unit 1-9 exam

"Migration of man and his maladies is the chief cause of epidemics. And when migration takes place, those creatures who have been in isolation longest suffer most, for their genetic material has been least tempered by the variety of world diseases. Among the major subdivisions of the species Homo Sapiens, the American Indian probably had the dangerous privilege of the longest isolation from the rest of mankind." Which of the following best describes Alfred Crosby's argument in the passage above?

Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage.

On Map 2, the new divisions of mainland Southeast Asia in the region that had been French Indochina best reflect which of the following developments?

Cold War proxy conflicts

Which of the following staple crops is most associated with the rise of Mesoamerican civilizations?

D Maize

The trend in Graph 1 most directly led to which of the following?

Debates regarding the causes and extent of humanity's contributions to climate change

"I belong to those scientists who consider that the drying up of the Aral Sea is far more advantageous than preserving it. First, in its zone, good fertile land will be obtained. . . . Cultivation of cotton alone will pay for the existing Aral Sea, with all its fisheries, shipping, and other industries. Second, the disappearance of the Sea will not affect the region's landscapes." Which of the following was the most direct result of the attitude toward the environment reflected in the passage?

Desertification and increased competition for natural resources

The inclusion of the trucks in Image 2 best helps explain which of the following developments in the Soviet Union in the late twentieth century?

Despite the introduction of free-market reforms under the perestroika program, the Soviet Union's economy continued to deteriorate.

Which of the following contributed most to the demographic changes shown on the graph above?

Diffusion of Green Revolution technology

"The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth; for kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself are called gods. In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the divine power." King James I, speech to Parliament, England, 1610 The passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following?

European monarchs' continued use of religion to legitimize political authority

"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." The founding of "the Australian nation," as alluded to in the passage, was part of which of the following processes?

European states' establishment of settler colonies

Which of the following was a major change in transregional trade patterns from 1500 to 1700 ?

Europeans created joint stock companies to engage in overseas trade.

In developed countries during the second half of the twentieth century, more effective methods of contraception contributed to which of the following?

Greater control by women over their own fertility

Letters written by Franciscan friars Pictorial records of the Mexica Statues produced by local artists in New Spain Histories written in Spanish and Nahuatl A historian examining Mesoamerica in the sixteenth century would best utilize the sources above to analyze which of the following topics?

How Christian ideas were communicated to and understood by Amerindians

Which of the following factors contributed most to women gaining the right to vote in industrialized countries between 1914 and 1950 ?

In the First and Second World Wars, women made highly visible contributions to the war effort.

Since the late twentieth century many scientists have argued that the temperature trend after 1800 was most directly influenced by which of the following?

Industrialization and pollution

Which of the following led most directly to the development of the trading network on the map?

Innovations in transportation and commercial technologies such as caravanserai

Which of the following was a major unintended effect of the publication of Charles Darwin's 1859 work On the Origin of Species?

It became the basis of various theories asserting that Europeans were naturally superior to other peoples.

Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following best describes the effect of the spread of Islam on Indian Ocean trade?

It led to the expansion and intensification of commerce along already existing trade routes.

Which of the following directly enabled the establishment of the government that produced the poster?

The collapse of the Russian Empire under the stress of the First World War

The changes depicted in Map 1 were mostly a result of which of the following?

The decline of surrounding empires and the Ottoman Empire's use of gunpowder weapons

During the nineteenth century, which of the following most directly motivated the major expansion of imperial territories in Southeast Asia as shown in Map 1 ?

The desire to extract resources and raw materials

Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the collapse of the communist regime in the Soviet Union?

The end of the Cold War

The activity depicted in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following characteristics of China's economy before 1450 ?

The reliance on systems of peasant labor

Which of the following events would have been most likely to produce a cultural context similar to the one depicted in the image?

The scramble for Africa

The Mongol conquests of much of Eurasia in the thirteenth century tended to encourage trade along the Silk Roads primarily by

decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans

"We shall not repeat the past. We shall eradicate it by restoring our rights in the Suez Canal. This money is ours. The canal is the property of Egypt." The quotation above by Gamel Abdel Nasser (in power 1952-1970) was most influenced by

nationalism

Rebellious ethnic minorities in the Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian Empires during the late nineteenth century were motivated primarily by

nationalism

A significant example of the interaction among Indian, Arab, and European societies by 1200 C.E. was the transfer

numerals and the decimal system

The Chinese concept "Mandate of Heaven" was sometimes used to justify

rebellion

All of the following resulted from the growth of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa EXCEPT

the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market

In 1949, NATO was established so that Western leaders could counter

the perceived threat that the Soviet Union and its allies would spread communism

Ibn Battuta traveled widely across the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa in the fourteenth century. His travels serve as evidence for the

unifying influence of Islam

Which of the following statements is true about both the Mughal and Ottoman empires in the sixteenth century?

Both empires expanded through the use of gunpowder weapons and extensive bureaucracies.

The industrialization of Great Britain's economy in the mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is most directly explained by which of the following?

Britain had large reserves of coal.

The trade patterns shown on the map above depict

British imports of raw materials and exports of finished goods during the nineteenth century

Which of the following most directly explains the Nazis' ability to carry out the policies of extermination shown in the image?

Local populations collaborated with the regime either out of racial prejudice, fear, or hopes for material gain.

Which of the following statements is true of global migration patterns during the nineteenth century?

Migrants increasingly relocated from rural areas to cities.

Which of the following is a significant result of the late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century revolutions in both Europe and the Americas?

Nation-states emerged as the principal form of political organization in both Europe and the Americas.

Which of the following most directly led to the start of the First World War?

Nationalist competition among industrialized powers for resources

Which of the following best describes an important difference between Karl Marx's theory of socialist revolution and that of V. I. Lenin?

Only Lenin argued that the workers' revolution would have to be led by professional revolutionaries.

Mao Zedong and Mohandas Gandhi both appealed to which of the following as a base of support?

Peasants

Which of the following was the main factor leading to the fall of Japan's Tokugawa shogunate and the rise of the Meiji government?

Pressure from Western powers

Which of the following was a major effect of the globalization of the world economy during the last decade of the twentieth and the first decade of the twenty-first century?

Rapid economic growth in many countries that lowered trade barriers and increased their participation in global trade

Which of the following best supports the conclusion that Japan borrowed extensively from Tang and Song China?

Societal relations in Japan were based on Confucian principles of hierarchy.

"I belong to those scientists who consider that the drying up of the Aral Sea is far more advantageous than preserving it. First, in its zone, good fertile land will be obtained. . . . Cultivation of cotton alone will pay for the existing Aral Sea, with all its fisheries, shipping, and other industries. Second, the disappearance of the Sea will not affect the region's landscapes." Which of the following best describes the cause of the developments described in the passage?

Soviet efforts to modernize their economy through government control

"The [Qing] government sponsored a number of projects designed to bolster the navy. The idea was to adopt Western technology but not the values and philosophies that produced it—China would learn from the West, equal it, and then surpass it." The philosophy behind the late-nineteenth-century Chinese policy mentioned above was part of which of the following?

The Chinese government's attempt to reform the economy through self-strengthening

The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent?

The Mongol Empire

Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of the bubonic plague in Eurasia?

The Mongol expansion from central Asia to China, eastern Europe, and the Middle East

Which of the following accurately describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires in the early seventeenth century?

The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not.

Which of the following developments in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries most directly helps to explain the presence of the scholars shown in the image of China?

The Protestant Reformation led the Catholic Church to seek new converts outside of Europe.

After which event did the United States and the Soviet Union emerge as superpowers with respect to the rest of the world?

The Second World War

Which of the following countries experienced the greatest number of war-related deaths during the Second World War?

The Soviet Union

Which of the following contributed the most to the growth of the movement to abolish slavery in the Atlantic world?

The adaptation of Enlightenment ideas challenging established social hierarchies

Which of the following statements best represents a nationalistic interpretation of the collapse of the Ottoman and Russian empires during and immediately after the First World War?

The growing demands of various ethnic groups within these multiethnic empires were the primary reasons for the collapse.

Which of the following is best concluded about slavery in British North America from the graph above and knowledge of the period?

The increase in the number of slaves reflected a probable increase in the demand for plantation laborers.

Which of the following describes the most important cause of the demographic changes associated with the Columbian Exchange?

The introduction of New World food crops to Afro-Eurasia and the spread of epidemic diseases to the Americas

Which of the following statements about the Mongol Empire of the thirteenth century is true?

The invasion of Japan was attempted but was unsuccessful.

"Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as 'dancing,' and have pronounced them forbidden, branding those who approve of them as infidels. The Sufis counter that these rituals are not dancing, arguing instead that they enliven the soul through a combination of music and movement, which, they say, allows them to focus on the spiritual aspects of religion. The common people flock to the Sufis, giving them offerings and gifts. Since their whirling rituals play a big part in their popularity, they will not abandon these practices anytime soon. The Sunni scholars have written many tracts and opinions against them . . . and this tug-of-war between the two parties has brought them into a vicious circle." Outside of the Ottoman Empire, Sufis contributed most directly to which of the following during the period before 1750?

The spread of Islam to new locations on the margins of the Muslim world, such as southeast Asia

The increased food production accompanying the introduction of Champa rice into China from Vietnam during the eleventh century best illustrates which of the following?

The stimulation of agriculture by technological innovation

"At school the teachers say it is our patriotic duty to stop using foreign words. I didn't know what they meant by this at first, but now I see it—you must no longer say 'adieu' ['farewell'] because that is French. It is in order to say 'lebwohl' ['farewell' in German] instead. We also have a little tin box in which we'll put some small change in every time we slip up and use a foreign word. The contents of this little war savings box will go towards buying knitting wool. We must now knit woollen things for the soldiers."The passage above best exemplifies which of the following processes shortly after the outbreak of the First World War?

The strengthening of nationalist sentiment throughout Europe

In principle [the examination system] was open to all qualified applicants regardless of social background, which made it unusually democratic. . . . But for a candidate to continue his studies without interruption for such a long period required a measure of economic support that was simply not available to poor people. . . . [Thus] the contention that the doors of the examination system were open to all applicants was an exaggeration, of course. . . . [Yet] we must not lose sight of the historical context: the very idea that everyone should be eligible for the examinations, regardless of family background or lineage, was incomparably forward-looking in its day. . . . It is true that the examinations not only produced officials loyal to the state but also, at times, resentful rejected applicants who opposed the system. Yet, when an old dynasty was replaced by a new, the latter usually undertook an early revival of the examination system practically unchanged." Which of the following best describes the author's claim about the Chinese examination system in the second paragraph?

The system provided limited but important opportunities for social advancement in Chinese society.

Which of the following would best support the assertion that hierarchies based on racial classification emerged after 1500 C.E. to maintain the authority of new elite groups in the Americas?

The use of terms such as mestizo, mulatto and creole

Ethiopia's cultural traditions reflected in the painting had which of the following effects on Ethiopia's interactions with European colonial empires in the late nineteenth century?

They provided Ethiopians with an additional rationale for resisting European encroachment.

Which is the most likely reason that rulers during the seventeenth century built elaborate palaces such as the one at Versailles, France, shown above?

To demonstrate their wealth and power