Unit 1 (Ch 1-2) Terms

49. Joint stock companies

Companies that enabled a considerable number of investors (aka adventurers) to pool their capital. The Virginia Company of London is an example of a joint-stock company.

18. Juan Ponce de Leon

Discovered Florida in 1513, but thought that Florida was an island at first. He found that Florida was only 40 miles across. He seeked gold just like the rest of the Spanish explorers during the early sixteenth century.

16. Vasco Nunez Balboa

Discovered the Pacific Ocean and claimed all lands that touched the Pacific Ocean for Spain in 1513.

24. Robert de La Salle

He was a French explorer who ventured down the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico in the 1680s, He established French settlements in Texas. Few missions, such as San Antonio, were established there to convert Pueblos that trickled down into Texas.

33. Capitalism

An economic system based on open competition in a free market, in which individuals and companies own the means of production and operate for profit. This began due to the flood of precious metals , which increased consumer costs by 500 percent within a hundred years after the mid-sixteenth century, after explorers voyaged to the Americas

9. Vinland

Around 1000 C.E., Vinland was the name given by Norse seafarers to L'Anse aux Meadows, or present day Newfoundland, because of the abundance in grapes. However, the settlement of Vinland was later abandoned and forgotten.

72. Lord De La Warr

Arrived to Jamestown in 1610 as a new governor. He declares war against the Indians from the Virginia Company. Veteran of the conflicts against the Irish, imposed a harsh military regime in colony. Had his troops raid villages, burn houses, take provisions, and torch cornfields of the Indians.

63. colonial charter

Guaranteed colonial settlers all the rights of Englishmen. Solidified the colonies' ties to England in the early years of settlement.

38. Ferdinand of Aragon

He Married Isabella of Castile, and he was the King of Spain. he also funded Christopher Columbus's voyage in order to compete with the Portuguese in trading in the Indies

53. John Rolfe

He and Pocahontas's marriage in 1614 sealed the ending to the First Anglo-Powhatan War. He was also father of the tobacco industry. An Indian attack broke out and he got killed.

52. Captain John Smith

He helped the colony of Jamestown by adding discipline to their society. "Those who shall not work, shall not eat" was his philosophy. He was kidnapped and saved by Pocahontas.

42. Moctezuma

He is the Aztec king that thought Hernan Cortes was Quetzalcoatl, their legendary god. He gave Cortes large quantities of silver and gold until Cortes became too difficult to maintain and actually conquered the Aztec capital and murdered many unarmed Aztec Indians.

13. Hispaniola: 1493

On Columbus' second voyage, landed on this coastal island and dumped cattle and livestock with 1,200 men, animals spread to the north mainland through Mexico, went all the way up to Canada

25. Father Junipero Serra

He was a Spanish Missionary who founded San Diego the first of a chain of twenty-one missions that wound up the coast as far as Sonoma, the northern part of the San Francisco Bay. He was a brown-robed Franciscan friar that toiled with zealous devotion to Christianize three hundred thousand native Californians. Although Indians adopted Christianity, the native Californians incorporated it with their own tribal culture.

40. Francisco Pizarro

He was a Spanish conquistador that destroyed the Incan Empire and used Incan people to work in Potosi, a mountain made out of silver, in order to bring back more wealth into Spain

41. Bartolome de Las Casas

He was a Spanish missionary who was disgusted by the encomienda system in Hispaniola and fought against the idea of using Indians as slaves in economic exploitation.

46. Philip II (Spain)

He was a self-anointed foe of the Protestant Reformation. He used parts of his imperial gains to amass an invincible, English naval army to fight the Spanish Armada in 1588, gain a victory due largely to a storm known as the "Protestant Wind".

56. Lord Baltimore

He was a wise man who allowed religious freedom in hopes that people would turn to Catholicism all by themselves but the Protestants would not convert.

45. Sir Walter Raleigh

He was responsible for creating the colony at Roanoke which ultimately failed due to the English getting side-tracked and forgetting to send resources and more people.

58. Charles II

He was the son of the guillotined Charles the I. He restored the English throne in 1660. The Carolinas were named after him.

44. Sir Francis Drake

He went on an ocean expedition and returned in 1580 with piles and piles of treasures that he got from raiding Spanish ships and villages.

4. Pueblos

People who lived near the Rio Grande Valley and had a culture that was surrounded by growing corn. They dwelled in multiple story buildings that were often terraced. Social life for the Pueblo people was simple compared to the Aztec's complex social structure.

6. Choctaws

In the southeastern seaboard region in North America near 1000 C.E, the Cherokee population soared because of the rich diet that the three sister farming techniques provided.

27. Mound builders

Indian tribe that lived in the Ohio River valley that sustained some large settlements after the incorporation of corn planing into their ways of life

68. Henry VIII

King of England who broke with Roman Catholic Church in 1530 after the Church revoked a divorce with his wife. He founded the Church of England (Anglican Church) and put himself as the head. This started the conflict between Protestants and Catholic that plagued England until Elizabeth I.

5. Creeks

Native american civilization that grew as a result of the three sister farming technique in 1000 C.E in the southeastern seaboard region in North America.

10. Portuguese slave trade

Portuguese adopted slavery from Arab and African culture, which used slavery years before Portugal began. The Portuguese primarily used slaves to work on sugar plantations on the African islands, including Madeira, the Canaries, Sao Tome, and Principe. The Portuguese slave trade led to slavery growing as an economic business and eventually gave way to the rise of plantations in the New World.

11. Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer who established a sea route to India from Portugal and brought home spices and jewels from India.

54. Anglo

Powhatan Wars (First and Second)- First War was in 1610 and it was the English vs the Powhatan Indians. It ended in 1614 sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe (ultimately the English won). The Second War was in 1644. The Indians made one last effort to defeat the English but again lost. After that, the Powhatans gradually diminished.

71. Pocahontas

Powhatan's daughter who saved John Smith in mock execution. Served as intermediary between Powhatans and colonists to preserve peace. Married John Rolfe in 1614 to seal peace agreement at end of First Anglo-Powhatan war. Died in 1617 in England, but son returns to colony.

73. Oliver Cromwell

Puritan soldier who aided Parliament in disposing of King Charles and ruled England starting in 1649. Charles the II returns the throne later in 1660 after Oliver Cromwell

39. Isabella of Castile

She married Ferdinand of Aragon, and she was the queen of spain. She also funded Christopher columbus's voyage in order to compete with the Portuguese in trading in the Indies

43. Queen Elizabeth I

She ruled England from 1558 to 1603. She finally broke England away from the Catholic Church when she assumed power and created the Church of England, making England a Protestant nation. She also commissioned explorer Sir Francis Drake and helped the English navy win against the seemingly invincible Spanish Armada.

62. Roanoke Island

Sir Walter Raleigh and his people founded this tribe in 1585. They were supposed to get resources and stuff a year later but the English forgot about them and they disappeared. People to this day have no clue what happened to them. The only evidence left was the word "Croatoan" carved on a tree

14. Old world diseases

Smallpox, measles, yellow fever: killed the majority of the Indians since they didn't have immunity (antibodies) like the Europeans, Europeans lost their labor force since they were using Indians as their manual labor (smallpox was the big one)

21. Hernan Cortes

Spanish Conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico. He used a rescued Spanish castaway who was captured by Mayan-speaking Indians as a translator. He also used a female Indian slave, Malinche, as a translator who knew Mayan and Nahuatl. Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, was supposedly made out of gold, alluring him travel there. The Aztecs thought he was Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec god, so the gave him vasts amount of gold.

17. Ferdinand Magellan

Starting his voyage in 1519, Magellan fought through the present day Strait of Magellan and was his men were the first to circumnavigate the world, for he was killed in the Philippines after being caught up in a local dispute.

26. Nation

States- A sovereign state whose citizens or subjects relatively share the same language or ethnic descent

37. Black Legend

Stereotypical identity of Spanish settlers that Indians gave. Indians believed that the Spanish memely tortured and butchered Indians, stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left little but misery behind.

32. Conquistadores

They fanned out across the Caribbean and ventured out to mainland American continents. This is a general term for any one of a group of Spanish explorers in the New World who sought to conquer the native people, establish dominance over their lands, and prosper from their natural resources, including gold. They established a large Hispanic empire stretching from Mexico to Chile and wreaked havoc among native populations.

70. Powhatan

The chief of Powhatan tribe who managed a Confederacy that contained a few dozen smaller tribes under him, although lack unity came to be effective against the colonists. He staged a mock execution of John Smith in 1607 to project power and desire to have peace with Virginians, who he originally saw as potential allies.

36. Pope's Rebellion

This is a rebellion where the Pueblo Indians rebelled in the New Mexico colony. They destroyed every Catholic Church and killed many priests and Spanish settlers. The Pueblos rebuilt a kiva, or ceremonial religious chamber on the ruins of the Spanish plaza at Santa Fe

30. Plantation System

This is a system that was based on large-scale commercial agriculture and the wholesale exploitation of labor. The system allowed for the rich to have many slaves, and kept the poor the same way. A class system that did not allow for movement between classes

31. Columbian exchange

This is when two ecosystems commingled and clashed when Columbus came to the Americas. Gold, silver, corn, beans and squash were some of the biggest imports and exports between this exchange with the Americas and Europe

28. Cahokia

This was a Mississippian settlement that is near present-day East St. Louis. This settlement was home to approximately 25,000 people.

29. Caravel

This was a Portuguese ship that could sail more closely into the wind. This was the major component that helped Columbus able to sail westward in order to reach Asia

65. Tuscarora War

Tuscarora Indians attack Newborn, North Carolina in 1711. Native's revenge was the infliction of syphilis onto Early European settlers, which introduced STDs to Europe.

19. Francisco Coronado

Ventured after the legendary golden city, Cibola, throughout the New World but only found the Pueblo people and their small towns and villages. His searches for Cibola led his expeditions further north, where he eventually discovered the Grand Canyon, the Colorado River, and great herds of buffalo. He travelled as far as Kansas in his search for Cibola.

55. House of Burgesses

Virginia's form of representative government (assembly) that was formed in 1619.

1. Incas

ancient civilization in present-day Peru that developed advanced agricultural, political, and social practices. They often applied their farming skills to the cultivation of maize, which centralized their way of life. They also terraced cliffs to support their lifestyle in the Andes Mountains. They were eventually conquered by Francisco Pizarro in 1532 and were worked in Potosi to bring lost wealth back to Spain

74. Hiawatha

legendary leader who inspired the creation of the Iroquois Confederacy during the sixteenth century. He facilitated America to grow large vast empires like those in Mexico and Peru. The Iroquois Confederacy intimidated many Native American tribes as well as Europeans, giving the Iroquois Confederacy an advantage for conquering tribes and peoples.

2. Aztecs

lived in present day Mexico until 1521 when they were conquered by Hernan Cortes. They held ritual religious practices that included regular human sacrifices. They were able to create and manage a strong empire through commerce and tribute. They also advanced in language and mathematics and held their society together politically through complex nation-states.

20. Hernando De Soto

searched for gold with his 600 men and found the Mississippi River during 1539-1542. After dying from fever and wounds, his men threw his body in the Mississippi River to make sure that the Indians didn't abuse his body, for De Soto abused the Indians harshly with iron shackles and vicious dogs.

3. Mayans

sophisticated society during the early 1500s in Central America that created agricultural practice primarily pertaining to the growth and commerce of corn.

59. English Restoration

A period where England faced bloody unrest. Empire building resumed with greater intensity and royal involvement.

51. Jamestown

A settlement established on May 24, 1607 in Virginia by England. They failed at first because winter was not nice to them but John Smith helped them get on their feet.

57. Maryland Act of Toleration

An act that was passed in 1649 that grants religious freedom to all Christians and the death penalty to Jews, atheists, and all people who did not believe in Jesus's divinity.

7. Cherokees

Along with the Choctaws and the Creeks, population densities boomed because of the rich diet as an effect of the three-sister farming technique developed around 1000 C.E in the southeastern seaboard region in North America.

34. Encomienda

A government program in which Indians were given to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize the Indians. Essentially, this was a system of slavery.

35. Mestizos

A half-breed of both indigenous and European blood. This half breed ultimately became known as the Mexicans

50. Virginia Company of London

A joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I of England for a settlement in the New World.

64. Barbados slave code

1st legal document governing the treatment of slaves. Rule was created to deny fundamental rights to slaves: giving master virtual complete control over slaves. Masters could inflict vicious punishments for minor infractions and often lacked penalties for mistreatment of slaves.

12. Christopher Columbus

1492- Italian seafarer set out to find a sea route for the Spanish to the East (China/Japan). Spanish took their chances by funding Columbus' voyage that sailed into an unknown ocean in an attempt to catch up with the rest of the world powers in the race of exploration. Instead found finding the East, columbus discovered the Bahamas and Cuba, bringing back natives, plants, possibly animals. Columbus later exploited slaves in hopes to find gold, which lead to the encomienda system. Columbus' exaggerated report back to Spain led to more funding from the Spanish monarchies and more explorations of America. These expeditions created a drastic changes on the lifestyle of the Indians and Europeans alike, such as european and native diseases, the foundation for slavery, and even the Columbian Exchange.

47. Spanish Armada

Created by Philip II of Spain, the Spanish Armada prove to be one of the most powerful force on the seas. In 1588, they were defeated by the English near the English Channel, discouraging Spain's spirit for fighting and exploring and asserting the naval dominance of England.

69. James I

James I granted charter to the Virginia Company of London to establish a colony in the New World (Virginia). The colony of Jamestown named after him. He later revokes Virginia Colony Charter in 1624 and makes Virginia a royal colony completely under his control

66. Yamasee Indians

Last coastal tribe in the southern colonies. Southern Carolinians in 1715 defeat and scatter Yamasee Indians.

67. Buffer Colony

Territory between two enemy powers that serves to minimize chance of conflict between them. In English colonies, Georgia was a buffer. Georgia served to protect Carolinas against Spanish in Florida and French in Louisiana, and was often a battlefield between Spanish and English. Since Georgia was important to British defense, they got monetary subsidies from the British crown

61. Protestant Reformation

The English Protestant Reformation occurred when King Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church. The Protestant Reformation was when Martin Luther posed 99 theses to the Catholic Church and many became Protestants.

23. Giovanni da Verrazano

The French king dispatched this Italian mariner to explore the eastern seaboard in 1524.

8. Iroquois Confederacy

The Iroquois Confederacy was created by the Iroquois leader Hiawatha in the sixteenth century to intimidate other Indian tribes and Europeans alike and helped establish and grow political and organizational techniques to stabilize a small army for nearly a hundred years

15. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

The Pope, a neutral third party, created the line of demarcation that divided the New World between Portugal and Spain in 1494. The New World was given to the Spanish while the Portuguese took Asia and Africa and later Brazil.

60. James Oglethorpe

The principal founder of Georgia. A military leader and a reformer, he and his people were determined to keep slavery out of Georgia. He repelled Spanish attacks and was an imperialist and philanthropist. He saved his colony.

22. John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto)

The upstart English sent him to explore the northeastern coast of North America in 1497 and 1498.

48. Laws of Primogeniture

They decreed that only the eldest sons were eligible to inherit the estates. Younger sons had to go elsewhere and find new fortunes.