Unit 1 Exam (Ch 1 and 2)

This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892.

The American Psychological Association

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.

introspection

The empirical method of study is based on ________.

observation of phenomena.

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

operational definition

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.

personality

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

surveys

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and

the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?

Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

According to William James, what was the true purpose of psychology?

Studying the function of behavior in the world

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?

favoring women over men

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy?

(correct)Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment. Boris tells his therapist that that he needs stronger medication and his therapist prescribes it. Natasha is late for her therapy session and her therapist believes she did this because she unconsciously dislikes therapy. Xavier receives a hug from the doctor when he arrives on time; he does not get a hug when he arrives late.

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

-0.53

Which of the following is a common requirement of a PhD across different schools and/or countries?

A dissertation

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?

A student in a psychology class writes his term paper on whether or not fish feel pain. A student writes a letter to his professor requesting a change in course policy. Dr. Hysock-Witham decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late. (correct) Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

Which choice is an accurate definition of a hypothesis?

A tentative explanation

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individual's basic tendencies.

Five Factor

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?

Francis Cecil Sumner

Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

Humanism

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?

Populations of developed nations are living longer.

________ (IRB) reviews research that is involves the use of human participants.

Institutional Review Board

________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

Inter-rater reliability

In looking at the area of multicultural psychology, what is a recognized deficit of this particular area of study?

It can describe what happens between cultures, but not explain why those differences occur.

________ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.

Jane Goodall

The first woman to earn the PhD degree in psychology was ________.

Margaret Floy Washburn

Which famous female psychologist completed all of the requirements for a doctorate in psychology but was denied that degree because of her sex?

Mary Whiton Calkins

For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known?

Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

A(n) ________ , also known as an operant chamber, is an instrument that isolates an animal from the external environment and allows a researcher to control that animal's rewards and punishments

Skinner box

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?

The process was highly subjective.

Which of the following is one of the reasons that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?

The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology.

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?

They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity?

accuracy

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.

another person's consciousness

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________.

archival research; surveys

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________.

biopsychologist

Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

can sometimes be tested with animal studies

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

case studies

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

case study

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.

circular

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

clinical psychology

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

double-blind

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

confounding

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.

conscientiousness

What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks six groups of participants, each group a different age, over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months?

cross-sectional

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

debrief participants; deception

Lucy wants to study changes in physical attributes, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.

developmental

Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists?

examination of anatomy and physiology

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

experimental

Dr. Guttierez is examining a research question and has posted a hypothesis, but his student points out, "Dr. G., the assumption that you have made cannot be disproven no matter what data we gather!" This research study suffers from an absence of ________.

falsifiability

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

forensic

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

illusory correlation

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent; dependent

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology.

industrial-organizational

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.

random sampling; random group assignment

The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________.

reliability

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

replication

The fact that some well-known studies have been repeated without finding results consistent with those in the initial report describes a(n) ________ that is currently affecting research in psychology and other fields.

replication crisis

________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.

rodents

Psychology refers to the ________.

scientific study of the mind and behavior.

Which of the following choices refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?

scientific theory

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.

social psychology

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.

statistical analysis

Professor Devine and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

type of play; no play

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology?

whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

(correct)explaining the hypothesis to the participants letting participants know that participation is voluntary obtaining the participant's signature or a signature from the parent or guardian if the participant is a minor reviewing that data is confidential

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.

Gestalt psychology

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.

The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."

Which individual wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig?

Wilhelm Wundt

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

attrition

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.

the scientific method

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________.

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions