Cognitive/ Perceptual Strategies

Self-Monitoring can take many forms such as

1) self-evaluation 2) self-recording 3) self-graphing 4) self-reinforcement, but cannot be stand-alone initiatives. In other words, there is a process to the intervention that must accompany teaching the student how to self-monitor.

Tips to facilitating errorless learning

1. Successfully complete target behavior or responses many times in order to increase proper encoding of the correct answer. 2. Pair with other memory interventions 3. Break up complex tasks into smaller tasks or units 4. Provide appropriate models prior to task completion 5. Discourage guessing 6. Choose targets that were at one time familiar to the client 7. Train a few (or one) targets at time until mastery has been achieved

Explain backward and forward chaining

As each step is mastered, the patient completes the step after begin given a verbal command (prompt?) and then begins instruction in the next step. Each time the patient has completed the part of the tasks they have he or she has mastered, the therapist will complete the other steps, either modeling or hand over handing the tasks in the order of the task needed.

Step 2 of space retrieval

Ask a question to elicit the target response. If the person answers/performs correctly the first time, choose another target for the session. If the answer is unknown or incorrect, tell or show them the right answer and have them repeat it back.

Step 3 of space retrieval

Ask again 15 seconds later. If they can't recall, give the answer and have them repeat it back. Try again in 15 seconds. If it's still not right, spaced retrieval may not be appropriate.

___ is used when a patient can be taught a task easier from the last step of the task than the first.

Backward chaining

Step 1 of space retrieval

Choose one or more functional targets or goals (eg. remembering facts such a name or room number, remembering to perform a certain action, remembering future activities).

Teach alternative way of performing task. For example, teach patient to put on clip-on neck tie instead of tying a tie; teach patient how to use microwave if they have difficulty remembering to turn off the hot stove; teach patient to put on slip on shoes if they have difficulty tying shoes.

Compensation/adaptation

How to use self-monitoring

Decide on the form of self-monitoring, introduce the tool and scaffold the behavior associated.

______ is a term used to describe the gradual withdrawal of the use of the self- monitoring tool or rate of therapist feedback. The goal is to have the client as independent as possible in the self-monitoring.

Fading

Step 5 of space retrieval

If the answer is incorrect, give the right answer immediately and ask the question again at the last correct time interval. Compensation/adaptations- Teach alternative way of performing task. Provide and instruct on the use of adaptive devices

A method of memorizing information by placing each item to be remembered at a point along an imaginary journey. The information can then be recalled in a specific order by retracing the same route through the imagination.

Method of Loci

_______ — simply repeating a task — will not by itself improve performance.

Rote repetition

Steps of Space Retrieval.

Step 1: Choose one or more functional targets or goals (eg. remembering facts such a name or room number, remembering to perform a certain action, remembering future activities). Step 2: Ask a question to elicit the target response. If the person answers/performs correctly the first time, choose another target for the session. If the answer is unknown or incorrect, tell or show them the right answer and have them repeat it back. Step 3: Ask again 15 seconds later. If they can't recall, give the answer and have them repeat it back. Try again in 15 seconds. If it's still not right, spaced retrieval may not be appropriate. Step 4: When the answer is given correctly, double the time interval (15 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 4 minutes, 8 minutes, etc.) and ask the question again. Repeat this step each time the answer is correctly given. Step 5: If the answer is incorrect, give the right answer immediately and ask the question again at the last correct time interval. Compensation/adaptations- Teach alternative way of performing task. Provide and instruct on the use of adaptive devices

Explain multisensory/multimodal intervention

Therapist use controlled sensory stimuli through different pathways to elicit a response, initiate or facilitate task completion.

Example of method of loci

Think of a place you know well, such as your own house. Visualize a series of locations in the place in logical order. For example, picture the path you normally take in your house to get from the front door to the back door. Begin at the front door, go through the hall, turn into the living room, proceed through the dining room and into the kitchen, and so on. As you enter each location, move logically and consistently in the same direction, from one side of the room to the other. Each piece of furniture could serve as an additional location. Place each item that you want to remember at one of the locations.

One of the best attention training programs is

Time Pressure Management training.

Research has provided a growing body of behavioral and neuroimaging evidence that there is considerable overlap between the "minds eye" and actual perception. For example, behavioral studies have demonstrated that imagery content can selectively influence perception.

Visual or mental imagery

Step 4 of space retrieval

When the answer is given correctly, double the time interval (15 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 4 minutes, 8 minutes, etc.) and ask the question again. Repeat this step each time the answer is correctly given.

Example of method of loci

When you want to remember the items, simply visualize your house and go through it room by room in your mind. Each item that you associated with a specific location in your house should spring to mind as you mentally make your way through your home.

Explain errorless learning

as each skill is taught, the patient is provided with a prompt or cue immediately following an instruction. The immediate prompt prevents any chance for incorrect responses.

The pegword technique involves imagery similar to the method of loci but rather than visualizing images in different locations, you

associate them with concrete words. These concrete words help to trigger your memory and enable you to think of what you are searching for in your mind.

Deliberate practice involves (3) and leads to new knowledge or skills that can later be developed into more complex knowledge and skills. Although other factors such as intelligence and motivation affect performance, practice is necessary if not sufficient for acquiring expertise

attention, rehearsal, and repetition

During multisensory intervention, it is important that the therapist monitor the ____system when using approach

autonomic system approach

Hand-over-hand a tactile-kinesthetic approach that does not require verbal instructions. Less guiding should gradually be provided as

client begins to show mastery of the task.

Adapt or alter environment. For example,

color coding items; place items in location easy for patient to retrieve when need to perform task; list on refrigerator; item next to night table. Use markers such as tape or foot prints to help patient remember where to go.

_____ Helps ensure that patient always respond correctly.

errorless learning

Hand-over-hand is a tactile-kinesthetic guiding technique that provide

graded assistance through task completion.

When chaining forward, the instructional program starts with the beginning of the task sequence. After teach step is mastered, instruction begins at the next step. Depending on how severely of the injury or If a patient is unable to learn the step by having it modeled and then imitating it, it may be necessary to provide

hand over hand prompting, fading instructional prompting to verbal and then gestural prompts.

Compensation/adaptation: Provide & instruct on the use of adaptive devices and aids, such as

medication organizers; Neck and wrist key chains and key finders; navigation systems; smart irons; emergency alert systems; memory boards; alarm watch, lists, memory book.

Time pressure management training: the main idea in this training is to learn how to give patients

more time to do things in a slower pace.

The integration of both sides of the body and proprioceptive input during the use of guiding techniques help facilitate

normal postural alignment and movement patterns.

Multimodal integration is the use of different sensory modalities, such as sight, sound, touch, smell, self-motion and taste, to help..

process and integrate information through the nervous system

Self Monitoring is defined as a personality trait that refers to an ability to

regulate behavior to accommodate daily and social situations.

Trial and Error is a fundamental method of solving problems. It is characterized by

repeated, varied attempts which are continued until success, or until it is stops.

Deliberate practice is not the same as

rote repetition.

In self-monitoring, depending on the severity of the brain injury, clients could decrease to zero the use of the tool or requiring feedback, while other students would...

still require them.

In self monitoring, _____ is essential to allow students to gage how accurately they are self- evaluating and to further reinforce the previously scaffolded behaviors.

teacher feedback

Planning training is one way to deal with time pressure management, for example with cooking a meal. Cooking a meal can be difficult whenever you have to use 2 or more pans. TPM teaches you...

that there are roughly 2 phases in cooking: the first phase without any time pressure is the planning phase. This is the phase in which you do all the preparatory work: washing and cutting the vegetables, measuring and preparing all food ready to use. The second phase is where the actually cooking begins with the fire on the stove. Here, there is more time pressure but you have learned what to do in what order. By preparing yourself that well, time pressure hardly arises and no extra attention is needed for this task.

Visual or mental imagery can be described as

the retrieval of perceptual information from memory, and the subsequent examination of this information in the "minds eye."

The backward chaining forward chaining involves the same process as forward chaining but...

the teaching process begins at the end of the sequence and moves to the beginning.

Basically, a person that uses the ____ method will try a method to see if it is a good solution. If it is not a good solution, they try another option.

trial and error

How to use trial and error if there are some situations where there are too many options, and it is not feasible for a person to go through all of them to find out which one works the best. In this event, a person will

want to use the option that has the best possible chances of succeeding. If this doesn't work, they can try the next best option until they find a good solution.