Dunn APUSH Semester 2

"That Americans were increasingly fearful of the Germans and Japanese is shown by their willingness to accept the Roosevelt administration's bold support of Britain. Neither public opinion nor Congress prevented the President from doing what he thought was demanded by Britain's plight, even when it involved using the Navy to patrol the North Atlantic in league with the British Navy....Roosevelt's meeting in August, 1941, with Churchill...to write the Atlantic Charter and to agree on postwar aims was undoubtedly the most unneutral act ever committed by a professed neutral. Yet the Atlantic meeting aroused surprisingly little hostile sentiment except among a small group....The country, in short, was accepting the idea of support of Britain short of war...." +Carl N. Degler, Out of Our Past, 3rd ed., (New York: Harper Perennial, 1984). Which of the following most likely resulted from the policy described in the passage above?

America played a dominant role in the Allied victory and postwar peace settlements.

"All through the night I heard people getting up, dragging cots around. I stared at our little window, unable to sleep. I was glad Mother had put up a makeshift curtain on the window for I noticed a powerful beam of light sweeping across it every few seconds. The lights came from high towers placed around the camp....I remembered the wire fence encircling us, and a knot of anger tightened in my breast. What was I doing behind a fence like a criminal? Of one thing I was sure. The wire fence was real. I no longer had the right to walk out of it. It was because I had Japanese ancestors. It was also because some people had little faith in the ideas and ideals of democracy...." +Monica Itoi Stone, Nisei Daughter, (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1953), 176-178. Which group faced comparable levels of intrusion on their rights as those described in Stone's passage above?

American Indians in the latter half of the 19th century

(This is the way you live at Levittown) During the 1950s, which group most directly challenged the portrayal of American life depicted in the illustration above?

Artists and intellectuals

"Labor organizations are to-day the greatest menace to this Government that exists inside or outside the pale of our national domain. Their influence for disruption and disorganization of society is far more dangerous to the perpetuation of our Government in its purity and power than would be the hostile array on our borders of the army of the entire world combined....No one questions the right of labor to organize for any legitimate purpose, but when labor organizations degenerate into agencies of evil, inculcating theories dangerous to society and claiming rights and powers destructive to government, there should be no hesitancy in any quarter to check these evil tendencies even if the organizations themselves have to be placed under the ban of law." +N. F. Thompson, Testimony before the Industrial Commission on the Relations and Conditions of Capital and Labor, 1900 Report of the Industrial Commission on the Relations and Conditions of Capital and Labor, vol. 7 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1901). The passage above was a reaction to which challenge?

Big business and their government allies' inability to create a unified industrial nation

(map of population of foreign birth by region, 1880) Which of the following was the most popular destination for late 19th-century immigrants to the United States?

East Coast cities

(image of a Hooversville and conditions during the Great Depression) Which of the following factors was most responsible for creating the conditions depicted in the photograph above?

Episodes of credit and market instability

(image of newspaper of USS Maine accident) Who of the following would most strongly support the sediments in these headlines?

Expansionists such as Henry Cabot Lodge

"We younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased, we are glad. If they are not, it doesn't matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly too. The tom-tom cries and the tom-tom laughs. If colored people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure doesn't matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow, strong as we know how, and we stand on top of the mountain, free within ourselves." +Langston Hughes, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain," 1926 Langston Hughes, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain," The Nation, June 23, 1926. The sentiments expressed in the quotation above are best understood in the context of the

Harlem Renaissance movement

"We younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased, we are glad. If they are not, it doesn't matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly too. The tom-tom cries and the tom-tom laughs. If colored people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure doesn't matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow, strong as we know how, and we stand on top of the mountain, free within ourselves." +Langston Hughes, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain," The Nation, June 23, 1926. The sentiments expressed in the quotation above are best understood in the context of the

Harlem Renaissance movement

(image of Statue of Liberty about to be blown up by European Anarchist) Which of the following events most directly contributed to the attitudes expressed in the cartoon above?

Labor strikes which disrupted society following World War I

"Worst of any, however, were the fertilizer men, and those who served in the cooking rooms. These people could not be shown to the visitor-- for the odor of a fertilizer man would scare any ordinary visitor at a hundred yards, and as for other men, who worked in tank rooms full of steam, their peculiar trouble was that they fell into the vats; and when they were fished out, there was never enough of them left to be worth exhibiting-- sometimes they would be overlooked for days, till all but the bones of them has gone out to the world as Durham's Pure Leaf Lard!" +Upton Sinclair, "The Jungle," 1906 "The Jungle" directly contributed to the passage of the

Meat Inspection Act

(illustration of the KKK and the White League shaking hands over a black family) Which of the following groups was most likely the intended audience of the cartoon above?

Moderate Republicans

"Worst of any, however, were the fertilizer men, and those who served in the cooking rooms. These people could not be shown to the visitor-- for the odor of a fertilizer man would scare any ordinary visitor at a hundred yards, and as for other men, who worked in tank rooms full of steam, their peculiar trouble was that they fell into the vats; and when they were fished out, there was never enough of them left to be worth exhibiting-- sometimes they would be overlooked for days, till all but the bones of them has gone out to the world as Durham's Pure Leaf Lard!" +Upton Sinclair, "The Jungle," 1906 The above excerpt is most closely associated with which sector of the Progressive movement?

Muckrackers

(image of government bond propaganda, "Remember Your First Thrill of American Liberty") Which of the following early 20th-century cultural conflicts most directly contradicted the scene portrayed in the image above?

Native-born versus new immigrants

"We regard the decision of the Supreme Court in the school cases as clear abuse of judicial power....This unwarranted exercise of power by the court, contrary to the Constitution is creating chaos and confusion in the states principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through ninety years of patient effort by the good people of both races. It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding. Without regard to the consent of the governed, outside agitators are threatening immediate and revolutionary changes in our public school systems. If done, this is certain to destroy the system of public education in some of the states." +The Southern Declaration on Integration, March 11, 1956 The argument in the passage above is most clearly a demand for the reinstatement of which prior historical development?

Plessy v Ferguson

"Wilson's arrival in the White House in 1913 was a perfect instance of Victor Hugo's saying, 'Nothing is more powerful than an idea whose time has come.' Since the Civil War, the United States had become by far the world's richest country, with an industrial economy which made all others on earth seem small, and it had done so very largely through the uncoordinated efforts of thousands of individual entrepreneurs. The feeling had grown that it was time for the community as a whole, using the resources of the United States Constitution, to impose a little order on this new giant and to dress him in suitable clothes, labeled 'The Public Interest.' Theodore Roosevelt had already laid out some of these clothes, and Wilson was happy to steal them." +Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1997), 634. In the early 1900s, which of the following groups most supported the political changes described in the excerpt above?

Progressives

(image of assembly line, says Highland Park Ford Assembly Plant) How did Progressive reformers attempt to better the lives of workers such as those in the photograph above?

Progressives urged the creation of new organizations aimed at addressing social problems associated with an industrial society.

"In my opinion the State Department, which is one of the most important government departments, is thoroughly infested with Communists....I have in my hand 57 cases of individuals who would appear to be either card carrying members or certainly loyal to the Communist Party, but who nevertheless are still helping to shape our foreign policy. One thing to remember in discussing the Communists in our Government is that we are not dealing with spies who...steal blueprints of a new weapon. We are dealing with a far more sinister type of activity because it permits the enemy to guide and shape our policy...and will end only when the whole sorry mess of twisted, warped thinkers are swept from the national scene." +Senator Joseph McCarthy, The Congressional Record, 81st Cong., 2nd Session, vol. 96, part, 2, 1954-1957 During the early 1950s, which of the following resulted from the sentiments expressed in the excerpt above?

Public debates over the proper balance between liberty and order

"In my opinion the State Department, which is one of the most important government departments, is thoroughly infested with Communists....I have in my hand 57 cases of individuals who would appear to be either card carrying members or certainly loyal to the Communist Party, but who nevertheless are still helping to shape our foreign policy. One thing to remember in discussing the Communists in our Government is that we are not dealing with spies who...steal blueprints of a new weapon. We are dealing with a far more sinister type of activity because it permits the enemy to guide and shape our policy...and will end only when the whole sorry mess of twisted, warped thinkers are swept from the national scene." +Senator Joseph McCarthy, The Congressional Record, 81st Cong., 2nd Session, vol. 96, part, 2, 1954-1957 Which of the following historical developments between World War I and World War II would the author of the passage most likely support?

Restrictive immigration quotas

"Of every thousand dollars spent in so-called charity today, it is probable that nine hundred and fifty dollars is unwisely spent....The best means of benefiting the community is to place within its reach the ladders upon which the aspiring can rise—free libraries, parks, and means of recreation, by which men are helped in body and mind....The laws of accumulation will be left free, the laws of distribution free. Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will be but a trustee for the poor....The best minds will thus have reached a stage in the development of the race in which it is clearly seen there is no mode of disposing of surplus wealth creditable to thoughtful and earnest men into whose hands it flows, save by using it year by year for the general good." + Andrew Carnegie, "The Gospel of Wealth," 1889 Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays (New York: Century, 1901), 16-19. Which 20th-century president's policies were most consistent with the sentiments expressed in "The Gospel of Wealth"?

Ronald Reagan

"Of every thousand dollars spent in so-called charity today, it is probable that nine hundred and fifty dollars is unwisely spent....The best means of benefiting the community is to place within its reach the ladders upon which the aspiring can rise—free libraries, parks, and means of recreation, by which men are helped in body and mind....The laws of accumulation will be left free, the laws of distribution free. Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will be but a trustee for the poor....The best minds will thus have reached a stage in the development of the race in which it is clearly seen there is no mode of disposing of surplus wealth creditable to thoughtful and earnest men into whose hands it flows, save by using it year by year for the general good." + Andrew Carnegie, "The Gospel of Wealth," 1889 Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays (New York: Century, 1901), 16-19. The view of the poor in the quote above is most consistent with the ideology of

Social Darwinism

"Section 1. Be it ordained by the police jury of the parish of St. Landry, that no negro shall be allowed to pass within the limits of said parish without special permit in writing from his employer... Section 3... no negro shall be permitted to rent or keep a house within said parish... Section 4...Every negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of said negro... Section 7...No negro who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry fire-arms, or any kind of weapons, within the parish... Section 11...It shall be the duty of every citizen to act as a police officer for the detection of offences and the apprehension of offenders, who shall immediately be handed over to the proper captain or chief of patrol." +The Louisiana Black Code, 1865 Senate Executive Document No. 2, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. The excerpt above is best understood in the context of

Southern resistance to Radical Republicans' efforts to change Southern attitudes.

(We Can Do It! Poster) The poster above best supports which of the following assertions?

The Great Depression had been brought to an end by full employment.

Gallup Polls of the Biggest Problems Facing America, 1950-1980; reported in the New york Times, August 1, 1999. Which of the following most contributed to the Gallup poll results in 1950 as shown in the table above?

The Korean War

"New York is, I firmly believe, the most charitable city in the world. Nowhere is there so eager a readiness to help. When it is known that the help is worthily wanted; nowhere are such armies of devoted workers, nowhere such abundance of means ready to the hand of those who know the need and how rightly to supply it. Its poverty, its slums, and its suffering are the result of unprecedented growth with the consequent disorder and crowding, and the common penalty of metropolitan greatness....The Day Nurseries, the numberless Kindergartens and charitable schools in the poor quarters, the Fresh Air Funds, the thousands and one charities that in one way or another reach the homes and the lives of the poor with sweetening touch..." +Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1890). Which 20th-century group or program initially shifted reform efforts for urban poverty from local communities and cities to the federal government?

The Progressives

"New York is, I firmly believe, the most charitable city in the world. Nowhere is there so eager a readiness to help. When it is known that the help is worthily wanted; nowhere are such armies of devoted workers, nowhere such abundance of means ready to the hand of those who know the need and how rightly to supply it. Its poverty, its slums, and its suffering are the result of unprecedented growth with the consequent disorder and crowding, and the common penalty of metropolitan greatness....The Day Nurseries, the numberless Kindergartens and charitable schools in the poor quarters, the Fresh Air Funds, the thousands and one charities that in one way or another reach the homes and the lives of the poor with sweetening touch..." +Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1890). Which 19th-century reform movement was most closely associated with the activities described above?

The Social Gospel

"The successful launching of the Soviet satellite is an overwhelmingly important event—against our side....Within the past thirty days we have been treated to as skillfully executed an example of psychological or political warfare orchestration as I have ever seen....The first note was the arrival of the Soviet jet airliner....The second was the announcement of the successful testing of their ICBM. The third was the earth satellite. The fourth was the announcement of the setting off of a hydrogen bomb. The fifth will be another bigger and better earth satellite....You will notice the skillful alteration of war and peace—coexistence and atomic blackmail. You will also notice that all these items convey...Soviet success. The U.S. has either failed or not yet succeeded." +Charles D. Jackson, "The Sputnik Crisis: The Beep Heard 'Round the World," Memorandum from C. D. Jackson regarding Soviet satellite, October 8, 1957. C. D. Jackson Papers, Box 69, Log-1957 (4). Which challenge faced by the United States in the 1950s and 1960s best exemplified the concerns articulated in the quote above?

The US struggle for global leadership

"The year of the massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890, it was officially declared by the Bureau of the Census that the internal frontier was closed. The profit system, with its natural tendency for expansion, had already begun to look overseas. The severe depression that began in 1893 strengthened an idea developing with the political and financial elite of the country: that overseas markets for American goods might relieve the problem of underconsumption at home and prevent the economic crises that in the 1890s brought class war." +Howard Zinn, "A People's History of the United States, 1492-Present," 1995 Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995), 290. Which of the following events in the late 19th and early 20th centuries resulted from the idea described in the passage above?

The acquisition of island territories by the United States

"In the field of national policy, the fundamental trouble with America has been, and is, that whereas their nation became in the twentieth century the most powerful and most vital nation in the world, nevertheless Americans were unable to accommodate themselves spiritually and practically to that fact. Hence they have failed to play their part as a world power—a failure which has had disastrous consequences for themselves and for all mankind. And the cure is this: to accept wholeheartedly our duty and our opportunity as the most powerful and vital nation in the world and in consequence to exert upon the world the full impact of our influence, for such purposes as we see fit and by such means as we see fit." +Henry R. Luce, "The American Century," Life, February 1941. Which of the following factors most strongly contributed to the realization of the goals outlined in the excerpt above?

The dominant American role in the Allied victory and postwar peace settlements following World War II

(We Can Do It! poster) Which aspect of America's involvement in World War II is best illustrated by this poster?

The mass mobilization of American society to the war effort

"Thomas J. Ross agrees to employ the Freedmen to plant and raise a crop on his Rosstown Plantation...on the following Rules, Regulations and Remunerations. The said Ross agrees to furnish the land to cultivate,...and to give unto said Freedmen...one half of all the cotton, corn and wheat that is raised on said place for the year 1866 after all the necessary expenses are deducted out that accrues on said crop. Outside of the Freedmen's labor in harvesting, carrying to market and selling the same the said Freedmen...agrees to and with said Thomas J. Ross that for and in consideration of one half of the crop before mentioned that they will plant, cultivate, and raise under the management control and Superintendence of said Ross, in good faith, a cotton, corn and oat crop under his management for the year 1866....We furthermore bind ourselves to and with said Ross that we will do good work and labor ten hours a day on an average, winter and summer....We furthermore bind ourselves that we will obey the orders of said Ross in all things in carrying out and managing said crop for said year and be docked for disobedience. All is responsible for all farming utensils that is on hand or may be placed in care of said Freedmen for the year 1866 to said Ross and are also responsible to said Ross if we carelessly, maliciously maltreat any of his stock for said year to said Ross for damages to be assessed out of our wages." +Labor Contract, Shelby County, Tennessee, 1866 Records of the Assistant Commissioner for the State of Tennessee, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865-1869, No. M-999. The excerpt above would best serve as evidence of which of the following?

The social and economic changes & continuities that characterized the post-Civil War South

"The year of the massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890, it was officially declared by the Bureau of the Census that the internal frontier was closed. The profit system, with its natural tendency for expansion, had already begun to look overseas. The severe depression that began in 1893 strengthened an idea developing with the political and financial elite of the country: that overseas markets for American goods might relieve the problem of underconsumption at home and prevent the economic crises that in the 1890s brought class war." +Howard Zinn, "A People's History of the United States, 1492-Present," 1995 Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995), 290. What factor most influenced "the tendency for expansion" noted in Zinn's passage above?

The transition of the United States from a rural, agricultural society to an urban, industrial one

(We march with Selma, four protest pictures) Which of the following best explains the result of the 1965 march from Selma to Montgomery?

Under pressure, Congress passed the most effective voting rights legislation since Reconstruction

"The Declaration of Independence, signed in 1776, stated that 'all Men are created equal' and that governments derive their powers 'from the Consent of the Governed.' Women were not included in either concept. The original American Constitution of 1787 was founded on English common law, which did not recognize women as citizens or as individuals with legal rights....It has been argued that the ERA is not necessary because the Fourteenth Amendment...guarantees that no state shall deny to 'any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.'...Aside from the fact that women have been subjected to varying, inconsistent, and often unfavorable decisions under the Fourteenth Amendment, the Equal Rights Amendment is a more immediate and effective remedy to sex discrimination in Federal and State laws than case-by-case interpretation under the Fourteenth Amendment could ever be." +Caroline Bird, What Women Want (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978), 120-121. The above statement most closely reflects the opinions of what past group?

Urban social reformers during the Gilded Age

(image that wont load, about Ronald Reagan) The effects depicted in the political cartoon above can best be ascribed to

a large US nuclear military buildup

"Labor organizations are to-day the greatest menace to this Government that exists inside or outside the pale of our national domain. Their influence for disruption and disorganization of society is far more dangerous to the perpetuation of our Government in its purity and power than would be the hostile array on our borders of the army of the entire world combined....No one questions the right of labor to organize for any legitimate purpose, but when labor organizations degenerate into agencies of evil, inculcating theories dangerous to society and claiming rights and powers destructive to government, there should be no hesitancy in any quarter to check these evil tendencies even if the organizations themselves have to be placed under the ban of law." +N. F. Thompson, Testimony before the Industrial Commission on the Relations and Conditions of Capital and Labor, 1900 Report of the Industrial Commission on the Relations and Conditions of Capital and Labor, vol. 7 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1901). Critics of the arguments expressed in the excerpt above

challenged the dominant corporate ethic in the United States.

"The Declaration of Independence, signed in 1776, stated that 'all Men are created equal' and that governments derive their powers 'from the Consent of the Governed.' Women were not included in either concept. The original American Constitution of 1787 was founded on English common law, which did not recognize women as citizens or as individuals with legal rights....It has been argued that the ERA is not necessary because the Fourteenth Amendment...guarantees that no state shall deny to 'any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.'...Aside from the fact that women have been subjected to varying, inconsistent, and often unfavorable decisions under the Fourteenth Amendment, the Equal Rights Amendment is a more immediate and effective remedy to sex discrimination in Federal and State laws than case-by-case interpretation under the Fourteenth Amendment could ever be." +Caroline Bird, What Women Want (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978), 120-121. The excerpt above was most likely a response to

conservatives and liberals clashing over the women's rights movement

"To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition in a foreign land or who underestimated the importance of cultivating friendly relations with the Southern white man, who is their next-door neighbor, I say: 'Cast down your bucket where you are'—cast it down in making friends in every manly way of the people of all races by whom we are surrounded....To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, 'Cast down your bucket where you are.' Cast it down among the eight million of Negroes whose habits you know." +Booker T. Washington The speech above attempts to

convince blacks to make the best of their prescribed place in society

(image) Here Lies Prosperity "The Situation: The Result of Interest Bearing Bonds and Sherman." Sound Money (Massillon, OH), August 22, 1895. Reproduced from Worth Robert Miller, Populist Cartoons: An Illustrated History of the Third Party Movement in the 1890s (Truman State University Press, 2011). The artist(s) of the illustration above would claim

corruption in government as it relates to big business is the problem

"I want to speak to you first tonight about a subject even more serious than energy or inflation. I want to talk to you right now about a fundamental threat to American democracy. I do not mean our political and civil liberties. They will endure. And I do not refer to the outward strength of America, a nation that is at peace tonight everywhere in the world, with unmatched economic power and military might. The threat is nearly invisible in ordinary ways. It is a crisis of confidence. It is a crisis that strikes at the very heart and soul of our national will. We can see this crisis in the growing doubt about the meaning of our own lives and in the loss of a unity of purpose of our nation. The erosion of our confidence in the future is threatening to destroy the social and political fabric of America. +"President Jimmy Carter, "Energy and National Goals," televised address to the nation, July 1979, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. The passage above was most likely a response to

declining public trust in the government

(illustration of the KKK and the White League shaking hands over a black family) The controversy highlighted in the cartoon above was most directly a result of

determined Southern resistance to Northern efforts to change its culture.

"We younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased, we are glad. If they are not, it doesn't matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly too. The tom-tom cries and the tom-tom laughs. If colored people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure doesn't matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow, strong as we know how, and we stand on top of the mountain, free within ourselves." +Langston Hughes, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain," The Nation, June 23, 1926. The "Great Migration" out of the South by many African Americans during World War I was most immediately the result of

economic opportunities created by the demands of WWI

"We younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased, we are glad. If they are not, it doesn't matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly too. The tom-tom cries and the tom-tom laughs. If colored people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure doesn't matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow, strong as we know how, and we stand on top of the mountain, free within ourselves." +Langston Hughes, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain," 1926 Langston Hughes, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain," The Nation, June 23, 1926. The "Great Migration" out of the South by many African Americans during World War I was most immediately the result of

economic opportunities created by the demands of World War I

"The President of the United States...hereby is authorized, whenever in his opinion any reservation or any part thereof...is advantageous for agricultural and grazing purposes...to allot the lands in said reservation in severalty to any Indian located thereon in quantities as follows: To each head of family, one-quarter of a section; To each single person over eighteen years of age, one eighth of a section; To each single orphan child under eighteen years of age, one eighth of a section... Every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States to whom allotments shall have been made...who has voluntarily taken up, within said limits his residence separate and apart from any tribe of Indians therein, and has adopted that habits of civilized life, is hereby declared a citizen of the United States." The Dawes Severalty Act, 1887 The primary goal of the government policy cited above was to

end tribal identities

"[Franklin] Roosevelt locked one group out of his honeymoon suite. The bankers and financiers, the rhetorical devils of his presidential campaign, were now resented or hated by millions of Americans. Even Hoover placed much of the blame for the stock market crash on speculation and poor banking ethics....The Emergency Banking Act...provided for the inspection of banks and certification of soundness before reopening. It may have saved the private banking system. The subsequent Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 provided for Federal Reserve regulation of bank investments...and created a Federal Depositors Insurance Corporation to insure small depositors, all of which strengthened banks and gave protection to the most innocent depositors." +Paul K. Conkin, The New Deal (Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1992), 46-47. The reforms described in the excerpt above were most directly a response to

episodes of market and credit instability

(map of railroads in the West, 1860-1900) Between 1860 and 1900, railroads in the United States were

given government subsidies to open new markets

"All through the night I heard people getting up, dragging cots around. I stared at our little window, unable to sleep. I was glad Mother had put up a makeshift curtain on the window for I noticed a powerful beam of light sweeping across it every few seconds. The lights came from high towers placed around the camp....I remembered the wire fence encircling us, and a knot of anger tightened in my breast. What was I doing behind a fence like a criminal? Of one thing I was sure. The wire fence was real. I no longer had the right to walk out of it. It was because I had Japanese ancestors. It was also because some people had little faith in the ideas and ideals of democracy...." +Monica Itoi Stone, Nisei Daughter, (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1953), 176-178. The experience described in the excerpt above was an example of

internment

Gallup Polls of the Biggest Problems Facing America, 1950-1980; reported in the New york Times, August 1, 1999. Which factor most likely led to the change in American sentiment about communism between 1950 and 1954?

investigations of suspected domestic Communist activity

"In the field of national policy, the fundamental trouble with America has been, and is, that whereas their nation became in the twentieth century the most powerful and most vital nation in the world, nevertheless Americans were unable to accommodate themselves spiritually and practically to that fact. Hence they have failed to play their part as a world power—a failure which has had disastrous consequences for themselves and for all mankind. And the cure is this: to accept wholeheartedly our duty and our opportunity as the most powerful and vital nation in the world and in consequence to exert upon the world the full impact of our influence, for such purposes as we see fit and by such means as we see fit." +Henry R. Luce, "The American Century," Life, February 1941. Luce's remarks were most clearly an attack on America's

isolationism in the 1930s

"[Franklin] Roosevelt locked one group out of his honeymoon suite. The bankers and financiers, the rhetorical devils of his presidential campaign, were now resented or hated by millions of Americans. Even Hoover placed much of the blame for the stock market crash on speculation and poor banking ethics....The Emergency Banking Act...provided for the inspection of banks and certification of soundness before reopening. It may have saved the private banking system. The subsequent Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 provided for Federal Reserve regulation of bank investments...and created a Federal Depositors Insurance Corporation to insure small depositors, all of which strengthened banks and gave protection to the most innocent depositors." +Paul K. Conkin, The New Deal (Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1992), 46-47. The policies illustrated in excerpt above were most clearly contrary to

laissez-faire capitalism

"In our efforts for recovery we have avoided, on the one hand, the theory that business should and must be taken over into an all-embracing Government. We have avoided, on the other hand, the equally untenable theory that it is an interference with liberty to offer reasonable help when private enterprise is in need of help. The course we have followed fits the American practice of Government, a practice of taking action step by step, of regulating only to meet concrete needs, a practice of courageous recognition of change." +Franklin D. Roosevelt, "On Moving Forward to Greater Freedom and Greater Security," Fireside Chats, September 30, 1934. The principles championed by President Roosevelt in the speech above directly challenged the

laissez-faire economic policies of the Gilded Age

"New York is, I firmly believe, the most charitable city in the world. Nowhere is there so eager a readiness to help. When it is known that the help is worthily wanted; nowhere are such armies of devoted workers, nowhere such abundance of means ready to the hand of those who know the need and how rightly to supply it. Its poverty, its slums, and its suffering are the result of unprecedented growth with the consequent disorder and crowding, and the common penalty of metropolitan greatness....The Day Nurseries, the numberless Kindergartens and charitable schools in the poor quarters, the Fresh Air Funds, the thousands and one charities that in one way or another reach the homes and the lives of the poor with sweetening touch..." +Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1890). Much of the urban reform described above was carried out by

middle-class women challenging their prescribed "place."

(image of a Hooversville and conditions during the Great Depression) In response to the conditions depicted in the photograph above, many American familie

migrated within the United States

"The segregated South was defeated by a social protest movement from below—the African American Civil Rights Movement—and by judicial and legislative intervention from outside—the federal government....Southern African Americans, during the years between 1955 and 1965, won the culture wars with southern whites. Civil rights protesters were nonviolent; they were peaceful and studious; and they affirmed American constitutional, democratic, and religious goals...The Civil Rights Movement not only out-sang and out-prayed its opponents, it out-thought them....After 1965, white southerners increasingly won the culture wars in the nation at large. They targeted the enemy not crudely and overtly as black, but as violent, criminal, and immoral, and as leeches on the welfare state at the expense of taxpaying, responsible citizens." +Anthony J. Badger, "Different Perspectives on the Civil Rights Movement", Reprinted by permission The post-1965 white Southern attitude described in the excerpt above was most similar to

nativist views of European immigrants int eh mid-1800s

(image of assembly line, says Highland Park Ford Assembly Plant) The scene depicted in the photograph above was made possible by

new technologies and manufacturing techniques

"With a profound sense of the solemn and even tragical character of the step I am taking and of the grave responsibilities which it involves, but in unhesitating obedience to what I deem my constitutional duty, I advise that the Congress declare the recent course of the Imperial German Government to be in fact nothing less than war against the...United States; that it formally accept the status of belligerent which has thus been thrust upon it....Neutrality is no longer feasible or desirable where the peace of the world is involved and the freedom of its peoples, and the menace to that peace and freedom lies in the existence of autocratic governments...not by the will of their people. We shall, happily, still have an opportunity to prove that friendship...towards the millions of men and women of German birth and native sympathy, who live amongst us...and we shall be proud to prove it towards all who are in fact loyal to their neighbors and to the Government....They are, most of them, as true and loyal Americans as if they had never known any other...allegiance. If there should be disloyalty, it will be dealt with a firm hand of stern repression...." +Woodrow Wilson, War Messages, 65th Cong., 1st Sess. Senate Doc. No. 5, Serial No. 7264, Washington, D.C., 1917. In the excerpt above, President Wilson signaled a willingness to abandon which long-held American policy?

noninvolvment in European affairs

(map of railroads in the West, 1860-1900) The greatest priority of western railroad development as illustrated above was to

open new markets

"To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition in a foreign land or who underestimated the importance of cultivating friendly relations with the Southern white man, who is their next-door neighbor, I say: 'Cast down your bucket where you are'—cast it down in making friends in every manly way of the people of all races by whom we are surrounded....To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, 'Cast down your bucket where you are.' Cast it down among the eight million of Negroes whose habits you know." +Booker T. Washington The author of the quote above was most likely motivated by the

opportunities in the "New South."

"We are all in it together. This is a war. We take a few shots and it will be over. We will give them a few shots and it will be over. Don't worry. I wouldn't want to be on the other side right now....I want the most comprehensive notes on all those who tried to do us in. They didn't have to do it. If we had had a very close election and they were playing the other side I would understand this. No—they were doing this quite deliberately and they are asking for it and they are going to get it....We have not used the Bureau, and we have not used the Justice Department, but things are going to change now....And who the hell are they after? They are after us. It is absolutely ridiculous. It is not going to be that way anymore." +Transcript of President Nixon speaking to John Dean in the Oval Office, September 5,1972, U.S. Congress, House. National Archives. The sentiments expressed in the excerpt above are most consistent with which of the following political challenges?

political scandals and clashes over the power of the presidency

"The President of the United States...hereby is authorized, whenever in his opinion any reservation or any part thereof...is advantageous for agricultural and grazing purposes...to allot the lands in said reservation in severalty to any Indian located thereon in quantities as follows: To each head of family, one-quarter of a section; To each single person over eighteen years of age, one eighth of a section; To each single orphan child under eighteen years of age, one eighth of a section... Every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States to whom allotments shall have been made...who has voluntarily taken up, within said limits his residence separate and apart from any tribe of Indians therein, and has adopted that habits of civilized life, is hereby declared a citizen of the United States." The Dawes Severalty Act, 1887 During the late 19th century, western Native American life was most affected by

post-Civil War migrations of whites

(image) Here Lies Prosperity "The Situation: The Result of Interest Bearing Bonds and Sherman." Sound Money (Massillon, OH), August 22, 1895. Reproduced from Worth Robert Miller, Populist Cartoons: An Illustrated History of the Third Party Movement in the 1890s (Truman State University Press, 2011). The illustration above was likely created in support of

reform politics and creating stronger government oversight of the economy.

(image of government bond propaganda, "Remember Your First Thrill of American Liberty") Which of the following federal actions during World War I most directly undercut the message of the poster above?

restrictions on freedom of speech

(image of Statue of Liberty about to be blown up by European Anarchist) The concern illustrated in the cartoon above was most consistent with support for

restrictive immigration quotas

"Wilson's arrival in the White House in 1913 was a perfect instance of Victor Hugo's saying, 'Nothing is more powerful than an idea whose time has come.' Since the Civil War, the United States had become by far the world's richest country, with an industrial economy which made all others on earth seem small, and it had done so very largely through the uncoordinated efforts of thousands of individual entrepreneurs. The feeling had grown that it was time for the community as a whole, using the resources of the United States Constitution, to impose a little order on this new giant and to dress him in suitable clothes, labeled 'The Public Interest.' Theodore Roosevelt had already laid out some of these clothes, and Wilson was happy to steal them." +Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1997), 634. Many of those who supported Wilson's efforts to "impose a little order on this new giant" were also eager to

see an expansion of democratic principles throughout the government

(map of population of foreign birth by region, 1880) Late 19th-century urban immigrants identified in the map above most commonly relied on support from

settlement houses

"This convention has shown to all America a party united, with positive programs for solving the nation's problems; a party ready to build a new consensus with all those across the land who share a community of values embodied in these words: family, work, neighborhood, peace and freedom....Never before in our history have Americans been called upon to face three grave threats to our very existence, any one of which could destroy us. We face a disintegrating economy, a weakened defense, and an energy policy based on the sharing of scarcity....I pledge to restore to the federal government the capacity to do the people's work without dominating their lives...a government that will not only work well but wisely, its ability to act tempered by prudence..." +Ronald Reagan, Acceptance Speech, Republican National Convention, Detroit, Michigan, July 17, 1980. Which of the following is most consistent with the sentiments articulated in the above speech?

social conservatism

(map of population of foreign birth by region, 1880) Between 1880 and 1900, the largest group of immigrants to the United States came from

southern and eastern Europe

"In our efforts for recovery we have avoided, on the one hand, the theory that business should and must be taken over into an all-embracing Government. We have avoided, on the other hand, the equally untenable theory that it is an interference with liberty to offer reasonable help when private enterprise is in need of help. The course we have followed fits the American practice of Government, a practice of taking action step by step, of regulating only to meet concrete needs, a practice of courageous recognition of change." +Franklin D. Roosevelt, "On Moving Forward to Greater Freedom and Greater Security," Fireside Chats, September 30, 1934. The approach Franklin Roosevelt outlines in the speech above is most consistent with the previous efforts of

the Progressives in the early 20th century

(image of Statue of Liberty about to be blown up by European Anarchist) The cartoon above is best understood in the context of

the Red Scare

"We will stay (in Vietnam) because a just nation cannot leave to the cruelties of its enemies a people who have staked their lives and independence on America's solemn pledge-- a pledge which had grown through the commitment of three American Presidents. We will stay because in Asia, and around the world, are countries whose independence rests, in large measure, on confidence in America's word and in American protection. To yield to force in Vietnam would weaken that confidence, would undermine the independence of many lands, and would whet the appetite of aggression. We would have to fight in one land, and then we would have to fight in another, or abandon much of Asia to the domination of Communists." +Lyndon B. Johnson, State of the Union Message, January 12, 1966 The foreign policy position for Vietnam explained in the excerpt is most directly based on

the belief in the domino theory

"We will stay (in Vietnam) because a just nation cannot leave to the cruelties of its enemies a people who have staked their lives and independence on America's solemn pledge-- a pledge which had grown through the commitment of three American Presidents. We will stay because in Asia, and around the world, are countries whose independence rests, in large measure, on confidence in America's word and in American protection. To yield to force in Vietnam would weaken that confidence, would undermine the independence of many lands, and would whet the appetite of aggression. We would have to fight in one land, and then we would have to fight in another, or abandon much of Asia to the domination of Communists." +Lyndon B. Johnson, State of the Union Message, January 12, 1966 Which of the following best characterizes the position of the president's antiwar critics?

the conflict was primarily a civil war between factions in Vietnam

(image of newspaper of USS Maine accident) Newspaper headlines such as those above mot directly contributed to which of the following?

the declaration of war against Spain by the US Congress

"We regard the decision of the Supreme Court in the school cases as clear abuse of judicial power....This unwarranted exercise of power by the court, contrary to the Constitution is creating chaos and confusion in the states principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through ninety years of patient effort by the good people of both races. It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding. Without regard to the consent of the governed, outside agitators are threatening immediate and revolutionary changes in our public school systems. If done, this is certain to destroy the system of public education in some of the states." +The Southern Declaration on Integration, March 11, 1956 The author of the quote above most directly attacks

the efficacy of using federal power to achieve social goals

"This convention has shown to all America a party united, with positive programs for solving the nation's problems; a party ready to build a new consensus with all those across the land who share a community of values embodied in these words: family, work, neighborhood, peace and freedom....Never before in our history have Americans been called upon to face three grave threats to our very existence, any one of which could destroy us. We face a disintegrating economy, a weakened defense, and an energy policy based on the sharing of scarcity....I pledge to restore to the federal government the capacity to do the people's work without dominating their lives...a government that will not only work well but wisely, its ability to act tempered by prudence..." +Ronald Reagan, Acceptance Speech, Republican National Convention, Detroit, Michigan, July 17, 1980. Which of the following most clearly hindered Reagan's success in achieving the goals he outlined in the excerpt above?

the enduring popularity of many social programs

"That Americans were increasingly fearful of the Germans and Japanese is shown by their willingness to accept the Roosevelt administration's bold support of Britain. Neither public opinion nor Congress prevented the President from doing what he thought was demanded by Britain's plight, even when it involved using the Navy to patrol the North Atlantic in league with the British Navy....Roosevelt's meeting in August, 1941, with Churchill...to write the Atlantic Charter and to agree on postwar aims was undoubtedly the most unneutral act ever committed by a professed neutral. Yet the Atlantic meeting aroused surprisingly little hostile sentiment except among a small group....The country, in short, was accepting the idea of support of Britain short of war...." +Carl N. Degler, Out of Our Past, 3rd ed., (New York: Harper Perennial, 1984). One consequence of the change in Americans' attitudes toward Germany and Japan described in the excerpt above was

the mass mobilization of American society for war

"We are all in it together. This is a war. We take a few shots and it will be over. We will give them a few shots and it will be over. Don't worry. I wouldn't want to be on the other side right now....I want the most comprehensive notes on all those who tried to do us in. They didn't have to do it. If we had had a very close election and they were playing the other side I would understand this. No—they were doing this quite deliberately and they are asking for it and they are going to get it....We have not used the Bureau, and we have not used the Justice Department, but things are going to change now....And who the hell are they after? They are after us. It is absolutely ridiculous. It is not going to be that way anymore." +Transcript of President Nixon speaking to John Dean in the Oval Office, September 5,1972, U.S. Congress, House. National Archives. The excerpt above most directly contributed to renewed debates about

the power of the presidency and the federal government

"Thomas J. Ross agrees to employ the Freedmen to plant and raise a crop on his Rosstown Plantation...on the following Rules, Regulations and Remunerations. The said Ross agrees to furnish the land to cultivate,...and to give unto said Freedmen...one half of all the cotton, corn and wheat that is raised on said place for the year 1866 after all the necessary expenses are deducted out that accrues on said crop. Outside of the Freedmen's labor in harvesting, carrying to market and selling the same the said Freedmen...agrees to and with said Thomas J. Ross that for and in consideration of one half of the crop before mentioned that they will plant, cultivate, and raise under the management control and Superintendence of said Ross, in good faith, a cotton, corn and oat crop under his management for the year 1866....We furthermore bind ourselves to and with said Ross that we will do good work and labor ten hours a day on an average, winter and summer....We furthermore bind ourselves that we will obey the orders of said Ross in all things in carrying out and managing said crop for said year and be docked for disobedience. All is responsible for all farming utensils that is on hand or may be placed in care of said Freedmen for the year 1866 to said Ross and are also responsible to said Ross if we carelessly, maliciously maltreat any of his stock for said year to said Ross for damages to be assessed out of our wages." +Labor Contract, Shelby County, Tennessee, 1866 Records of the Assistant Commissioner for the State of Tennessee, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865-1869, No. M-999. The practices described in the excerpt above most directly led to

the progressive stripping away of the rights of African Americans.

(We march with Selma, four protest pictures) Which of the following best reflects the loss of faith by younger African Americans in the non-violent civil rights movement after the March to Montgomery?

the shift in tactics of SNCC under Stokely Carmichael

(This is the way you live at Levittown) The creation of the type of society depicted in the image above was possible because of

the suburbanization of the middle class

"The segregated South was defeated by a social protest movement from below—the African American Civil Rights Movement—and by judicial and legislative intervention from outside—the federal government....Southern African Americans, during the years between 1955 and 1965, won the culture wars with southern whites. Civil rights protesters were nonviolent; they were peaceful and studious; and they affirmed American constitutional, democratic, and religious goals...The Civil Rights Movement not only out-sang and out-prayed its opponents, it out-thought them....After 1965, white southerners increasingly won the culture wars in the nation at large. They targeted the enemy not crudely and overtly as black, but as violent, criminal, and immoral, and as leeches on the welfare state at the expense of taxpaying, responsible citizens." +Anthony J. Badger, "Different Perspectives on the Civil Rights Movement", Reprinted by permission Which of the following most directly contradicts the arguments in the excerpt above?

the widespread white acceptance of desegregation efforts in the South by the 1970s