Unit 1

According to Kant, all our duties can be derived from: A. the Golden Rule B. imperfect duties C. the categorical imperative D. perfect duties

C. the categorical imperative

Contemporary virtue ethicists maintain that a full-blown ethics must take into account. A. motives, feelings, intentions, and moral wisdom B. emotions, rules, codes, and principles C. right action in accordance with moral theories D. the duty to act out of duty alone

A. motives, feelings, intentions, and moral wisdom

Kant thinks that criminals should be punished: A. only because they committed crimes B. to promote the good of society C. rehabilitate criminals D. to protect the public

A. only because they committed crimes

A valid deductive argument with true premises is said to be: A. sound B. invalid C. cogent D. valid

A. sound

The idea that we must always treat people as ends in themselves, never merely as a means, is know as: A. the means-end principle B. the greatest-happiness principle C. the Golden Rule D. the categorical imperative

A. the means-end principle

The argument form called "denying the consequent" (or modus tollens) is A. always invalid B. always valid C. always cogent D. always sound

B always valid

Argumentation and persuasion are fundamentally the same thing. A. True B. False

B, False

Act-utiltarianism fails Criterion 2 (consistency with our moral experience.) A. True B. False

B. False

Embracing moral objectivism entails intolerance. A. True B. False

B. False

Moral Objectivism necessarily implies that moral rules and principles have no exceptions. A. True B. False

B. False

Moral premises cannot be evaluated but must be either accepted or rejected. A. True B. False

B. False

Religious believers have no need to do ethics. A. true B. false

B. False

To beg the question is to raise an issue not yet discussed. A. True B. False

B. False

Generally, in virtue ethics, moral obligations are derived from: A. rules B. virtues C. theories D. principle

B. Virtues

A moral theory is: A. an explanation of what causes people to act immorally B. an explanation of what makes an action right (or wrong) or what makes a person or thing good (or bad) C. a description of how people moral norms in their lives D. an explanation of how moral norms affect people's behavior

B. an explanation of what makes an action right (or wrong) or what makes a person or thing good (or bad)

Critics of rule-utilitarianism say that: A. it is no different than Kantian ethics B. it collapses into act-utilitarianism C. rules cannot be formulated D. its rules are too demanding

B. it collapses into act-utilitarianism

Aristotle insists that there must be room in morality for: A. ethical egoism B. moral achievement C. religious codes D. moral theories

B. moral achievement

Ethical egoism is the theory that: A. selfishness is the whole of morality B.the right action is the one that advances one's own best interests C. the right action is the one that maximizes pleasure for oneself D. the right action is the one that maximizes happiness for everyone concerned

B. the right action is the one that advances one's own best interests

Morality is: A. beliefs concerning right and wrong, good and bad B. the goodness of one's character C. a set of laws governing attitudes and behavior D. the subjective sense of norms

A. beliefs concerning right and wrong, good and bad

The first step in theory assessment is to ensure that the theory meets the minimum requirements of: A. coherence B. equilibrium C. simplicity D. fruitfulness

A. coherence

Ethics, or moral philosophy is: A. the philosophical study of morality B. the study of social mores C. a branch of religion D. the scientific study of morality

A. the philosophical study of morality

An appeal to ignorance consists of arguing that absence of evidence entitles us to believe a claim. A. True B. False

A, True

The doctrine that some moral norms are valid for everyone (in other words, universal) is: A. moral objectivism B. moral normativism C. moral absolutism D. moral chauvinism

A. Moral Objectivism

According to Aquinas, natural law is composed of the moral principles that we can "read" clearly in the very structure of nature itself, including human nature: A. True B. False

A. True

According to the text, doing ethics involves - even requires - critical reasoning. A. true B. false

A. True

An argument requires at least two statement, one of which provides a reason to believe the other. A. True B. False

A. True

Equivocation is the assigning of two different meanings to the same term in an argument. A. True B. False

A. True

One criticism of virtue ethics is that it is built on a foundation of circular reasoning, in which the right action is both defined by and itself defines, the virtuous person A. True B. False

A. True

Psychological egosim is a scientific theory, not a moral theory. A. True B. False

A. True

The doctrine of double effect says that performing a good action may be permissible even if it has bad effects, byt performing a bad action for the purpose of achieving good effects is never permissible. A. True B. False

A. True

The principle of universalizability states that a moral principle or rule that applies in one situation must apply in all other situations that are relevantly similar. A. true B. false

A. True

Theories of obligation are concerned with the rightness and wrongness of actions. A. True B. False

A. True

What matters most in act-utilarianism is how much net happiness comes directly from performing an action, as opposed to following a fuel that applies to such actions: A. True B. False

A. True

Which of the following is NOT a common criticism of Kant's moral theory? A. We can easily imagine situations in which we must choose between two allegedly perfect duties B. Its reliance on subjective judgment about what sort of principles should be be universalizable leaves open the possibility of justifying heinous acts C. Because it is concerned primarily with the greatest good for the greatest number, it neglects the rights of the individual D. The notion will all categorical imperatives are absolute is contradicted by our considered moral judgments

C. Because it is concerned primarily with the greatest good for the greatest number, it neglects the rights of the individual

Which of the following is NOT one of the three moral criteria of adequacy? A. usefulness in moral problem solving B. consistency with our moral experiences C. consistency with other moral theories D. consistency with considered judgments

C. Consistency with other moral theories

The view that moral statements are neither true nor false but are instead expressions of emotions or attitudes is called. A. cultural relativism B. Subjective relativism C. Emotivism D. Perspectivism

C. Emotivism

Subjective relativism implies that each person is: A. Incapable of immoral acts B. Perfect C. Morally infallible D. Morally fallible

C. Morally Infallible

In logic, a/n _____ is an assertion that something is either true or false. A. utterance B. axiom C. statement D. paradox

C. Statement

Cultural relativism implies that A. there are at least some universal moral standard B. some cultures are morally infallible C. there are no universal moral standards D. all cultures are morally fallible

C. There are no universal moral standards

Which two philosophers are generally credited with developing the theory of utilitarianism? A. Immanuel Kant and G.W.F. Hegel B. David Hume and Adam Smith C. Rene Descartes and Gottried Whihelm Lebibniz D. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill

D. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill

Nonconsequentialist moral theories say that the rightness of an action: A. does not depend on its form B. depends entirely on its consequences C. depends on a moral code D. does not depend entirely on its consequences.

D. does not depend entirely on its consequences

Aristotle argues that the greatest good for humans is eudaimonis, which means: A. altruism B. pleasure or contentment C. justice D. happiness or flourishing

D. happiness or flourishing

Consequentialist moral theories say that what makes an action right is: A. its conformity with cultural norms B. its relationship to virtue C. its form D. its consequences

D. its consequences

Virtue ethics is a theory of morality that: A. makes moral principles the central concern B. does not concern itself with actions C. makes utility the central concern D. makes virtue the central convern

D. makes virtue the central concern

An argument consists of: A. three statements B. Premises and a statement C. Indicator words and premises D. premises and a conclusion

D. premises and a conclusion