drinking

5 drinks in a row for men, 4 drinks in a row for women

Latency

6yrs-puberty; repression of sexual feelings

Fine motor skills

7-12 months First seen with crawling Coordination of smaller muscles Often assessed using drawing skills (to see how well use muscles)

Average newborn weight and length and facts

7.5 pounds and 20 inches long (size of pumpkin) Weight doubles in about 5 months Grow up to 10 inches in first year Sleep about 16 hours per day (half that time in REM)

Fetal stage time period and what is it characterized by?

8 weeks through birth Characterized by growth (for ex the formation of bone cells)

When can an ultrasound usually detect the heartbeat of the baby?

8-12 weeks

Psychological dependence

A "mental" need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions (get nervous when don't take)

retinal disparity

A binocular depth cue where each eye Provides slightly different image; combine them to get full image

Cochlea

A bony fluid filled tube shakes like a snails shell

Flashbulb memories

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Pain

A complex emotional and sensory experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage; necessary for survival (evolutionary perspective; would do stupid things if didn't hurt)

Social learning theory

A description of the kind of learning that occurs when we learn vicariously (indirectly) Ex. We see something in a movie (modeling is a type of social learning)

just-world phenomenon

A fallacy that people get what they deserve; idea that a persons actions always result in fair consequences (karma)

Institutional review board

A group that reviews potential research studies to ensure ethical behavior (decides if a group can create study)

Endorphins

A hormone that eases our sense of pain naturally (in complete shock and feel no pain=body priding many endorphins)

Carl Rogers

A humanistic positive psych theorist, researches unconditional positive regard

Recovered memories

A memory from a real event that was encoded, stored, but not retrieved for a king period of time until some later event brings it suddenly back to consciousness

Cognitive map

A mental representation of the layout of ones environment; know map of school in our heads; proves its learning not just behavior

linear perspective

A monocular cue where the more that the likes converge the greater distance we perceive

Unconditioned response (UR)

A natural, unlearned response that results from an unconditioned stimulus; similar to reflex, it just happens

Correlation coefficient

A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables

Sleep

A periodic, natural loss of consciousness (not induced; automatic); lasts about 90 mins (5 stages and 4 cycles per night (6 hours))

Sensation

A physical process where features of the outer world stimulate our sense organs (receiving info, not making sense of it)

Physical dependence

A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued (shivers; fever)

Normal distribution curve

A plot of how frequent data are that is perfectly symmetrical with most scores clustered in the middle (learn to draw bell curve)

Perception

A pychological process; act of organizing and interpreting (making sense of) what the sense organs have received Compares new stimuli to previous experiences

Effect size

A quantitative measure of the strength of a phenomenon (size of the difference; tells importance; tells if pill for example is worth buying; bigger #=larger effect)

Learning

A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experiences

Role

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Theory

A set of related assumptions from which scientists can make testable predictions

operational definition

A statement of procedures used to define a research variable (how you measure variable)

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A stimulus that does not elicit a response before conditioning is performed

Unconditioned stimulus (US/UCS)

A stimulus that triggers a natural response

Sample

A subset of the population studied in research project (does not always represent the population)

social desirability bias

A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself

response set

A tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the questions

corpus callosum

A thick bundle of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres

adolescence

A transition period between childhood and adulthood extending from puberty to independence

classical conditioning

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events; Pavlov used dogs in demonstrating this concept

Afterimage

A visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed

Heinz dilemma

A woman is dying and needs an expensive medication. Husband cannot afford the medication, should he steal it or should she die? Answer lies not in what they would do but the explanation of why they would do it.

Musical

Ability in performing, composing, and identifying aspects of music

Emotional competence

Ability to control emotions and know when it is appropriate to express certain emotions (involves regulation) (also how well you can see emotions)

Metacognitive thinking

Ability to first think and then to reflect on ones own thinking; the awareness of ones own thinking process

Selective attention

Ability to focus awareness on specific features in the environment while ignoring others (listen to teacher, not looking outside)

Linguistic

Ability to learn and understand spoken and written language (writer/poet)

Discrimination

Ability to tell the difference between a CS and stimuli that DO NOT signal an US (depends on person)

How long do pregnancies last?

About 40 weeks or 10 months (280 days)

Avoidant attachment

Absence of obvious distress during separation and reunion (neglectful parents)

Unconditional positive regard

Acceptance of another person of his or her behavior no matter the circumstances (love no matter what) (If experience with family it helps get you to self actualization; small difference between real self and ideal self)

Representative sample

Accurately portrays the population of interest

Pro social behavior

Action that is beneficial to others

anterior cingulate cortex

Activation for both physical and emotional pain occurs here (ex. Rejection)

accommodation

Adapting/changing schemas to incorporate new information Ex. See cow but says dog—> parents say no it's a cow=you accommodate and create new category

higher-order conditioning

Adding a new NS after classical conditioning is achieved (new NS can signal the old NS and go down the chain)

formal operational stage (in terms of cognitive development)

Adolescente can think both about how things are and how they could become as well (good/bad=how will they turn out)

Bait and switch

Advertised good not available; pressured into buying more expensive option (ex. Offer 5 things as cheap in store, get people to buy more)

Dorethea Dix (1850's)

Advocated for mental care reforms. Started the 1st mental health hospital, have aid to hospitals by writing down everything and with hospital treatment of mental disorders.

Prevalence of insomnia

Affects men more than women (women more willing to identify problem and seek treatment)

Sensitivity period (second language)

After around age 7, learning a second language becomes more difficult (teach as infant or in pre school)

Part 3 of three stage processing model

After rehearsal, it moves into long-term memory for later retrieval (it goes back into short if reminded of info)

Operant behavior

After the effects the actual behavior

Pathway of Smelling

After transducers it travels to olfactory bulbs in forebrain then to temporal lobe or frontal lobe

sensorimotor stage of cognitive development

Ages 0-2 Infants learn about the world by taking in information (touching things) from the outside world and by moving their bodies (throwing arms + legs) Object permanents is not yet achieved (will be achieved by end) Stranger anxiety present

Formal operational stage

Ages 12 and up Reasoning abstract concepts and problems become possible (scientific method) Potential for higher level moral reasoning seen (universal rights ex) No more limitations/we build off this foundation

preoperational stage

Ages 2-5 Begins with the emergence of: symbolic thought , Animalistic thinking, egocentrism Conservation is still not possible

concrete operational stage

Ages 6-11 Overcoming limitations of the preoperational stage (overcoming egocentrism and conservation)

Foot-in-door

Agree to small request, then a larger request (ex. Sign your name here for candidate, then wear the button to advertise)

Which of the Big 5 change over the life span of a person and in which ways?

Agreeableness increases after adolescence Conscientiousness increases because of job Neuroticism decreases (ppl become more emotionally stable from adolescence to middle adulthood)

Who conducted the Bobo doll experiment?

Albert Bandura

Who is Social cognitive perspective associated with?

Albert Bandura

What else can slow down reproduction of receptor cells?

Alcohol and smoking

Who created the birth order theory?

Alfred Adler

Personal unconscious

All our repressed thoughts, feelings, and motives (similar to freuds concept of unconscious)

How is sexual orientation determined?

All sexual orientations are seen in different species of animals (not a choice;biological) Influenced by nature and nurture Exposure to testosterone in womb leads to higher likelihood of being attracted to women (lower exposure = opposite)

Genome

All the genetic information in an organism; all of an organism's chromosomes.

All or nothing principle

All= if action potential reached threshold, the message sends (going over threshold doesn't do anything) Nothing= if action potential doesn't reach threshold, it doesn't send

Benefit of sensory adaption?

Allows us to be highly sensitive to changes in stimulation (if smell room every day you forget the smell exists)

Depth perception

Allows us to see in 3-D and judge distance

What type of waves when awake but relaxed/drowsy?

Alpha waves (rhythmic)

Ebonics

American black English regarded as a language in its own right rather than as a dialect of standard English.

Results of Michigan fish test for Americans and Japanese

Americans: saw large fish and ignored background info Japanese: commented on all aspects of the image (took it as a whole)

Meaning (what we encode)

Amount remembered depends on time spent learning and if you make it meaningful (deep processing)

What are the two physical properties of hearing?

Amplitude and frequency

Which parts of the brain deactivate when having sex? (Especially for women)

Amygdala, hippocampus, and parts of the cortex involving unconsciousness

neural influences of aggression

Amygdala/frontal lobe works to inhibit aggression.

Testing effect

An enhancement in the long-term retention of information as a result of taking a memory test (MC practice for psych test)

Identity vs confusion

An identity crisis that provides the potential for adaptive or maladaptive adjustment Testing, experimenting, and "trying on" identities is normal during this period (Can have good or bad things added to personality if don't reach goal in the end)

Long term potential

An increase in a synapses firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

What needs to happen for the action potential to send? How does this happen?

An increase in charge for it to fire, sodium and potassium ions enter cell to increase the voltage

Wakefulness

An individual's degree of alertness(drift off but wake up suddenly to a sound); Distinguishes between being awake and asleep

Instinctive drift

Animals tend to go back to the instinctual behaviors after being operantly conditioned (ex imprinting)

Projection

Attributing ones own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another Ex: you're angry with feelings toward coworker, you then blame them for seducing you

Processing style of left hemisphere

Analytical and focused

Basic hostility

Anger that originated in childhood; stems from being rejected by parents (parents don't love you)

examples of basic emotions

Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise (also called emotional family)

Studies by Gosling and John proved...

Animals from primates to fish exhibit many consistent and unique personality traits •tested thru behavioral observation •primates most similar (primates and horses can be conscientious)

Relative motion

As we move, it can look like fixed objects are moving with us; as you get farther away from fixation point, objects seem to move faster

Stereotype threat

Anxiety in a situation where a person has the potential to confirm a negative stereotype about their social group.

Incentive

Any external object or event that motivates behavior (getting promotion; outside you)

Aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy (males usually physical, females usually verbal)

Extraneous variables

Any variable other than the IV that seem likely the influence the DV in a study

Reinforcer

Anything that strengthens the behavior it follows

John Carroll

Applied Cattell-Horn theory to IQ test and developed measure that looked at both fluid and crystallized intelligence (CHC test)

social-cognitive perspective

Applies principles of learning, cognition, and social behavior to understanding personality

Motor cortex

Area at the back of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements. (Less area on the strips = less practice of movement)

Sensory Cortex

Area at the front of the parietal lobe; processes body touch and movement sensations

When can fetal movement be detected by the mother?

As early as 4 months

Darley and Latane Study

Asked participants to fill out a survey and split them up into two groups: 1 group only had participant in the room/2 group had participant and confederates in room. Filled smoke into the room and observed how long it took for participants to leave. 1 group= under 1 min 2 group= 5-20 mins Proved conformity caused by confederates made people not leave the room.

Down syndrome

Associated with mild to severe; 21st chromosome (extra one); 1 in 730 births, odds increase with mothers age

parallel distributed processing (PDP)

Associations between concepts activate many networks at the same time (my dog is daisy; daisy he also a Disney character)

diffusion of responsibility

Assuming it's not our duty to take actions, likely because we think someone else has already helped (if you give accountability= someone will do something)

Who created the three stage processing model?

Atkinson and Shiffrin incorporated sensory, short term, and long term memory into that model

Mean

Average (add up numbers and divide but the total number of numbers)

Standard deviation

Average distance of scores from mean

Lucid dreaming

Aware of dreaming and can exert control over dream (20% experience it regularly; 50% at least once) (cognitive theory supports this)

Consciousness

Awareness of ones surroundings and of what's in ones mind at a given moment (internal and external awareness)

Fovea

Back of the retina; points of central focus (greatest visual activity) because it contains the most cones (sharper visions created; detects fine details)

Bodily sense

Based on skin/surface of the body

Empiricism

Based on tabula rasa or blank slate (everyone starts out blank and then experiences make them who they are)

Social influences of aggression

Being blocked from a goal increase chances of aggression

McCrae and Costa: Big 5/five favor model

Basic tendencies correlate with big 5 •traits are biologically based •tendencies: all of the other words that describe personality (out of the 4000)

When does Temperament personality and differences begin to form? What is an example?

Before birth; mothers level of stress can affects baby's level of trait anxiety (more stress=more anxiety)

Young adulthood (mid 20's through late 30's)

Begins when key tasks of emerging adult hood have been completed Differs across cultures

Reaction formation

Behaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of ones true feelings Ex: ppl who are homophobic are gay

behavior observation

Behavior assessment method that involves observing individuals' behavior as they interact with their environment; direct and relatively objective

Behaviorism

Behaviorist camp says psychology should be an objective science and study behavior without referring to mental processes

Personal fable

Belief that adolescents hold about how special/unique they are Unaffected by life's greatest risks (invincibility) Ex. Immune to disease, death, etc. Henry drove home drunk after a party b/c he believes that he will never be pulled over by a cop

Charles Spearman General Intelligence

Believed intelligence is a single general capacity; seen through the g-factor

Theory by Francis Galton

Believed that those with best "natural abilities" should mate (thus creating superior race), but his measures did not work (many ppl wanted to prove him wrong)

Egocentrism

Believing that everyone has your thoughts (everyone thinks the same as you; no independent thought) Determines by three mountains task

Justice

Benefits and costs (of participating in research) must be distributed equally between participants (can't discriminate based on race etc.)

What type of waves when awake?

Beta waves which are sporadic and all over the place (more activity)

Why do psychology?

Better understand why people think and feel. Identity why and how humans make errors. Use scientific method in order to determine how our intuitions and observations can lead to us to the wrong conclusion

Implicit bias

Bias that you aren't necessarily aware of; typically follow stereotypes

Actions and attitudes have a ______ relationship. Meaning...

Bidirectional, actions can lead to attitude but we can also change attitude to fit an action

Range

Biggest score from the lowest score (subtract)

_______ appears to enhance cognitive processing, is associated with a lower rate of dimentia in elderly (keeps neurons working), and enhances cognition (reflection on thinking)

Bilingualism

Temperament

Biological (genetic) based tendency to behave in certain ways from early in life Ex. Easy to sleep/no crying vs hard to sleep/lots of crying (babies have no personality; created by the environment)

Hans Eysenck

Biological theorist of personality Connection between central nervous system arousal and personality traits

grasping reflex

Birth-12 months Close our hand when something is placed in or near it

rooting reflex

Birth-4 moths Sucking on things in mouth (evolutionary to attach to nipple)

The 5 basic taste qualities

Bitter Sweet Salty Sour Unami (savory/meaty) (ex. MSG flavor)

external (situational) attributions

Blame the environment Ex. Trips in hallways—-> "someone must have tripped them"

Internal (dispositional) attributions

Blames personality (it's just the way they are) Ex. Someone trips while walking—> "they're clumsy"

Bobo doll experiment

Blow up clown doll (meant for punching) Showed children adults who either beat up the doll or were nice to eat Kids followed the actions that were rewarded

short wavelength

Blue cones

Identification

Bolstering self esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group. Ex: young ppl identify with celebs to feel better

Robber's Cave Study

Boys at a camp were split into two groups randomly. They were made to take part in competitive activities and came to hate each other. Confederates creates problems all around the camp, boys needed to work together to fix them. All the boys got along in the end. Served as a form of conflict resolution (reaching an agreement during some form of dispute). Came to conclusion that "you have to be taught to hate".

Late adulthood neural changes (65+)

Brain mass decreases, and frontal lobe changes account for many of the cognitive changes of the later years (normal to get agitated b/c logic center is impacted)

Neuroplasticity

Brains ability to adapt/change

Stage 1

Brief stage (1-7 mins for first time; takes less time throughout night) in which you may experience hallucinations (sense without stimuli present) Ex: feeling like you're falling; sleep paralysis demon

Howard Gardner theory of multiple intelligences

Broke down into 8 distinct capacities; ppl can have different combinations of strengths; it only tests preferences not actual ability

what causes stress

Brought upon by catastrophes, significant life changes, and daily hassles Depends on our body's response system and our personality

What were the results of the Jane Elliot study?

Brown eyes students suddenly more confident and condescending; gave nasty insults to other students. Children with blue eyes made silly mistakes. They stopped playing with each other and fights broke out. Found that prejudice is learned and can be unlearned

Sleep spindles

Bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain activity=brains tries to keep us asleep)

Function of synapse/synaptic gap/synaptic cleft

Buttons release neurotransmitters into this and the next neurons demerites soak it up

Conditioning and learning theory

By skinner: Lang develops just like any other behavior= reinforced and shaped Lang development emerges because of shaping and reinforcement

rapid cell division

By the end of the 1st week 100-150 cells more than beginning

Which traits does collectivism affects?

C, A

Effects of sleep deprivation

Can lead to injuries and deaths (car accidents); damaging to mental health

Words most widely consumed psychoactive drug...

Caffeine

Uses of hypnosis

Can be therapeutic in several contexts (to stop smoking and others)

Ostracism: aggression

Can breed aggression; observing aggression in media desensitizes individuals to cruelty

Antisocial behavior models

Can have negative effects on children; domestic abuse in monkeys experiment (abusive behavior between mates, switched babies with calm parents and found they followed parents behavior); bullying (at home = do it at school); television

What are two examples of cognitive dissonance?

Change attitude Change behavior

anterograde amnesia

Can't remember after injury (new memories) (A=after)

Retrograde amnesia

Can't remember stuff before injury (usually episodic info) (retro=old)

What are the disadvantages of EEG?

Can't see below into the depths of brain, only surface level. Not as accurate as other localization measures.

Three important issues it early adulthood

Career identity Sexual identity Ethnic identity

Motor neurons

Carry commands for movement, included mirror neurons

Random assignment is used to establish____ for the purpose of

Cause and effect, equal chance of being in control and experimental groups (random assignment reduces confounding variables)

Sensorineural (nerve deafness) hearing loss

Caused by damage to cochlea's hair cells or do auditory nerve; hear sounds but trouble in determining what they are saying Caused by disease, aging, or prolonged exposure to loud sounds Most common hearing loss

Conduction hearing loss

Caused by damage to the ear drum and middle your bones so that sound waves are not sent to cochlea; cannot hear anything (no transduction occurring)

Para amnesia theory

Caused by repressed memories (Freud)

Cell phone theory

Caused by subliminal cues (have experienced it before just didn't process)

Cell specialization

Cells have a built in GPS and know what type of cell they have to be (arm/leg); they move to that location

Neurons

Cells that process and transmit information in the NS

Genetic component of synesthesia

Certain chromosome or gene causes it

Drugs explanation to synesthesia

Certain hallucinogenic drugs can temporarily create synthetic experiences

What changes did K-ABC and CHC test lead to?

Changed the minds of creators (IQ test) In the tests (Stanford-Binet + Weachler scale) 1990= start incorporating CHC into tests

Enzymatic degredation

Chemical becomes unrecognizable to neuron (changes the shape of the neurotransmitter so it can't be used again)

Hormones

Chemical substances released by the endocrine glands

psychoactive drugs

Chemical substances that alter perception and moods

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another

Perceptions of pain during ________ ________ differ across cultures

Child birth

Freud said children are not mini adults but...

Childhood experiences created their personality

Cochlear implants work best for_____

Children (Ideal before age 1, if not, by preschool to become proficient in oral communication)

Visiones of the fetus

Children are not born blind, but their vision does most of its development after birth (least developed sense at birth)

Moving toward others

Clinging to ppl, wanting pity from others, belittling oneself, regressing anger (Super agreeable; aka compliant personality)

Hearing converts to neural energy in the ____

Cochlea

What structures make up the inner ear?

Cochlea, hair cells, semicircular canals

Caffeine

Coffee, tea, cocoa, soft drinks, energy drinks (cause heart problems) Lasts 3-4 hours (at first; layer need for servings) Produce tolerance and withdrawal symptoms

Loss if sensitivity to taste and smell (adulthood)

Cognitive and early brain development in adulthood

Trichromatic color theory

Color that we experience results from the mixing of three colors of light (red, green, blue) What we see depends on the wavelength and number of cones activated

Iris

Colored part; adjusts for the size of the pupil to allow more/less light (dark = larger, light = smaller)

5 main characteristics of intimacy vs isolation

Commitment Passion Cooperation Competition Friendship

Shared environment

Common with both twins or siblings

Why do smells sometimes evoke emotional memories?

Communication with the amygdala which communicates with the hippocampus

Cross sectional

Compare groups of different ages at the same time (not long time)

Moving against others

Competing with others at almost everything, being prone to anger, "puffing oneself up" in an obvious and public manner Aka: superior complex; the aggressive personality

Conscious wakefulness

Completely aware and wakeful; coma is opposite

Grammar

Comprises the entire set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language

Time period of germinal stage

Conception (act of sex) to 2 weeks

Schemas

Concepts that organize and interpret information Ex. We have a schema for what a dog looks like (if golden retriever: big with blond hair)

Blindsight

Condition where a person can respond to visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it; occurs when a visual cortex of occipital lobe is damaged (couldn't see paper but picked it up and put it in mailbox)

Avoid _____ variables to increase confidence in conclusion

Confounding

Brain stem

Connects the brain and spinal cord; keeps brain from falling onto chord

Reliability

Consistency of results of a measurement; IQ tests are very reliable + tests internal consistency is also high

Relatively enduring

Consistent (across time and situation) Ex. If hit in the hallways vs hit in the car you would act the same way

Collective unconscious

Consists of shared experiences of our ancestors that have been transmitted across generations (spiritual; ex. All are afraid of dark at first)

Learned helplessness

Constantly being put in a situation where there is no way to escape or resolve; when you experience something similar again, you don't try to find a solution unless you are specifically taught

Function of soma

Contains the nucleus (brain of the cell) and action potentials created here

Unconscious

Contains thoughts, memories, and Desiree's that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior

1. Stomach

Contractions (goes in and out when hungry)

We use ____ to reduce alternate explanations

Controls

Mid brain- reticular formation

Controls arousal (keeps awake)

Limbic System: Hypothalamus

Controls eating, drinking, and body temperature

Hindbrain: medulla

Controls heart rate and breathing (autonomic receives info)

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Controls muscle movement (released by motor neurons) Plays role in learning, memory, attention, sleeping, dreaming,

Transduction

Conversion of physical into neural information; the process that occurs between sensation and perception (smell into neural info)

The stages in language development

Cooing, babbling, holophrase, telegraphic speech, sentence phase

Limbic system: Basal Ganglia

Coordinate eye movement and muscle control (related to survival instincts; see gun run away)

Resistance

Cope w/ stressor (resources begin to deplete; problem solving, running, using built up energy) Immune system depleted the most

Hit

Correctly identifying a stimulus that is present

disadvantages of behavioral observation

Costly and time consuming

How does brain injury impact personality?

Could increase aggression, lower impulse control, increase neuroticism (impacts emotionally based personality) Could also cause increase in introversion

Hallucinogens

Create sensory images without input

Nadeen and Alan Kaufman (1983)

Created K-ABC test; based off theories of psych and neuroscience about how the brain worked and developed; more widely used IQ test

Leading questions

Created a memory that wasn't actually true Doesn't leave room for open ended answers Encourages eye witness to reinvent memories

Multiple factor theory of intelligence

Created by Raymond Cattell; defined intelligence as multiple abilities through fluid and and crystallized intelligence

Cognitive problem-solving theory

Created by Rosalind Cartwright; dreams are not that different from everyday thinking (but weird since frontal lobe not working)

Psychoanalytic theory

Created by Sigmund Freud; says dreams are "the royal road to the unconscious" (wish fulfillment that cannot be done IRL)

William James (1890)

Created functionalism and wrote one of the most famous psych textbooks (principles of psych)

Carl Jung

Created ideas of personal unconscious and collective unconscious

William Stern

Created intelligence ratio=intelligence quotient Mental age/chronological age times 100 equals IQ

BF Skinner

Created studies based on Thorndikes law of effect; designed an operant chamber (Skinner box= animals would push lever to get food)

Rationalization

Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behaviors Ex: after scamming someone, say "everyone does it"

Flinn Effect

Criteria to meet the 100 (IQ score) has gone up (although average it takes into account of developing education)

social clocks

Culturally specific timetable outlining when certain events should occur Ex, at age 30 must get married (marriage by 30/baby by 32/retirement by 60)

Different ____ have different sensory experiences (vision olfaction pain)

Cultures

Aphasia

Damage to the area (of the brain) creating difficulty in particular brain function.

What causes face blindness?

Damage to the fusiform face areas

Shadow (part of collective unconscious)

Dark and morally objectionable part of ourselves (equivalent of id)

Light and shadow

Darker objects seen father away than light objects

Thinking-Feeling Dimension

DecisionsMade based on logical principles and objective truth versus personal opinionated and consideration of other motives

What happens to the amount of time in REM as we age?

Declines rapidly between birth and childhood; continues dropping as we age

Latent level (psychoanalytic theory)

Deeper, unconscious level, where the true meaning lies; often reveals hidden conflicts (hate school and want destroyed)

Preparation

Defining the problem and attempting to solve it

Alzheimer's disease

Degenerative disease marked by progressive cognitive decline (will kill you) Marked by: confusion (causes falls; worse muscle memory) Memory loss Mood swings

Pruning

Degradation of synapses and dying off of neurons that are not strengthened by experience (will happen one way or another but bad if related to sensory development)

Validity

Degree to which a test accurately measures what it stays it measures 1. Test really measures intelligence 2. IQ scores can predict real-world outcomes

Giving people a uniform so that they lose awareness of self and feel like part of a group is an example of what?

Deindividuation

Albert Bandura

Demonstrated that when we watch people and see consequences for their actions, we assume the same consequences will occur for us; we like to imitate role models (ppl similar to ourselves, we perceive as successful, we perceive as admirable)

Addiction

Dependence on a drug; can result from physical or psychological dependence

Experiments contain

Dependent and independent variables

What can rejection cause?

Depression (rejection from friend or lover) Suicide (chances increase) Anger, violence and aggression towards others (ex. School shooters in columbine and Virginia teach were socially rejected)

Gordon Allport's Trait Theory

Determined 4000 words from an English dictionary that described personality from an original 18,000; narrow down to 10 Central personality traits

Alfred Binet (first test)

Developed a measure of children who would benefit from extra assistance in school; created mental age

Opponent-Process Theory

Developed by Solomon; views emotions as pairs of opposites (ex. fear-relief, pleasure pain) States that when one emotion is experienced, the other is suppressed

Cochlear implants

Device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes in the cochlea (implant is the transducer) Used for sensorineural hearing loss Wire through eardrum and medium ear straight to inner ear

clinical psychology

Diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders (born with disorder)

cultural test bias hypothesis

Differences in IQ scores caused by different cultural and educational backgrounds, not real differences in intelligence (regions of world)

Framing effect

Different reaction depending on presentation of loss or gain (doctor says 70% of people do not have complications, not 30% do)

Insomnia (most common)

Difficult falling and/or staying asleep (2 separate things or combination of both); typically caused by depression, anxiety, lack of exercise, or chronic illness

Resistant attachment

Difficulty being comforted and may actively struggle against contact with parents during reunion (parents inconsistent with meeting needs)

Marcia's Stages of Identity Development

Diffusion, foreclose, moratorium, and achievement Don't always go through all four stages (don't have to overcome one to get to another)

Sexual orientation fits within which three categories

Disposition to be attracted to either the opposite sex (heterosexual), the same sex (homosexual), or both sexes (bisexual)

Trait

Disposition to behave consistently in a particular way (many of these make up personality) They are evenly distributed in the population (most ppl are outgoing; can hang out but need alone time too)

Retroactive interference

Disruption of new learning on the recall of old information (new stuff makes it hard to remember old stuff)

Proactive interference

Disruption of prior learning on the recall of new information (old stuff makes it hard to recall new stuff)

Displacement

Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target Ex: have a bad day= slam a dot and yell

What did Jane Elliot do to distinguish between the brown and eyed colores students?

Divided children by eye color. Told children that brown eyes makes children faster, smarter, and better than those with blue eyes. Blue eyes had to put on green paper armband. Brown eyes children got lunch first and longer recess; also got to drink from water fountain.

Integrity vs Despair

Do we feel the sum total of our life's choices is coming together in an integrated way? If success=wisdom and integrity If fail=despair (can result in isolation)

predictive validity

Does it produce real world outcomes? = IQ do; mainly academic importance WAIS predicts academic class rank and college GPA

Disadvantage of Young Helmholtz theory?

Does not explain afterimages

What was the US in pavlov's experiment?

Dog food (it produced salivating which is natural and uncontrollable)

Experiment of learned helplessness

DogShocks: shocked restrain dogs until they stop trying to escape even if not restrained, only jumped out when's our other dogs jumped out

What is the activation-synthesis model of dream?

Dreams are a result of prefrontal cortex trying to make sense of random neural firing (neurons still fire but frontal lobe is off)

When does neural migration occur? What can effect (interfere) with it?

During months 3-5 of the fetal stage Certain toxins and viruses may interfere with normal neural migration (or genetic disorders)

When is the hippocampus active and what is being processed?

During slow wave sleep and memories are being processed

When do teratogens effect the baby the most?

During the embryonic stage (because organs are forming) Ex. Viruses and the flu can cause cancers if extended long time

Tympanic membrane

Eardrum; when sound waves hit it, it activated the middle ear

Hearing of the fetus

Ears are connected to the brain (auditory nerve) by about 18 weeks Responses to sound as 26 weeks (ear bones completely form)

Why do lifestyle changes work over diets?

Eating frequency small meals, drinking lots of water, and moderate exercise daily will work long term; genes are responsible 70% fat during adulthood

deja vu

Eerie sense of "Ive experienced this before", cages from the current situation trigger retrieval of earlier experiences

Who is famous for studying false memories and what the she say?

Elizabeth Loftus; memory is influenced by people in both good and bad ways

Attachment

Emotional connection between an infant and his/her caregiver (usually mother)

Forebrain: Limbic System

Emotions and drives

Asian cultures view on intelligence

Emphasize humility, awareness, doing the right thing, and mindfulness

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow (humanism)

Emphasizes the growth and potential of the whole person (health); people have a choice

Effort processing

Encoding that requires attention (conscious awareness)

Mindfulness meditation

Encourages attention to details of an immediate experience; can improve attentional skills

Debriefing

End of study; explain purpose and why it was important. Provide resources at end and let participants have counseling if negative emotions occur

Norepinephrine (hormone + neurotransmitter)

Energizing and arousing Called adrenaline Produced by brain and Adrenalin glands Created through the sympathetic nervous system—-> fight or flight

Effects of mindfulness meditation

Enhance well-being Reduce stress and depression Improve physical health (through mental health) Reduce pain (take mind away)

Principle 1 ______ events can interact with genes to make behaviors more or less likely

Environment

Conjunction fallacy

Error that occurs when ppl believe that the combination of two events is more likely to occur than either of the events alone

Representative heuristic

Estimate the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event (ex. Late 5/6 days= today shall be late)

Critical thinking

Evaluating evidence (scientific method)

How often do taste buds reproduce themselves and what happens later in life?

Every 1-2 weeks but this slows as we age and decrease sensitivity (fewer cells=less flavor)

Death and dying between culture

Every culture has its own set of standards for how to regard death (but there are universal traits)

Four phases of sexual response cycle

Excitement (getting ready) Plateau (starts developing/rising, not reach full inter course) Orgasm (less common for females; hight of experience) Resolution (followed by refractory period for men)

Internal LOC (locus of control)

Expectancy that one is responsible for the major outcomes in life; can influence your own life

External LOC (locus if control)

Expecting that you cannot influence your outcomes in life; up to fate, chance or luck

Taste can be influenced by ______ during infancy and _____

Experience (if give baby junk it'll like junk later in life) Expectations (if good yelp review the food will taste better) You can make yourself like food by eating it at least 8 times

What is an example of moderate consciousness?

Experienced during sleep; we don't lose awareness of world around us when we sleep

John Watson and Little Albert experiment

Experiment where Watson paired playing with a white mouse with a load noise (causing fears) with test subject/child Albert NS: white mouse US: loud noise CS: white mouse UR: fear CR: fear

Nimchimpsky

Experiment with Chimp in 70's; treated it like a real child and taught sign language (how to express wants and emotions); eventually became violent and returned to normal monkey behavior

false beliefs task

Experimental task where child was shown granola box and asked what's inside (they say granola) bud actually candles Now asked to assume if someone saw the box what would they think is In it If answer is granola=they have overcome egocentrism If answer is candles=they have not overcome egocentrism

Moratorium (stage)

Exploring multiple identities w/out making a commitment Considered to be experiencing identity crisis Ex. Enter college without major (Not necessarily bad, just figuring out what you want)

Validity

Extent to which a concept, conclusion, or measurement is well founded and measures what it intends to (accuracy; average will give you want you want)

First dimension of MBTI

Extraversion Vs Introversion

Hypersomnia

Extreme sleepiness during the day (feel need to always sleep); typically sleep for 10+ hours per day but never feel rested; effects 5% of population worldwide; sometimes caused by depression

Savant

Extremely gifted in one area; low intelligence (IQ<70)= mental disability Very rare; half have autism other half from brain injury; could get as an adult

What are the three models of employee motivation according to industrial organizational psychologists

Extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, perceived support by supervisors and organizations

Semantic memory

Facts and knowledge

Miss

Failing to identify a stimulus that's present

change blindess

Failing to notice a difference in the environment (talk with someone—> they change clothes and you don't notice)

inattentinal blindness

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere (gorilla and ball test as an ex)

Color constancy

Familiar objects have consistent color, even if lighting is changed Ex. Picture of grey strawberries that actually come out red when see

Lawrence Kohlberg

Famous for his theory of moral development in children; made use of moral dilemmas in assessment

People tend to become _____ as they age b/c the lens becomes less _____ (no adapt —> visión worse)

Farsighted, flexible

Conditional regard

Feeling like you have to earn someone's love (if you get an F in the class I won't love you)

Attitudes

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events

Lev Vegotsky

Felt cognitive development is more of a social event than Piaget did (asked how do parents and siblings influence development) Empathized scaffolding and created zone of proximal development

Permissive cultures

Few restrictions on sex (South America)

Which areas of the body has the most mechanoreceptors?

Fingertips and face

first trimester of pregnancy

First 3 months of pregnancy which include stages of prenatal development

Mary Calkins (1905)

First female president of the APA; denied PhD from Harvard

Margaret Washburn (1908)

First woman to receive a PhD in psychology, studied animal behavior (started in Columbia then went to Cornell)

How many major senses develop at different rates?

Five

Late adulthood intelligence changes

Fluid intelligence decreases; crystallized intelligence typically increases (but dementia decreases it)

Central route to persuasion

Focus on evidence/arguments (results in more durable attitude change); facts such as phone numbers

Peripheral route to persuasion

Focus on incidental cues (ex. Attractiveness of spokesperson/color of car)

Empirical method

Focuses on questions that characterize the group the questionnaire is intended to distinguish (Find the different between two groups) Ex: ask who goes to the supermarket and test if all depressed ppl go to this one

cocktail party effect

Focusing on one conversation among many (hear your name in crowded room=focus on that conv; form of selective attention)

Synaptogenesis

Formation of synapses; abundant in early childhood (explains plasticity at young age)

G. Stanley Hall (1892)

Founded the American psychological association (APA). Started 1st psych lab in the US at Johns Hopkins university.

Jean Piaget

Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation

Scaffolding

Framework offering temporary support as children develop higher levels of cognitive development (guidance/advice; ex. When teaching how to tie shoes if you don't show how they'll never learn but if you always do it form then you never learn=need to show only a few times)

Psychosexual Theory of Development

Freud; individuals were subject to the unconscious sexual desires and motivations, beyond their control; 5 stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Moderate consciousness

Freuds term preconscious (long term memory); a state of "tip of the tongue" phenomenon

Which lobe is involved in fluid intelligence tasks?

Frontal lobe (not really crystalized)

What's caused the evolving of the brain?

Frontal love became larger due to more groups and socializing (communication)

Frustration-aggression principle

Frustration (blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression

Social referencing

Gaging others emotions and regulating own behaviors (ex, throw food at mom and look for frown=don't do it again)

G-factor

General factor made up of 3 specific components; spatial, quantitative (numbers), and verbal

John Carroll's Three-Stratum Theory of Intelligence

General intelligence: based off Spearmen's G factor Broad intelligence: Based off Cattell's theory Narrow intelligence: 70 abilities (all skills that help broad and general)

Deductive reasoning

General statements to specific conclusions (all dogs have fur= my dog has fur)

According to Adler, what happens if you don't compensate for feelings of weakness?

Generate inferiority complex=unhealthy need for competition

Scientific thinking

Generate, test, and revise theories (we don't use this in our daily lives)

Principle 1 Specific ___ can chase specific diseases, but play only a ___ part in creating a given behavior.

Genes, small (multiple answers, it's different for every person)

Principle 3 Teasing apart and identifying _____ and _______ influences on behavior requires special techniques.

Genetic and environmental

Reaction range

Genetically determined range of responses by an individual to his or her environment Typical range is about 25 IQ points: 100 in poor environment, 112 in average environment, 125 in prosperous environment No affection=poor environment, attention and help=prosperous environment

Attraction: proximity

Geographic nearness is most powerful predictor of friendship (ex mere exposure effect= you like them more)

Who discovered the magical number of 7 +- 2 (# of items in short term memory)

George Miller

Retrieval

Getting information out of the memory system

Fixation

Getting stuck in a psychosexual stage Ex: if parents don't let you chew, you'll develop dirty habits with mouth such as smoking)

4. Hormones and neuro chemicals that cause hunger

Ghrelin: produced when stomach is empty Leptin: produced when overeating (reduces the pleasure associated with food; feels gross)

Animistic thinking

Giving human qualities to non-humans (ex toy story)

2. Blood

Glucose level (when to little=eat) Hypothalamus monitors glucose level

Innately Guided Learning Hypothesis

Gramma is innate (gut instinct when something sounds wrong); vocabulary is more environmental (hear someone else say it); the brain and Lang skills change together over time; (based off of observational learning)

Red

Green

Race and Ethnicity (Intelligence)

Groups vary on IQ scores; tests potentially biased

Who founded psychophysics?

Gustav Fechner

Malpass and Devine (1981)

Half of participate in staged act told perpetrator was in line up while others told may or may not be there Results: participants led to believe the perp was present chose someone and usually chose the wrong person

Effects of FAS

Halts the process of neural migration (seen in racism changes and cognitive deficits)

Distant idea

Happened in the past

Secure attachment

Happy connection and evident warmth; upset when parent leaves and soothed upon return

Cornea

Hard covering that protects the lens (stops debris from getting in eye)

In what situations do social inhibition show up?

Hard tasks Not really practiced

Teratogen

Harmful chemicals to baby in the womb (ex. Alcohol)

men and emotion

Have greater amygdala activation when exposed to pictures of animal or human attacks MORE SIMILARITIES THAN DIFFERENCES

Convergent thinking problems

Have known solution; require analytical thinking and learned strategies

Divergent thinking problems

Have no known solutions; require novel solutions

Diffusion (stage)

Have not experienced identity crisis (not crosses your mind) Not exploring identities b/c unsure of what they want (can't stay in this stage for very long)

Social-cultural/sociocultural (2000's)

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

Amplitude

Height of a wave; determines volume ? (Taller = louder and shorter = quieter)

Mindfulness

Heightened awareness of the present moment; experience objectively rather than subjectively (ex. Meditation and not judgment; saying the sky is gray instead of depressing)

Counseling psychology

Help people struggling with everyday problems (life situations)

Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic (1920's)

How behavior arises from unconscious drives and conflicts

Real movement neurons

Help the brain distinguish between actual and false movement

Mirror neurons

Help us copy people, linked to empathy (feel what other feel

Hindbrain: pons

Helps coordinate involuntary movement (reflexes and organ use)

Hindbrain: cerebellum

Helps coordinate voluntary movement; balance (bell=balance)

Industrial and organizational psychology

Helps improve business through HR department, improving staff morale, and other tasks.

Semicircular canals

Helps us maintain balance (vestibular sense) (associated with cerebellum)

Giftedness

High end of intelligence spectrum IQ of 130-140 or above Either prodigy or savant syndrome

Consummate Love (Sternberg)

High in all three components (married couples)

Fatuous Love (Sternberg)

High in commitment and passion (secret crush)

Companionate Love (Sternberg)

High in intimacy and commitment (friends)

Romantic Love (Sternberg)

High in intimacy and passion (friends with benefits)

How is mental illness tied to creativity?

Higher in artists, writers, painters, and poets than "normal population"

Relative height

Higher objects are farther away

Explicit memories are processed in the _____

Hippocampus

What is the relay station of memories and sends them for storage elsewhere?

Hippocampus

Neurogenic hypothesis to IA

Hippocampus isn't fully formed yet

Pupil

Hole (small adjustable opening) (black portion; adjusts for light rays)

Biochemical of aggression

Hormones, alcohol, and serotonin (higher level of testosterone in boys)

Phallic fixation: Oedipus complex

Hostility towards same sex parents and attraction towards opposite sex parent (Electra complex vice versa) Kids develop gender identity: boys act like father and girls act like mother

Psilocybin (mushrooms)

Hours feel like minutes Transcending themselves (out of body experience)

Physiological psychology (subfield)

How genes affect behavior; brain and chemicals

Developmental (subfield) psychology

How humans grow, change, and stay the same through life

social psychology (subfield)

How interaction effects people

Perceived support by supervisors and organizations

How much employee believes the organization appreciate their contributions and well being (thank you for the hard work) Leads to employees who are happier, less stressed, and more motivated to stay at their jobs Less likely to skip work, be late, or take long lunch breaks (higher productivity)

What creates personality according to the id, ego, and superego theory?

How much of each a person uses in their daily lives

Perceptual set

How our frame of mind impacts perception; influenced by schemas (category for all knowledge of a topic) Ex. Context (depends on perspective; ex Pedestrians v drivers) Culture (ex. Seeing metal bucket instead of window)

Biological/neuroscience (1950's-1960's)

How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

Epigenetics

How the environment changes gene expression.

Evolutionary (1980's)

How the natural selection of traits promotes the survival of genes (people pick their partners base off of this)

Cognitive (1960's)

How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

Behavioral Perspective (1910's)

How we learn observable responses

Humanism (1950's)

How we reach our full potential

Verbal representation

How we think about the things we hear (knowing friend from just hearing voice)

Adaptive behavior

How well a person adjusts to everyday life (less= worse IQ)

Principle 4 Environmental events influence _____ and ____ genes are _____ and _____

How, when, activated, deactivated

What does "the power of the situation" mean?

Human behavior is strongly influenced by the environment.

Evolution of personality traits

Human personality traits evolved as adaptive behavioral responses to problems of survival and reproduction (certain traits help us survive and reproduce; agreeable or flirtatious)

Cognitive dissonance

Humans act to reduce the discomfort we feel when our thoughts or our thoughts and behavior are inconsistent

Which part is the brain is larger in men which creates a higher sex drive than in women?

Hypothalamus

What are the brain differences between heterosexual and homosexual ppl?

Hypothalamus (a part of it) is smaller in homosexuals brains; corpus callosum is thicker in homosexuals

Social exchange theory

Idea that we help others when we underhand that the benefits to ourselves are likely to outweigh the costs

Set point

Ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system (temp=98.6)

How do twin-adoption and family studied demonstrate interconnectedness?

Identical twins reared apart are more similar than fraternal twins raised together; but environment does help contribute

False alarm

Identifying a stimulus that is not present

group polarization effect

If a group is like-minded, discussion will strengthen its prevailing opinion (it's called this name because it can be either a good or bad thing; ex KKK meeting v animal rights meeting)

Anal fixation

If can't learn potty train, you become over controlling of bowels

Exclusion vs. Inclusion

If excluded from group it's natural to have prejudice against them, if included to group natural to like them more (due to an evolutionary standpoint, not having access to resources to survive causes hate)

How does parenting change personality?

If mother wants baby: positive changes such as increase in A and O If unwanted pregnancy: negative changes such as low self esteem (Dad doesn't change much, if baby difficult then maybe low self esteem)

actor-observer bias

If we do something wrong, we blame the situation; if we see someone do the same thing, we blame their disposition (both you and them)

Part 2 of three stage processing model

If we pay attention to the stimulus, the memory will become short-term (it's encoded through rehearsal)

Phi phenomenon

Illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession Ex light up arrows in storefront

Farsighted

Image focuses behind the retina (can't see up close)

Nearsighted

Image focuses in front of retina (can't see far away)

What are the standard processes used in dreaming?

Imagery, memory, speech, problem solving (cannot dream new face)

Sensory memory

Immediate, brief recording of info from touch, taste, sound, sight and smell (doesn't get stored for long unless practice)

Priming (way of accessing implicit memory)

Implicit memory that arises when recall is improved by earlier exposure to similar stimuli (giving 1st letter of a word=D__ ___ when say a dog in the morning)

Cerebellum

Important for implicit memories and conditioned responses

How are the two methods of picking questions used?

In combination

Difference between indulgent and permissive neglectful

In terms of few rules: •indulgent=cause want to be friends; spoil •neglectful=not around, don't want to parent Autonomy: •indulgent=don't want kid to get mad at them •neglectful=they can do it themselves like I did Monitoring behavior: •indulgent=want kids to have fun (too much) •neglectful=don't know birthday or rn things about you

What motivates people? What was the actual prisoners dilema?

Incentives motivate people, the activity of bank robbers was the dilema, results are different

What are the characteristic of consciousness?

Includes aspects of being awake and aware; is crucial for a wide spectrum of cognitive events (must be conscious to be effected)

formal operational stage (in terms of brain development)

Includes frontal lobe growth (logic from education classes), increased neural complexity (strengthen neurons), and neural pruning (stop doing things so connections die)

Disorganized/disoriented attachment

Inconsistent behaviors and demonstrates possible fear of the parents (during reunion) (sign of physical abuse)

Narcolepsy

Incontrolable sleep attacks; caused by inability to regulate sleep-wake cycle (circadian cycles; producing too much melatonin); can you directly into REM

Signal detection theory

Incorporates stimulus intensity and decision making process; contains four possible outcomes

Misinformation effect

Incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event (did actually happen changing detains; accidentally)

Stimulants

Increase neural activity and speed up bodily functions

Excitatory PSP

Increase voltage and increase the probability that the posy synaptic neuron will fire action potential

Conditioned (secondary) reinforcer

Increases behaviors only once it is associated with a primary reinforcer (money helps you buy food so that you are no longer hungry)

The two hemispheres of the brain do not operate _____ due to the ______.

Independently, corpus callosum

Life satisfaction based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Industrialized countries have higher well-being Money leads to happiness (to some extent)

Beneficence (ethical standard)

Inform participants if the costs and benefits of participation (costs must not out-way benefits)

Encoding failure

Information never goes from short term into long term memory (did not make meaning)

How do neurons communicate?

Information travels within a neuron in the form of an electrical signal by action potentials.

Needs

Inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives (water food) (the thing that relieves)

Antagonist

Inhibits the action of a neurotransmitter (inhibitory)

Cocaine

Inject (free base) (snort) Smoke (crack) Deplete body supply of: dopamine (can't make yourself happy), serotonin (adrenaline) High lasts 15-30 mins

Positive Emission Tomography (PET)

Inject radioactive colored sugar into participant and see where it is transported in the brain. The faster a part of the brain metabolizes it the more active that part it.

Processing style of right hemisphere

Insight and solutions to ideas

Why did Jane Elliot conduct the study?

Inspired by the assassination of MLK and wanted to see if kids could hate each other over eye color

Which of the 8 Erikson stages occurs during late adulthood?

Integrity vs Despair

Although there are different theories, what do they all agree upon?

Intelligence sets us apart from animals

Reciprocal determinism

Interacting influencers between personality and environmental factors by (directional) Environment effects personality in the same sense that someone's personality effects the environment Ex: room and office show personality through decoration

Which LOC tends to have better life outcomes?

Internal

Which LOC has reduced risk of obesity at age 30?

Internal; they go out and exercise

Assimilation

Interpreting new experiences in terms of our schemas Ex. That have chihuahua, they point and say dig= fit into schema as a dog

What's stage of Erikson's theory occurs during early adulthood?

Intimacy vs Isolation

Autonomic system

Involuntary and unconscious decisions; controls glands and muscles of internal organs (heart beat, digestion; can be consciously overridden but usually works on own)

Serotonin

Involved in dreaming Emotional states (especially anger, anxiety, and depression)

Association areas

Involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, speaking, and integrating information. Makes up the rest of the cerebral cortex (parts that make us human)

Gene-by-environment interaction research

Involves observing the interaction of genetic differences and the environment to asses the impact of how certain behavior are produced in some people but not others. Looks at non shared environment (different friends/groups) Many studies all put together for conclusion

rational (face valid) method (to pick question)

Involves using reason or theory to come up with a question, but can result in socially desirable responding Ex: Being very plain; are you extroverted; sometimes band because people try to figure out the study or make themselves look good Looking for validity/accuracy

Limitation of PET

It is less precise than a fMRI

Causation

Is established through random assignment

"Open"

Is free to change (new words are born)

Philip Zimbardo- "Bad apples or bad barrel"

Is it bad people who do bad things (apples) or will anyone do a bad thing given a certain situation (barrel) Answer: yes barrel is more powerful

How is the brain adaptable?

It builds new pathways to make up for lost ones (neurons migrate to new areas —-> brain damage as a child is easier than as an adult)

Computer tomography (CT)

It combines computers and x-ray technology. It allows you to see the brain from all angles and it's good for showing brain changes (ex tumor or brain damage)

Does brain growth stop or continue after adolescence?

It continues throughout the life span

What is an advantage of the opponent processing theory?

It explains afterimages

How do we recognize faces from different view points?

It happens when feature detectors send information to the fusiform face area in the right temporal lobe

Role of spinal cord in pain

It has an active role of amplifying pain through glial cells (help send out pain messages)

How does self esteem change throughout the life span?

It tends to dip in adolescence but then increases in emerging adulthood (college)

Why was the 2nd cat experiment allowed to be conducted?

It was conducted before the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) was established

Who's work laid the foundation for behaviorism (particularly learned research)?

Ivan Pavlov; work with classical conditioning

Frontal lobe

Judgment and planning

Other names for difference thresholds...

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

Frequency (automatic processing)

Keep track of how many times things happen

parasympathetic nervous system

Kicks in after action is done; produced opposite effects of sympathetic (rest + digestion)

What do bodily senses also include?

Knowing where our body parts are Sensing things inside body (heart rate, organ pain, heavy breathing)

Theory of mind (opposite of egocentrism)

Knowledge and ideas about how other people minds work. Tested through the false belief task; usually achieved by concrete operational stage.

Implicit memory

Knowledge based on previous experience (ex skills); resides outside conscious awareness

Crystallized intelligence

Knowledge from experience, learning, education, and practice (learned through studying); affected by culture

Whorf-Sapir Hypothesis

Lang created thought as much as thought created Lang (they co-exist and develop together)

linguistic determinism hypothesis

Lang determines our way of thinking and our perception of the world.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Large coiled molecule that resides in every cell in the body, except red blood cells, and contains all the information needed for human development and function. (Storage for genetic material)

According to the gate control theory, what closes the gate?

Large fibers block the pain signals (like a boulder blocking water in a canal)

recency: serial position effect

Last items are still in working memory so you can recall them well and quickly

REM (rapid eye movement)

Lasts about 10 mins, but gets longer as night goes on Brain waves look almost like wakefulness (beta) Heart rate rises (like awake) Breathing becomes rapid Brainstem blocks messages to muscles so you are paralyzed Most streams occur during this stage (brain uses occipital (vision) and other lobes)

When learning is ____, it's not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Latent (has to do with cognitive aspect; provide ppl opportunity to learn something)

Observational learning

Learning by watching others

Biological constraint model

Learning can only occur up to a certain point when species has physical or cognitive restraint (Gorilla can learn sign but can't speak)

Cognitive map and latent learning proves...

Learning doesn't just involve behavior, it also involves cognition

Latent learning

Learning that occurs but it's not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Memory

Learning that persists over time

Which hemisphere is more active in processing speech and language?

Left hemisphere more active because it contains Broca's and Wernicke's area

Verbal tasks use ____ side, ____ tasks activate occipital lobe

Left, spatial

____ bends light so that image is upside down; _____ reorients it

Lens, brain

Split brain research

Lesioning (cutting) the corpus callosum and studying the effects it has.

Are there benefits of alcohol?

Light to moderate use might have health benefits

Unconscious parallel processing

Like running on auto-pilot; frees your conscious mind to deal with new challenges (if you thought about breathing you wouldn't have time for anything else)

Size of fetus at 12 weeks

Lime

Solomon Asch Experiment

Line test where confederates gave absurd answers as to how long a line is; participants answer was observed. 70% of subjects conformed to a wrong answer rather than giving a correct answer. Example of conformity; people chose the wrong answer to fit in.

prenatal programming

Links environmental conditions during fetal development with risks of diseases Ex. Maternal nutrition; if mother obese they are not producing enough folic acid which weaken neural tube/umbilical cord

Stage 4

Long slow delta waves indicate deep sleep (very difficult to awaken) Kids wet the bed during this stage

Personality psychology (subfield)

Looks at consistency in behavior (regardless of situation); unique

Experimental psychology (subfield)

Looks at learning, motivation, and emotion.

Why does dieting not work in the long term?

Losing and regaining weight associated Seth heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and altered immune function (need to lose weight slowly to make it count)

Dementia

Loss of mental function in which many cognitive processes are impaired (middle between loss of brain mass and Alzheimer's; not as bad)

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness in groups; can't be blamed solely because now you're part of a group

Middle adulthood (40-65): sensory and brain development

Loss of some hearing and visual abilities is normal as we age; can be affected by gender and profession

Absolute threshold

Lowest intensity level of the stimulus we can detect 1/2 the time (ex. Average person can see lit candle 30 miles away 1/2 the time)

LSD

Lysergic acid diethylamine (25) Acid Takes 3-4 hours to kick in, lasts 12 hours Held under tongue (paper thin) Mental clarity (thinks it gives you powers; confidence boost) Objects take on human qualities Senses mixed up; tasting colors/seeing sounds

Ecstasy

MDMA Serotonin levels are depleted 1/2 hour to start working; 3-4 hours of high Love drug=makes people feel connected Suppressed immune system and permanent effects (after 1 use)

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Machine where you place a cap on with electrodes. It shows the electrical activity in the form of brain waves when part of the brain is active. It's commonly used in sleep research.

Foreclosure (stage)

Made a commitment w/out exploring other options Ex. Time become a mechanic because his father is one, doesn't question if another career might suit better

Insecure attachment

Made up of avoidant attachment , resistant attachment and disorganized/disoriented attachment

Optic nerve

Made up of axons of ganglion cells; transmit signals from the eye to the thalamus, which sends info to visual cortex of occipital lobe (right left rule applies)

Magnetic resonance imagining (MRI)

Magnets cause hydrogen atoms to converge in activated part of the brain. It created a 3-D image of the brain (shows structure)

Respect for persons (ethical standard)

Maintaining people's dignity (no embarrassing actions)

availibility heuristic

Make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how readily they come to mind (recent events) (ex. See jaws = not go swimming)

Which gender is hearing loss more common in?

Males because they are not worried or being attacked so loud music in headphones isn't a problem

Independent variable

Manipulated by researcher (results in outcome); made up of experimental and control group

What are the two events that may occur during the stage of young adulthood?

Marriage: age of marriage has increased over the last 50 years Parenthood: not required as a sign of becoming an adult

Human sexual respond cycle was created by who?

Masters and Johnson

Statistics

Mathematical procedures for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data

Logical

Mathematical; quantitative ability (scientist/accountant)

Human development is based on _____ (define)

Maturation: orderly sequence if biological growth (ex. Can't jump without walking first

Smell and taste of the fetus

May be influenced by chemicals in amniotic fluid (stuff baby floats around in) Ex. If mom craved pickles=you crave pickles

Physiological cause of synesthesia

May involve cross activating of different areas of the brain (through bimodal neurons)

Negative skewed bell curve

Mean on the left side, median in the middle, mode on the right side

Inter-rather reliability

Measure OfHow much agreement there is in ratings when using two or more raters or coders to rate personalities or other behaviors Correlation of .8 or higher is good and overall reliable

Face validity

Measure of how representative a research project is at first glance, and whether is appears to be a good project (IQ test shouldn't be asking what's your favorite color)

Internal validity

Measure which ensures that a researchers study is objective and lacks experimenter bias (was told is aggressive—-> believes it and ruins data)

Psycho metrics (subfield)

Measurement of behavior through psychological tests (can help all sub categories)

Peg-word system

Memorize a jingle; eventually you can visually associate "peg words" with times you need to remember (one is bun, two is shoe)

False memories

Memory for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something

source amnesia

Memory loss due to injury or disease (more severe damage = more impact on memory)

Working/short-term memory

Memory that holds a few (about 7) items briefly; Info is either stored or forgotten (technically 5-9)

Which gender has a higher drive for casual sex?

Men (duhh)

Concept

Mental grouping of objects, events, or people and our knowledge about these things; helps us organize perceptions of world

Cognition

Mental process involved in acquiring, processing, and storing knowledge

What is an example of visual imagery?

Mental rotation (parking a car in a tight spot)

Amphetamine

Meth Energizing and lose weight Deplete dopamine (feel depressed afterwards) Lasts 8 hours (not as bad crash)

Median

Middle, divides upper from lower part of data

What else can activate large fibers?

Mindset, massaging, acupuncture

MMPI

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Takes in stages Most valid/reliable one out there

Group think

Mode of thinking in which the desire to keep harmony within the group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Positive skewed bell curve

Mode on the left side, median in the middle, and mean on the right side

Normal distribution curve

Mode, median, and mean are all in the middle

Echoic memory

Momentary sensory memory of auditory information (lasts 3 to 4 seconds)

Iconic memory

Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli (photographic but lasts no more than a few tenths of a second)

Awareness

Monitoring of information from the environment and/or ones own thoughts (this + wakefulness determines consciousness; being in vegetative state does not count)

Night terrors

More sever than nightmares and often not remembered; person is visibly upset during sleep and very difficult to awaken (don't even try to wake up)

Cortisol arousal

More=get nervous easy Lower=need more social interaction to feel "full" Introverts=higher baseline cortisol level Extroverts=lower baseline cortisol level

______ people conform to social norms (they change their behavior to match the group)

Most

Reduction in vision (adulthood)

Most adults need glasses at some point (usually for reading)

What are some common things ppl dream about?

Most are mundane/unfold in familiar setting with family + friends/colleagues Ex: chased and pursued, sexual experiences, falling, school/teachers/studying

Principle 2 of behavioral genetics

Most behaviors derive from multiple genes.

Night terrors prevalence

Most commonly experienced in ages 3-12; stops during adolescence (experienced by 40% of children)

Mode

Most commonly occurring

When is the brain most adaptable?

Most plastic (moldable) in early childhood (6 or younger)

2nd child

Motivated, cooperate, yet overly competitive (trying to keep up with second sibling)

Extrinsic motivation

Motivation that comes from outside a person and usually involved rewards and praises (allowance ex) Has drawbacks: if reward is removed, motivation can disappear; if reward stays the same (not increase) motivation can drop

Intrinsic motivation

Motivation that comes from within a person and includes four different elements 1. Challenge (right level of difficulty) 2. Enjoyment (love doing it) 3. Mastery (show we've learned) 4. Autonomy (more choices and freedom) and self determination

Atkinson said the tendency to achieve success is a function of 3 things... which are?

Motivation to succeed= how much want it (time and effort) Expectation to succeed=probability of success (more likely=more effort) Incentive value of the success= importance (is it vital?) and difficulty level (feel better when accomplish difficult tasks)

What activates the transducers?

Movement of fluid and cochlea

Neural migration

Movement of the neurons from one part of the fetal brain to their more permanent destination in the brain(genetically determined)

Kitty Genovese

Murdered outside apartment- prompted to investigate bystander effect due to diffusion of responsibility

Three parts to overcome bystander effect

Must notice Interpret that something is wrong Responsibility-do we have an obligation

Interviewing (Personality interviews)

Natural and comfortable Open ended questions Scoring the responses reliably can be difficult (if ppl not trained=problematic results) (Need Inter rater reliability)

Hierarchical model; Maslows hierarchy of needs

Needs range from most basic physiological necessities to highest psychological needs for growth fulfillment

What's the charge if a neuron at rest?

Negative charge

Negative reinforcement

Negative=stimulus taken away Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli

What can be detrimental to brain development?

Neglect or not stimulating senses so they do not develop

Nervous system

Network of nerve cells and fibers which transmit nerve impulses between parts of the body.

Neural growth middle adulthood

Neural plasticity continued as we age, thi neurogenesis tapers off in middle adulthood

Retina

Neural tissue lining inside back surface of the eye which absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual info to the brain

Refractory period

Neuron has to take a break before it can send another message (1-2 milliseconds)

____ and _____ connections hold our memories

Neurons and synaptic

Mirror neurons

Neurons in the frontal lobe that fire when observing someone perform an action (also feeling empathy); also fire when we perform same action (linked to empathy)

Bimodal neurons

Neurons that are activated when 2 or more senses are used (ex seeing and smelling shapes)

sensory neurons

Neurons that bring in messages to brain and spinal chord for processing from the outside world (recurve incoming info from outside world)

Interneurons

Neurons used to transmit messages within the CNS (help to communicate between different lobes of brain)

What contributes to phantom limb pain?

Neuroplasticity does= neurons take over area of missing body part

The three dimensions created by Eysenck

Neuroticism Extraversion Psychticism (combo of 3) PEN

Endorphins

Neurotransmitters that resemble opiate drugs in structure and effects. Contributes to pain relief and some pleasure emotions

Learning new skills can lead to new neural growths (examples in adulthood)

New language Learning a new musical instrument

Faces with age development

Newborns mimic expressions of adults 5 month old: can discriminate facial expressions in terms of emotion 1 year old: rely on faces for info about how to act

Symbolic

No true connection between sound and meaning

Can someone effectively multitask?

No, we cannot do more than one thing at a time (as effectively); it robs us of performance on primary task (multitasking comprises learning)

Who created the language acquisition device and what is it?

Noam Chomsky; an innate biologically based capacity to acquire language; humans are built to speak (we have system for this purpose)

Neuroscience explanation to hypnosis

Not an imitation, but is real brain activity Stroop effect (delay in resigning time when color of words on a text and their meaning differ) helps explain

Correct rejection

Not identifying stimulus because there is not

Delayed reinforcers don't work and work on who?

Not on animals but yes on humans; we are often more attracted to immediate reinforcers (marshmallow study)

What are bodily senses referring to?

Not referring to sight or hearing but when a physical object comes into contact with us (ex. Pain)

Moving away from others

Not responding emotionally, not caring, being "above it all" (too cool attitude) (Act like don't care but actually do; aka the detached personality)

functional fixedness

Not seeing alternative uses for objects (improvising) (ex. Using a chair as a ladder)

Which traits does individualism affect?

O, E, N

Case study

Observation technique; one person studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles (usually 1 person; something strange happened to them genetically)

naturalistic observation

Observing and recording behavior in real world situations without trying to manipulate/control the situation

anorexia nervosa

Obsessive desire to lose weight characterized by not eating

Bulimia nervosa

Obsessive desire to lose weight; involves binging (3000-4000 calories) and purging (throwing up)

Imprinting

Occurs in lower animals, but not human beings (follows the first person they see after birth)

Experimenter bias

Occurs when a researchers expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

Operant conditioning

Occurs when we associate our actions with their consequences; type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement but diminished if followed by punishment and

Cultures vary in their acceptability of _____ (olfaction)

Odors; ex cleanliness and body odor based in experience, climates and cuisine

Alcohol

Often beloved to be a stimulant; frontal lobe is slowed down so you act on impulse Lowers inhibitions=impulsive Reduce self awareness Disrupts memory formation Can lead to hazardous accidents and physical ailments (DUI; cirrhosis)

What type of neurons are in the nasal cavity and what do they contain?

Olfactory sensory neurons in upper nasal cavity contain cilia (hair cells/transducers)

Generalization

Once a response is conditioned, stimuli similar to the CS tend to produce similar responses (different from person to person)

Longitudinal

One group repeatedly over time (long time)

Self efficacy

One's belief in his or her own ability to succeed and accomplish tasks. It stays the same throughout the life span according to Bandura

Russian study in 1800's

Only let 1 twin be adopted per family, tested environment vs nature

Disadvantage of MBTI

Only measured 4 dimensions and there is no middle ground

Limitation of CT

Only shows structures not function of the brain

disadvantage of absolute threshold?

Only talks about stimulation, not perception

When does the cochleae implant for for adults?

Only works for adults if their brain learn to process sound during childhood because he really has a critical period; it works well for children because of brain plasticity

Hypnosis prevalence

Only ~15% of population is highly hypnotizable (more open)

Narcolepsy with cataplexy

Onset of sleep attacks due to strong emotions; lose voluntary control of muscles (happy/laugh or stress/sadness)

Ppl are more creative when they are more _____ to new experiences

Open

Human language

Open and symbolic communication system specific to Homo Sapiens that has rules (grammar and syntax) and allows its users to express abstract and distant ideas

Superego

Operate on the moralistic principle (develops by age 2-3) Angel side on shoulder; do the right thing Ex: study the entire night and no TV

Ego

Operated in reality principle and mediated between id and superego (develops before age 2) Can be conscious act ex: math test but 8 episodes you wanna watch—-> watch 2 episodes and study (balance)

Id

Operated on pleasure principle (develops in infancy) Ex: eating entire pizza, watch TV and not study; devil side on shoulder

What outside of the body can relieve pain?

Opioids and surgeries (severe options), acupuncture, massage, meditation, hypnosis and placebos (ex sugar pill)

Opioids

Opium, morphine, heroin, codeine, oxycodone, and hydrocodone Pain reduction Most highly addictive depressant (stop the body natural production of endorphins=pain killers)

Attraction: similarity

Opposites do not attract; birds of feather flick together (same characteristics makes you friends)

Judging vs perceiving

Organized And task oriented vs spontaneous and flexible

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Hierarchies

Organizing words/concepts into groups based on similar characteristics help us remember them better (using chunks but making meaning out of them)

Circadian rhythms

Our body's 24 hour biological cycle which affects our sleep cycle and body temp (cold=sleepy)

Episodic memory

Our experiences (knowing where you were when Trump was elected)

How does technology allow us to create stronger social identities?

Our group memberships help us define who we are Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter We create more connections and relationships

Cerebral cortex

Outer layer of brain and the bodies ultimate control and information processing center. This is the part of the brain that makes human unique because it has so many unique functions.

Benefits of using median

Outliers will not drag it out and impact the data as it would with mean (use this for skewed bell curve)

Storage decay

Over time, memories fade (natural)

Stage theories of development

Overcoming an obstacle from an earlier part of life in order to move onto the next "phase"

Pain perception

Pain can seem more severe if we lay more attention to it; at the same time we remember things as less painful if the end if it was less painful than the rest (serial positioning effect of pain)

nociceptive pain

Pain from skin damage

Phantom limb pain

Pain in a limb/tissue that is missing Amputees experience thus Neurons in the brain already in position

What life circumstances can change your personality?

Parenting Brain injury Alzheimer's disease

______ become less influential to adolescents

Parents Positive relationships with parents=positive relationships with peers Girls fight parents over dating (relationships; usually dads); boys fight over behavior and hygiene (acting out; smelling bad)

Permissive

Parents provide few rules and let children have their way Autonomy more important than obedience Less likely to monitors child's behavior (ex. Can have friends over when parents gone)

Authoritarian

Parents set rules that children are expected to follow without question (ex. Ask why—> "because I said so") Emphasizes on obedience Characterized by conditional regard

Who are the most important social influencers to babies ?

Parents; babies learn everything from them (including gender roles) according to social learning theory

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Part of the hypothalamus which sends messages to the pineal gland which reduces melatonin (sleep hormone) in the morning and increases it at night (activates through light)

Projective tests

Participant is presented with a vague stimulus or situation and asked how to interpret it or tell a story about what they see (Looks at the theme of your responses b/c rooted in Freud; low validity; low reliability)

Privacy and confidentiality

Participants stay anonymous (storage keeps identity protected)

Auditory canal

Passages to gene tympanic membrane (put cue tip through this)

Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment

Payed college students to participate as playing either a prisoner or prison guard. Had the participants arrested at home and treated like criminals. Lived in cell 24/7 so cut off from environment. Prison guards started acting aggressive and cruel without previous instruction. No one "quit" the experiment, they all believe it was real life. Study stopper after 6 days because it was cruel and broke morels. Deindividuation stripped students of identity and have then group of prisoners to be part of.

Sensing vs. Intuition

Paying attention to info as it is presented versus finding deeper meaning Ex; eye in great gatsby

____ can be more important than parents by mid-late childhood

Peers (helping us with everything socially related; eventually comes back to family later in life)

Informed consent (ethical standard)

People agree to terms of participation; can withdraw at any time (sign contract willingly; they tell you general info but no specifics)

Michigan Fish Test

People are shown a picture of the ocean with different creatures and strange background objects + setting Then asked what do they remember from it

Stanley Milgram- obedience (shock experiment)

People conducting study had PhD and were wearing lab coats; used real ordinary adults The confederates caused obedience within the participants Recreated in 2006; same results found

Social loafing

People exert less effort in a group than when working alone (group projects one person does all the works; measured through tug of war activity)

NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) (aka the big 5)

People from different cultural backgrounds exhibit traits of all of the following personality dimensions to varying extents

Confederates

People who are part of research team but act like participants

empathy-altruism hypothesis

People will help others selflessly only when they feel empathy for them

Walter Mischel

Peoples personality traits aren't consistent across all situations (Zimbardo follower; power of the situation)

Drives

Perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some needs (feeling hunger) (the feeling)

bottom-up processing

Perception is a process of building a perceptual experience from smaller pieces Ex. Reading (pick individual words to create sentences)

Illusory correlation

Perception of a relationship where none exists (lucky pencils gives you good grades)

Interoception

Perception of bodily senses (ex. Awareness of breathing or blinking)

top-down processing

Perception of the whole guides perception of smaller elemental features Ex. Facial recognition

Where do the signals go from the CVS and what happens there?

Peripheral NS received decisions/messages and informs the rest of the body of what's going on

Biological theories basis

Personality Differences are affected by the the combined influence of genes, neurochemistry, and characteristics of the nervous system

Homeostasis

Physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point

Structures of the outer ear

Pinnae, auditory canal, and tympanic membrane

Space (automatic processing)

Place of the page where the material is in the book

Function of placenta and umbilical cord...

Placenta is a filter between the mom and baby (keeps bad stuff out) Umbilical cord brings in nutrients from mother to baby

amygdala

Plays a role in appraisal of the emotional significance of stimuli with a specialized function for noticing fear-relevant info

Behavior thresholds

Point at which a person moved from not having a particular response to having one (lower makes behavior more likely, higher vice versa; level at which traits appear after stimulus) Ex. Low= hit in hall you fight, high= got punched then you fight (behavior is anger)

Blind spot

Points where optic nerve exits eyes(eye ends/nerve begins); no receptor cells here so nothing is seen

Explanations to inaccurate memories

Poor lighting Distance in viewing Short exposure Something covering the face of perp Hightened stress and anxiety levels Presence of weapon

How big are you at the end of the 2 week period?

Poppy seed

What's happens after the action potential fires?

Positive ions flow and the neuron rests

Positive reinforcement

Positive=stimulus added Increasing behavior by presenting desirable stimulus (money for good grades)

Conclusion of Michigan fish experiment

Ppl from Easter cultures tend to perceive the world as more of a whole (communalistic culture) Westerners tend to focus on foreground objects (individualistic culture)

Physical attractiveness

Predicts frequency of dating, feelings of popularity, and impressions of personality

in-group/out-group bias

Prefer people we belong with, negative feelings toward outsiders (no reason to dislike outsiders, just do)

Mere exposure effect

Prefer things we see more often (ex. We like letters in our name more than any other letters)

Discrimination

Preferential treatment of certain people, usually driven by prejudicial attitudes (action of/behavior)

Scapegoat theory

Prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

What are the stages of creative problem solving?

Preparation, incubation, insight, verification-elaboration

Sensitivity period (critical period)

Principle of Lang development states when children not exposed to any human Lang before a certain age= Lang abilities never fully develop (use it or lose it) (1-12 yrs)

Dual processing

Principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

Yerkes-Dodson Law (1908)

Principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance (moderate energy and anxiety) Ex. Flow (getting in the zone)

Behavior modification

Principles of operant conditioning used to change behavior (BBT episode)

Suggestibility

Problem with memory that occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or propositions by someone else (create completely new memory; purposeful)

Algorithm

Procedure that guarantees problem will be solved; covers every option but is time consuming (using every single math formula to answer question)

Limbic System: Amygdala

Process aggression and fear

sensory adaptation

Process by which our sensitivity diminishes when an object constantly stimulate our senses

Temporal lobe

Process hearing; left side processes what right ear heard and vice versa

Reasoning

Process of drawing inferences inferences or conclusions from principles and evidence

Retrieval

Process of getting info out of memory system

Limbic system: Cingulate Gyrus

Process pain and avoid negative consequences (helps avoid negative experience and emotion)

Occipital lobe

Process vision

Parietal lobe

Processes touch and body position

Limbic System: Hippocampus

Processing memory

Encoding

Processing of info into memory (stuff from outside world into brain)

Adrenal glands

Produces adrenaline to prepare our body for fight or flight. Both a hormone and a neurotransmitter.

Genital

Puberty +; maturation of sexual orientation

What is the purpose and what make up the middle ear?

Purpose is to amplify sound, structures include: hammer, anvel, and stirrup (three bones that vibrate and amplify sound)

Repression

Pushing thoughts out of consciousness (on purpose or involuntary, stop processing memory) Most basic of the defense mechanisms that enables all others

Incubation

Put problem aside for period of time and work on something else

Contextual effects

Putting yourself back in the setting of an experience can aid your retrieval

What are the new versions of the Stanford-Binet tests assessing other than Fluid and Crystalized Intelligence?

Quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, working memory

Low ball effect

Raise price after initial offer (ex. Small charges get added to bill for hotel); it is due to cognitive dissonance (already planned the trip; have to pay hotel to match action/already agreed so don't want to back down)

Fluid intelligence

Raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning; how quickly can learn new things; culture free (don't have to know anything from school to do well)

What happens when others notice your injury?

Reaction to pain is enhanced so you feel worse

Well-learned information (Automatic Processing)

Reading and advertising

Youngest children

Realistically ambitious but also pampered and dependent on others (parents older and wealthy; last opportunity to spoil a kid) (used to having help of sibling and attention of parents)

Spontaneous recovery

Reappearance of extinguished CR after a pause in time (US and CS are not paired together, then brought back with conditioning)

Late adulthood cogntitive changes

Recall gets worse; recognition slightly slower (speed of recognition)

Complex cells

Receive from simple movement and all locations

Hypercomplex cells

Receives from complex movement and patterns (makes the image whole; full image)

Mechanoreceptors

Receptor cells on the top layer of skin that are sensitive to different tactile qualities (tell us what we are touching) •shape (circle/square) •groove (divet golf ball) •vibrations (ex vibration of bug flying by us) •movement

longer wavelength

Red cones

What is the most common form of color blindness?

Red/green cone deficiency

Sublimation

Redirecting repressed motives and feelings into more socially acceptable channels Ex: child of neglectful parents is running for public office

Depressants

Reduce neural activity (slow down firing of neurons) and slow bodily functions (breathing and heart rate)

What consists of early motor development?

Reflexes (grasping + rooting) and fine motor skills

Denial

Refusing to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality Ex: ray has cancer, think it's only a cold

Punishment

Reinforcement increases a behavior, but punishment decreases it; used to reduce undesirable behavior (what not to do)

Shaping

Reinforcers used to guide subject toward desirable behavior; increasing expectations (need to do this for OC to work)

Fixed interval

Reinforces a response after a specific amount of time has passed

Variable ratio

Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses (slot machine; more effective)

Variable interval

Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals (time in between emails)

Fixed-ratio

Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses (buy 3 get 1 free)

Confounding

Related to IV in ways that make separating effects difficult

Long term memory

Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Function of terminal branches with buttons

Release neurotransmitters (stores I'm sacs of buttons)

Method of loci

Remembering things by associating them with a physical location (create "memory palace" in mind—> go through rooms in order and place first things on list in strange places)

Sleep apnea

Repeated momentary awakenings due to stopping breathing; some people don't remember waking up, others do (frightening); usually use oxygen mask to prevent it

Replication

Repeating the essence of a research study (using different sample/situation) and obtaining the same result (necessary to prove not by chance)

Thinking outside the box

Requires breaking free of self-imposed conceptual constraints and thinking about a problem differently

Double blind procedure

Research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experiment or control groups

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Research study conducted by a branch of the U.S. government, lasting for roughly 50 years (ending in the 1970s), in which a sample of African American men diagnosed with syphilis were deliberately left untreated, without their knowledge, to learn about the lifetime course of the disease.

Triplett cycling experiment

Researcher Triplett had people ride stationary bikes. When places next to each other they competed and went faster than just alone; therefore social factors increased performance (proved social facilitation)

Experiment

Researchers manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result

Two types of explicit memory

Semantic and episodic memory

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Response is only reinforced sometimes; We learn the response slower than in continuous reinforcement, but extinction less likely to occur (money for good grades sometimes)

Cones

Responsive to color (function in daylight or well lit conditions)

Rods

Responsive to light and dark contrast (black and white); help see better in dark

What are the functions of sleep?

Restores neural growth (connection between neurons); consolidates memory (hippocampus); produces enzymes that protect against cellular damage

The three kinds of societies in terms of sexual attitudes (Ford and Beach)

Restrictive, semirestrictive, and permissive

What causes colorblindness?

Results from an inherentes pigment deficiency in the photoreceptors; mostly occurs in men

Storage

Retention of encoded info over time (can store it for various amounts of time)

Regression

Reversion to immature patterns of behavior Ex: fired executive brags about huge accomplishments

Which part of the brain is most active when engaging in creative problem solving?

Right frontal lobe (but creative ppl show balance between both hemispheres)

Which side of the brain is more active in processing nonverbal stimuli (or sounds not speech)?

Right side

What was the CS in Pavlov's study?

Ringing the bell (first was NS, but when paired with presence of food at the same time it gradually became a CS)

What does the movement of fluid result in?

Ripples in the basilar membrane, which bends Jaír cells (transducers of sound)

Which type of photoreceptor is more used?

Rods

semi-restrictive cultures

Rules about sex before and outside of marriage aren't strictly enforced (social consequences)

Syntax

Rules for arranging words and symbols in sentences or parts of sentences in a particular language

Ethics

Rules governing the conduct of a person or group in a specific situation- the standards of right and wrong

Function of axon

Send the messages

Ivan pavlov

Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936) (classical conditioning; behaviorist)

Karen Horney

Said Freuds theory was sexist and false She instead focused on social aspects of personality, not aware of Also focused on what makes ppl emotionally unstable (parents who neglect children)

G. Stanley Hall (APA)

Said adolescent is a time if storm and stress; did research into puberty

Ernest Hilgard (1977)

Said hypnosis is a stage in which part of the brain operates independently (frontal lobe slows down)

Robert Zajonic

Said presence of people can facilitate or inhibit performance

Carol Gillian

Said that females are more likely to value relationships; naked more likely to value law and order Therefore the two should be as equal (didn't disagree with Kohlbergs theory just added on to it)

Sigmund Freud (psychoanalytic theory)

Said the unconscious is the most powerful face in personality and created 3 key components: id, ego, and superego

What was the CR in Pavlov's study ?

Salvation

Test-retest reliability

Same results it taken again in the future (very high in IQ tests)

Sampling bias

Sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn

Elaboration liklehood model

Says attitude change depends on how long someone thinks about the contents of the message

What creates action potentials?

Sensation

Stereotypes

Schemas of how people are likely to behave based on groups to which they belong (beliefs)

Leptin

Secreted by the lateral hypothalamus when glucose drinks; signals to stop eating

What appears in the 2nd trimester

See fingernails and eyelashes

Examples of Synesthesia

Seeing #'s or letters as colors Seeing sounds as colors Tasting shapes

Introspection

Self observation of own conscious experience (what happened throughout the day; not why)

Questionnaires

Self report instruments that indicate the extent to which a person agrees or disagrees with a series or statements Most common cause cheap and quick

Positive psychology

Seligman: Focus is on positive states and experiences; more likely than humanism to employ research

Basic anxiety

Sense of being along and helpless in a hostile world (causes by basic hostility being so intense that individual blames themselves) (if parents don't love me than no one will love me)

What are chemical senses and what consists of them?

Senses that interact with molecules (turn molecular energy into neural energy) Taste and smell They can reproduce themselves very quickly 1-3 weeks only

The CNS is connected to _____ _____ by nerves

Sensory receptors

Forebrain: thalamus

Sensory relay station; interprets 4 senses and distributes then to other parts of brain

Time (automatic processing)

Sequence of events; you can backtrack if you lose time.

Sleep waking (somnambulism)

Series of complex behaviors during sleep; more common in children and ppl who are sleep deprived; 1-15% of population experience it; important to wake them up

Anxiety as an evolutionary trait

Serves as a signal of danger and threat Absence would lower likeliood of survival; too much can impair daily functioning (not too much/not too little; yerkes Dodson)

Intelligence

Set of cognitive skills that's included abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and ability to acquire knowledge.

Authoritative

Set rules and give justification (set and enforce rational rules) Allow for discussion and changing of rules (gray areas)

restrictive cultures (sexuality)

Sex before and outside of marriage is unacceptable (women are punished with exile or death)

What emerges in adolescence?

Sexual interest and relationships

What orientation occurs during teenage years?

Sexual orientation 10% report confusion during teenage years (not enough chances to explore) True "rates" are very difficult to know for certain (personal topic, ppl don't always tell truth)

Kinsey's argument on sexual orientation

Sexuality is a continuum (few are exclusively homosexual or heterosexual); on a spectrum

Reaction range is made up of ____ and _____ environment

Shared: being in the same household and having similar experiences Non shared: unique environmental experiences (prenatal development; hormone levels (stress) or sickness)

Case of Genie

She was kept in a dark room, ignored and neglected, strapped to a potty and fed baby food for 10 years. She was found when she was 13, she couldnt walk or talk, had a deformed body (physical retardation), strange mannerisms, behaved like an infant. After she was found she started to talk (making sounds and repeated words) - in the childrens hospital and she was able to develop an attachment with one of the psychologists. Also after she was found, every year her mental age increased by 1 year.

Random sample

Should represent the population but doesn't always; everyone has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

Which sense is the least mature of all senses at birth?

Sight

Which external factors influence what we eat

Sight of food, smell of food, cultural preferences, eat things difficult to get (sugar/fat), exposure to certain foods (8-10 times you'll like it)

Intellectual disability

Significant limitations in intellectual functioning: IQ of 70 or below (2 SD below average) Mild (50-70) Moderate (35-50) Severe (20-35) Profound (below 20)

What is the key theme of social psychology? What was social psych created out of?

Situations are powerful, WW2

Weber's law

Size of JND is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus (proportions of intensity) Ex. How many pounds does it tame for you to notice someone's lost weight? ~3% 3/100=6/200 pounds

What is the largest organ in the body?

Skin

contact comfort

Skin to skin contact is good for bonding and is good for development of the baby

What is seen in the 3rd trimester?

Sleep wake cycle (can tell in REM)

Serial conscious processing

Slower than parallel, used to deal with new challenges, which require focused attention (learning stick shift; parallel is cruise control)

Rate of brain growth (connection of neurons) ________ _____ after age _____, then more after adolescence

Slows down, 6

Genes

Small segments of DNA that contain the blueprints or plans for the production of proteins. Located in pairs of alleles (one from each parent)

difference threshold

Smallest amount of change between 2 stimuli that a person can detect half the time. Describes by Ernst Weber

Phonemes

Smallest units of sounds (ex saying ba instead of ball)

Principle 4 Does not change the ____, but rather the _____ of DNA

Structure, activity

What plays a large influence on human behavior and why?

Social factors, because we are social creatures and rely on others for a lot of things

Only children

Socially mature, but sometimes lack social interest and have exaggerated feelings of superiority (parents thought this is an amazing child cause nothing to compare to)

Insight

Solution comes immediately to mind (Eureka insight); similar to "light bulb" moment (it just clicks)

verification-elaboration

Solution needs to be confirmed even if it feels certain that it's right

Spatial

Solving 3-D problems (architects/sculptors)

bodily-kinesthetic

Solving problems through movement (sports)

Each part is the skin is mapped in the ______ ______ In the ______ lobe

Somatosensory cortex (sensory cortex), parietal lobe

Two other names for sensory cortex

Somatosensory cortex or sensory strip (the more sensitive a part is the more area it takes up on the strip)

Genetic influences of aggression

Some animals bred for aggression; twin studies show evidence of genetic component

Reduction in hearing (adulthood)

Some is preventable (keep sensorineural hearing loss in mind)

What is the criteria for useful?

Someone finds value in the thought/behavior

self-fulfilling prophecy

Something came true because we believed it would; eating disorders involve negative ______ (often viewers as delusions or firm beliefs in things that aren't real)

Primary reinforcer

Something that innately increase behaviors (eating food so no longer hungry; biologically makes us feel good)

Inductive reasoning

Specific evidence to general conclusion (less certain than deductive) (my brother good=all brothers good)

Procedural memory

Specific kind of implicit memory; memory of physical skills (ex walking; muscle memory)

Wernicke's area

Speech comprehension

Function of myelin sheath?

Speeds up and protects messages (it's fatty tissue around axon- more used =fattier)

Gate-way control theory (Melzack and Wall)

Spinal cord served as a "gate" that is opened or closed by neural messages, made up of small and large fibers

What type of waves when non REM?

Stage 1-4; theta waves=1-2; delta (deep) waves =3-4

Pinnae

Structures in the side of the head that collect and funnel sound into the auditory canal

Hypnosis

State (of consciousness) characterized by focused attention, suggestively, absorption of voluntary control over behavior, and suspension of critical faculties (breathing slows down) (occurs when instructed by someone trained in hypnosis)

Flow

State of involvement during which one loses sense of time (In the zone;time flys)

Second theory of hypnosis

Stated that persons being hypnotized is role playing, and that consciousness is not altered at all

Simple cells

Stationary and middle of visual field (fine detail)

T-test

Statistical hypothesis test used to determine if two sets of data are significantly different from each other (helps test if placebo and real drug actually did anything; helps us find the p value)

Personality of baby

Stems from temperament Involves behaviors, thoughts, and feelings Can be affected by parental personality (if easy baby=you see smile so baby smile; if difficult baby= you see angry so baby angry)

Konrad Lorenz

Stole duck eggs and they followed him at the pond (he was the mother due to imprinting) Other ppl gave them treats but in the end always came back to mother duck

The inner ear is a _____ space for parts

Storage

Defense mechanisms

Strategies the mind used to protect itself from anxiety by denying and distorting reality in some way; most strategies are unconscious

_______ ______ increase the retention of certain information but disrupt memory formation or other things.

Stress hormones (attention comes into play)

1st born

String feeling of superiority and power; nurturing but highly critical and strong feeling of "need to be right" (Usually better at things because they have more practice)

Alfred Adler

Striving for superiority (main drive behind behavior) (infants are helpless; strive to show not weak)

Principle 3 of behavioral genetics

Studying twins and adoptees helps separate heredity and the environment (nature vs. nurture)

Teratogens

Substances that interfere with development and can cause birth defects (ex. Harms neural migration)

Raisin task

Suck on raisin and think of qualities that are objective (ridges and juicy; not saying good or bad); should make you feel peaceful and balanced

Eureka Insight

Sudden solutions that came to mind in a flash and insight solutions

Manifest level (psychoanalytic theory)

Surface level, recalled about awakening; what you actually dream (plot; ex is T. rex attacks school)

Autopsy

Surgical procedure that examine a course through the process of dissection; usually performed to determine cause of death (psychologists focus on the brain)