Unit 13: THE civil war Required reading: BRINKLEY, CH. 14

Confederate States of America

(South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, adding Texas in March before Lincoln's inauguration), expanded in May-July 1861 (with Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina)

Border states-

5 slave states that remain with the union, Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri strategic importance- did not joun confederacy due to federal policies and pro- neutrality sentiments in 1863 est Virginia became a slave state - did not believe in secession.

How the American Civil War fit into the worldwide movement to create large, consolidated nations

A commitment to preserving the union- to consolidating, rather then dimantilin, the ambition was one of the principle motives for the north's commitment to fighting a war against the seceding states. Similar efforts at expansion, condition and face were occurring in many other nation around the same time. Nationalist sentiments also grew among people who shared language, culture, ethnicity, and tradition and who came to believe that a consolidated nation was the best vehicle for strengthening common bonds In 1848 nationalist revolution erupted in italy, france , and austria,although those revolutions failed they helped lay the groundwork for the two most important national consolidations in the nineteenth denty Germany which was divided into numerous small independent state in the early 1800s but german unification was growing (spurred by german histories, images of german images, grimm's fairy tales In 1862, King wilhelm 1 of priussia- leader of one of the most powerful scattered german states- appointed an aristocratic landowner, Otto von Bismarck, as his prime minister. Brismark exploited the frown nationalism therout he wariosu german states and helped develop a strong popular sentimate for unification Launched prussian wars against denmark, austria, and france were prussia won easily. The franco prussian war of 1870 was important because prussia fought it to take possession of the french provinces of alsace and lorraine- provinces the prussians claimed were a part of the german national cominituy (ethnically and linguistically german) Bismarck also persuaded the germanic king to proclaim himself as kaiser of a new emperor that unified all german people except those in austria and switzerland Italy had been divided into small kingdom and city states colonized by the vatican Italism nationals formed a young italy under giuseppe mazzini and demanded an end to foreign control in italy. In the most powerful kingdom of piedmont and sardinia, its king victor emmanuel appointed giuseppe garibaldi as prime minister. Cavour joined forces with nationalist i tp drove the spanish and austrians out of italy. With the help of giuseppe garibaldi who won independence in the south, he unified the entire italian nation under victor emmanuel 11. Russia failed, japan created a powerful new nation state.

The contributions African Americans made to the Northern war effort, how their treatment reflected the general racial attitudes of white America

About 186,000 emancipated african american served as soldiers, sailors,and laborers for the union forced, joining a significant number of free blacks from the north, The services of african americans to the union military were significant in many way, not least because of the substantial many black men has to surmount in order to enlist. In the first months of the war african americans were not allowed in the military. A few black regiments eventually took shape in some of the union- occupied areas of the confederacy, mainly because they were a ready source of manpower in these defeated region. But once lincoln issued the emancipation proclamation, black enlistment increased rapidly and the union ,military began actively to recruit african american soldiers and sailor in both the north and where possible the south Fighting units- the best known was probably the 54 massachusetts infantry which (like most black regiments) has a white commander. Robert gould shaw, a member of an aristocratic boston family. Shaw and more than half of his regiment died during the battle near charleston, south carolina in the summer of 1863. Most black soldiers, however, were assigned menial tasks behind the lines, such as digging trenches and transporting water. Even though fewer african american than whites died in combat, the black mortality rate was higher than the rate for white soldiers because so many died of disease from working long, arduous hours in unsanitary conditions. Conditions for blacks and whites are unequal in other ways as well (african american were paid third less than were white soldiers (until congress called the law in mide 1864). But however dangerous, or meniak the taks blacks soldier were given, most of them felt enormous pride . Many moved from the army into politics and other forms of leadership (in both the north and the reconstruction south). Black fighting men captured by the confederates were unlike white prisoner, nor returned to the north in exchange do southern soldiers being returned to the south. Teh were sent back to their master if they were escaped slave or often excited. In 1864 confederates killed for that 260 african american after catching them in tennessee.

Women in nursing-

Above all woman entered nursing, a field previously dominated by men. U .s sanitary commission, an organization of civilian volunteers led by social reformer Dorthea Dix, mobilized large numbers of female nurses to serve in field hospitals. By the end of the war, the woman was the dominant force in nursing, by 1900, nursing had become an almost entirely female profession. Female nurses not only cared for patients but also performed other tasks considered appropriate for a woman: cooking, cleaning, and laundering.

Gettysburg Address-

After the battle of Gettysburg Lincoln touched briefly on American history before returning to the civil war and what it meant- a new birth of freedom

Segregated black troops

Almost 200,000 African Americans joined the Union army during the Civil War. Segragated into all black units such as the massachestes 54th regiment, black troops performed courageously under fire and won the respect of union white soldiers. More than 37,000 african american soldiers died in what became know as the army of freedom.

Lincoln vs. Jefferson Davis: their backgrounds, abilities, and objectives. Why was Lincoln more successful at organizing a command system than Davis?

Although had little experience in war, he was a successful commander in chief because he Took advantage of the north's material advantages Relieved that the proper objective of his armies was to destroy the confederate army not occupy their territory He took advantages of the numbers and resources on his side (had trouble finding adequate commanders until Ulysses S.. Grant) Davis was a trained professional soldier, but he failed to create an effective comand system Davis named general robert e lee as his principal military adviser, But davis had no intention of sharing control of strategy with anyone and after a few months lee les Richmond to command forces in the field and davis planned strategy alone He named federal braxton bragg as a military advisor by never provided much more than technical advice. In february 1865 the confederate congress finally created a formal position of general in chief Davis named lee to the post but made clear that he expected to continue to make a all basic decision in any case the war ended before the command structure had time to shape. downfall- had no intension of sharring control of stragy and lincoln uesed resorces and numbers to his advantage

The characteristics of Lincoln as a leader, and how these characteristics were reflected in his selection of his cabinet.

Although politicians considered lincoln to be a minor politician, he moved quickly to establish his own authority He established a cabinet representing every faction of the republican party and every segment of northern opinion- men of exceptional prestige and influence and in some cases arrogance, several of whom believed they , not lincoln, should be president.

Emancipation Proclamation-

As a result, the radials increase their influence within the Republican party- a development that did not go unnoticed by Lincoln, who decided to seize the leadership of the rising antislavery sentiment himself On September 22, 1862, after the Union "victory" at the battle of Antietam, the president announced his intention to use his war powers to issue an executive order freeing all slaves in the Confederacy, And on January 1, 1863, he formally signed the emancipation proclamation, which declared forever free slaves in all areas of the Confederacy except those already controlled by the union: Tennessee, West Virginia, and southern Louisiana, The reclamation did not apply to the border slaves states, which had never seceded from the union and therefore were not subject to the president's war powers The immediate effect of the proclamation was limited since it applied only to slaves still under Confederate control. But the document was of great impact nevertheless, because it clearly established that the war was being fought not only to preserve the union but also to eliminate slavery. Eventually, as federal armies occupied much of the south, the proclamation became a practical reality and led directly to the freeing of thousands of slaves, Even in areas not directly affected by the proclamation, the antislavery impulse gained strength. - freed slaves only in Confederate states outside the union, slavery in border states were allowed to continue, fundamentally changed the goals of the war, preservation of the union and abolition of slavery, and turned foreign opinion in favor of the union,

How this split in the Republican Party was revealed in the debate over what to do about slavery, what action each faction proposed, and what Lincoln did, and why

As the war professed, much of the north seemed solwly to accept emancipation as a centelawar aim because nothing less would justly the enormous sacrifices of the struggle, many northerners . As a result the radials increase their influence within the republican party- a deviplent that did not go unnoticed by lincoln, who decided to sie the leaship of the rising antislavery sentiment himself On september 22, 1862m after the union victory at the battle of antietam, the president announced his intention to use his war powers to issue an executive order freeing all slaves in the condeederay, And on january 1, 1863, he formally signed the emancipation proclamation, which declared forever free slaves in all areas of the confederacy except those already controlled by the union: tennessee, western virginia, and southern louisiana, The reclamation did not apply to the border slaves states, which had never seceded from the union and therefore were not subject to the president's war powers The immediate effect of the proclamation was limited since it applied only to slaves still under confederate control. But the document was of great impact nevertheless, because it clearly and established that the war was being fought not only to preserve the union but also to eliminate slavery. Eventually, as federal armies occupied much of the south, the proclamation became a practical reality and led directly to the freeing of thousands of slaves, Even in areas not directly affected by the proclamation, the antislavery impulse gained strength. lincoln said it was necessary to the war effort, more troop, foreign support

Alexander H. Stephens-

At the Confederate constitutional convention in montgomery, they named a provisional president and a vice president. Jefferson Davis of Mississippi and Alexander h Stephens of Georgia, who was later chosen by the general electorate without opposition for a six-year term. Davis had been a moderate sectionalism before the war, Stephen had argued against secession.

Jefferson Davis-

At the Confederate constitutional convention in montgomery, they named a provisional president and a vice president. Jefferson Davis of mississippi and alexander h Stephens of Georgia, who was later chosen by the general electorate without opposition for a six-year term. Davis had been a moderate sectionalism before the war, Stephens had argued against secession. The Confederate government, like the union government during the war, was dominated by moderate leaders. Also, like the union, it was dominated less by old aristocrats of the east than by the newer aristocrats of the west, of whom Davis was the most prominent example. Davis was, in the end, an unsuccessful president. He was a reasonable able administrator and the dominating figure in his government, encountering little interference from the generally tame members of his unstable cabinet and serving as his own secretary of war. But he rarely provided genuinely national leadership. One shrewd confederate official wrote "all revolutionary is with the enemy... with us timidity- hair-splitting."

Conscription Act

By March 1863, Congress was forced to pass a national draft law. Virtually all young adult males were eligible to be drafted, but a man could escape service by hiring someone to go in his place or by paying the government a fee of $300. Only about 46,000 men were ever actually conscripted, but the draft greatly increased voluntary enlistment.

Grant's grand strategy for 1864: Who was to be in charge of the armies involved, and what were their objectives?

By the beginning of 1864 grant had become the general in chief of all the union armies Grant believed in using the north's overwhelming advantage in troops and material resources to overwhelm the south, He also was not afraid to absorb massive casualties as long as he was inflicting similar casualties on his opponents Grants two great offensives for 1864, in vigina the army of the potomac that would advance toward richmond and force lee into a decisive battle. In georgia the western army, under william tecumseh sherman, would advance eat towns atland and destroy the remaining confederate force father south, which was no under the command of joseph e. Johnston. In the battle of the wilderness (may 5-7) grant was undeterred and resumed his march toward richmond where he met lee asian in the five day bloody battle of spotsylvania court house, in which 12,000 union troops and a league unknown number of confederates died or were wounded. Despite the enormous losses grant kept on moving

How the Union proposed to raise troops, the extent to which it was forced to use conscription, the reaction to this and why it was so varied

CAUSE Since the union only had 16,000 troops at the beginning of the war, lincoln called for an increase of 23,000 in the regular army , but he new the bulk of fighting would have to be done through volunteers . When congress convened in july 1861, it authorised enlisting 500,000 volunteers for 3 year terms. But this voluntary system only produced adequate forced only briefly because after enthusiasm for the war declined so did the enlistments By March 1863, Congress was forced to pass a national draft law. Virtually all young adult males were eligible to be drafted, bit a man could escape service by hiring someone to go in his place or by paying the government a fee of $300. Only about 46,000 men were ever actually conscripted, but the draft greatly increased voluntary enlistment. EFFECT To a people accustomed to a remote and inactive national government the conscription was a strand and thenting. Opposition to the law was widespread, among labour, immigrants, and democrats opposed to the war (known as "peace democrats" or "copperheads" by their opponents) Opptionstion to the draft broke out into violene in new york city. Democstaters ritoed for four days in july 1863, after the first names were selected for conscription. It was among the most violent urban uprising in american history,. More than 100 people died. Irish workers were at the center of the violence. They were angry because black strikebreakers has been used against them in a recent longshoremen's strike, and they blamed african americans for the war, which they thought was being fought for the benefit of slaves who would soon be competing with white workers for jobs. The wrioters lynched a number of african americans, burned down homes and businesses (mostly those of free blacks), and even destroyed an orphange for african american children.Only the arrival of federal troops subdued the rioters.

How the Civil War "transformed" Southern society, how this transformation was like that which took place in theNorth and how it was different

Changes in southern society Devastating effects on economy Southern planters depended on the north It robbed farms and industries that did not have a large slave population of male workforce leaving them unable to function effectively Most of the major battles of the war were fought on confederate soul As a result of savage fighting the south's already inafate railroad system was nearly destroyed and much of its most valuable farmland and many of its plantation were ruined by union troops The northern naval blockade led to shortages of everything because they mainly just focused on cotton and other exported crops Large number of doctors were conscripted to the military leaving little medical service in communities Blacksmiths, carpenders, and other craftsmen were similar in short supply As the war continued, the shortages, the inflation, and the suffering created food riots led by woman,, resistance to conscription, food impressment, and taxation increased as did hoarding and black market commerce. since so many men left for war the task of keeping the family together and maintained agricultural production fell increasingly to woman Managed slaves, some learned to plow, and harvest, became school teachers, worked in confederate agencies in richmond, chose nursing in hospitals and in temporary care facilities for wounded soldiers Effect: the experience of the 1860s caused woman to question the prevailing southern assumption that females were unsuited for certain activities and were unfit for the public sphere. After the war there were more woman than men so a large number of widowed or unmarried woman found work by necessity thus expanding the roles for women in southern society. Slaves- confederate leaders were more terrified of slave revolt and enforced slave codes with more severity Slave still found a way to escape behind union lines in search of freedom They were resistant to their authority since masters and overseers for whom were at war. They found it easier to resist woman authority. Similar to the north Despite the economic woes of the south, the war transposed confederate society in many of the same way it was changing the union- The changes were particularly significant in woman Unlike the north In the north, the production of all foods, artificial and industrial, increased somewhat during the war, but in the south production declined by more than a third

Copperheads-

Democrats that opposed to the war (known as "peace democrats" or "copperheads" by their opponents)

What two factions were trying to control the Republican Party, the goals of each, and which faction Lincoln supported

Despite their surface unity in 1864 and their general agreement on most economic matters, the republicans disagreed on the issue of slavery. Radicals led in confess by pressure Thaddeus stevens of pennsylvania and suitors charles sumner of massachusetts and benjamin wade of ohio(committee of conduct of the war) - wanted to use the war to abolish slavery immediately and completely While conservatives favored slower more gradual and less sure you've processes for ending slavery. In the beginning they had the support of lincoln Despite lincoln's cautious view of emancipation momentum began to gather behind it early in the war, In 1861 congress passed the confiscation act, which declared that all slaves used for "insurrectionary" purposes (that is , in support of the confederate military effort) would be considered freed Subsequent laws in the spring of 1862 abolished slavery in washington, D.C, and in the western territories, and compensated owners. In july 1863, the radicals pushed through congress the second confication act, which again declared dree slaves of persons aiding and supporting the insurrection (where or not the slaves themselves were doing so) and which also authorised the president to employ african americans, including freed slaves, as soldiers. 1.) contraband of war- suportig the insurection free 2.) any one in rebellion agaisnt the united states free plus authorized the president to employ african american troops

Massachusetts 54th Regiment-

Fighting units- the best known was probably the 54 Massachusetts infantry which (like most black regiments) has a white commander. Robert Gould Shaw, a member of an aristocratic Boston family. Shaw and more than half of his regiment died during the battle near Charleston, South Carolina in the summer of 1863.

The foreign-policy objectives of the Union and the Confederacy, how each attempted to achieve these objectives, which was most successful, and why?

Foreign policy objectives of union William seward, was the secretary of state in washington and he gradually became one of the great american secretaries of state. he has invaluable assign form charles francis adam, the american minister to london, who has inherited the considerable diplomatic talents of his father john quincy adams and his grandfather john adams. After lincoln issued the emancipation proclamation groups in england worked particularly avidly for the union Southern leaders held to counter the strength of the british anti slavery forces by arguing that access to southern cotton was vital to the english and french textile industries, by the "king cotton diplomacy" in which the confederacy had hoped in had failed. English manufacturers had a surplus of both raw cotton and finished goods on hand in 1861 and could withstand a temporary loss of access to american cotton. Later, a the supply of american cotton began to diminish, both england and france mafed to keep some of their mills open by importing cotton from egypt, india and other sources. Equally important english workers the people most severely threatened by the cotton shortage did not clamor to have the blockade broken and even after 500,000 workers were out of jobs form closing mills they still supported the north In the end no nation could offer diplomatic recognition of the confederacy or interest in the war, no nation wanted to antagonise the u.s. Unless the confederacy was likely to win two confederate diplomats and john slidell, had slipped through the them ineffective union blockade to havana cuba, where they boarded an english streamer, the trent to england. Waiting in cuban water was the american frigate san jacinto, commanded by charles wilkes, acting without authorisation, wilks stopped the british vessel, arrested the diplomatts and carried them in triumph to boston. The british demanded the release of the prisoners. Reparations and an apply. Lincoln and seward aware that wiles had violated maritime law and unwilling to risk war with england stalled the nationals into american public opinion cooled off. A second diplomatic crisis happened when the condedere=act about six ship known as commerce destroyed fro a a by british shipyard because they were not able to construct their own. Best known are the florida, shydonah , and alabama. The united states protest that this slaw of military equipment was a violation of neutrality and the prestes came the basis, after the war, of damage claims by the united states against great britain,

Confiscation Acts-

In 1861 Congress passed the confiscation act, which declared that all slaves used for "insurrectionary" purposes (that is, in support of the Confederate military effort) would be considered freed (contraband of war- the power to seize enemy property used to wage war against the united states) In July 1862, the radicals pushed through Congress the second confiscation act, which again declared free slaves of persons aiding and supporting the insurrection (whether or not the slaves themselves were doing so) and which also authorized the president to employ African Americans, including freed slaves, as soldiers.

The Union's plan for the conquest of the West, how the Confederates proposed to defend this area, how the campaign advanced, what battles took place, and which of the two armies more nearly achieved its objectives

New orleans Union forces were trying to seize control of the southern misisippi river, which would divide the confederacy and give north east transportation into the heart of the south. Northern soldiers advanced on the rice from both north and south moving downriver from kentucky and upriver from the gulf of mexico towar new orleans In april, a union squadron of ironclads and wooden ships fathered in the gulf of mexico. Then smashed pask wek confederate fort near the mouth of the mississippi and from there up to new orleans, Which was defenseless because the confederate high command had expected the attack to come from the north. The city surrendered on april 25- the first major union victory and an important turning point of the war From then on the south's largest city and most important banking center was in union hands. tennessee Confederate troops under albert sidney johns were stretched out in a long defensive line center at two for in tennessee (henry and donelson, tennessee and cumberland rivers) Since the fort we're all behind the main fouther flaks, in 18632 Ulysses s grant exploited their weakness and attract fort henry with ironclad riverboats and when they surrendered he moves to fort donelson where confederates put up a fight but in february 16, had to surrender By cracking the confederate center, france gained control of river communications and drove confederate forces out of kentucky and half of tennessee. Shiloh After seizing control of railroad land Grant marched to shiloh tennessee where a forced almost equal to his own led by albert sidney johnston and PGT beauregard caught him by surprise The result was the battle of shiloh, april 6-7. In The first days of fighting (during which johnson was killed) the southerness drive grant back up the river. Bit the next day with 25,000 fresh troops grant recover the lost ground and forced beauregard to withdraw south tried to win back tennesse and move up to kenntucky After the narrow union citroen at shiloh, northern forces occupied corinth, mississippi, the hub of several important railroads and establish control of the mississippi river as the far south as memphis. Braxton bragg who replaced johnston wanted to gain back the confederate army in the west but his campaign failed and in december 31- january second during the battle of murfreesboro or stones river her was forced to withdraw . By the end of the war the union made considerable progress in the west. · The Union's plan on the Virginia front in 1862, the general selected to carry this out, the Confederate general he faced, and the relative strength of the two armies Mclean finally facing a spring camoan whose purpose was to capire the confederate capital at richmond. But instead of heading overland directly toward richmond, mclean chose a complicated roundabout route that he tough would circumvent confederate troops (peninsular plan- down the potomac to peninsula east of richmond between james and york river) Mclennan begna the capin with only 100,00 men and 30,000 in washington to protect the capital but he insisted that as long as he was threatening richmond washington was safe and persuaded lincoln to send more men But before lincoln could send more men, a confederate army under Thomas J. ("stonewall") jackson changed his plans and staged a rapid march north through the shenandoah valley as if he were planning to cross the potomac and attack washington. Lincoln dispatched the 30,000 men under mcdowell to head off jackson. In a brilliant valley campaign of may 4 - june 9, 1862, jackson defeated two separate union fices and slipped away before mcdowell could catch him

Appomattox Court House-

In April 1856, Grant's army finally captured a vital railroad junction southwest of Petersburg, without rail access to other Confederate force. Lee could no longer hope to defend Richmond Realizing that further bloodshed was futile Lee arranged to meet Grant at a private home in the small town of Appomattox courthouse Virginia, There on April 9, he surrenders what was left of his forces and Nine days later near Durham North Carolina, Johnston surrendered to Sherman In military terms, the war was over

Abraham Lincoln's opinion on the legality of secession, and how that opinion was reflected in his action concerning Fort Sumter

In lincoln's inaugural address, which dealt directly with the secession crisis, Lincoln laid down several basic principles, Since the union was older than the constitution, no state could leave it. Acts of force or violence to support secession were insurrectionary. And the government would "hold, occupy, and posses" federal property in the seceded states a clear reference to Fort Sumter Union forces were beginning to run out of supplies and unless they received fresh provision, the fort would have to be evacuated. Lincoln believed that if he surrenders Sumter, his commitment to maintaining the union would no longer be credible. So he sent a relief provisions to the fort, carefully informing the south carolina authorities that there would be not intending to send troop or munitions unless supply ships met with resistance. HOWEVER THE CONFEDERATES DECIDED THAT IT WAS worse to be cowardly than belligerent and wandered general PGT beauregard, commander of confederate forces at halston, to take the island, by force if necessary. When Anderson refused to surrender, the confederates bombarded the fort for two days april 12-13. On april 14 anderson surrendered the civil war had begun. Lincoln began mobilizing the north almost immediately and equally as promptly four more slave states secede from the union arkansas, virginia, north carolina, and tennessee.

The impact that technology had on the conduct of the war. Which technological inventions made the most difference and which side gained the most from their use?

New technologies of the civil war transformed the nature of combat and made the civil war referred to as the first total war or modern war. Obvious change in war in 1860s: the nature of armaments that both sides used in battle. Introduction of repeating weapons Samuel colt had patented a separating pistol (the revolver) in 1835, but more important for military purposes was the repeating rifle, introduced in 1860 by oliver winchester. Improved cannons and artillery, a result of advances in iron and steel technology of the previous decade These devastating advances in the effectiveness of arms and artillery changed the way soldiers in the field fought. Battles could no longer be fought with line of infantry soldiers standing erect in a detailed firing volleys at their opponents until one side with drew Since that would produce inconceivable slaughter, soldiers now we're staying low to the ground and behind cover. (first time did not fight in formation) Gradually the dealings of the new war engaged armies on both sides to spend a great deal of time building elaborate fortification and trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire. The sieges if vicksburg and petersburg, the defense of richmond, and many other seinfeld led to the constitution of vast fortification around cities and atting armies (they were the predecessors to the great network of trenches that name so central a part of world war 1). Hot air balloons employed intermittently to provide a view of enemy formation in the field Ironclad ships which as the merrimas (or virginia and the monitor, torpedoes, and submarine technology all suggested the framatic changed that would soon overtake naval warfare The railroad and the telegraph The railroad trandered million soldiers to the front and in a single field army could number as many as 250,000 men. Transporting such enormous numbers of soldiers, and the supplies necessary to sustain the world has been almost impossible without railroads. (commanders organised their location to the location of railroads) The telegraph was limited because of the scarcity of telegraph operators and cringing telegraph wire into field The US military telegraph corps headed by Thomas scott and andrew carnegie trained and employed 1,200 operators. Gradually union and confederate troops learned to string telegraph wire along the route of the troops and their commander were able to say in close touch with one another during battles BOTH union and confederate spires sent spies behind enemy lines who tied to tap the list of their opponent and send important information about troop movement and formation. technilgy- revolver, repeasting rifle, bether artilerary and cannon, hot air balloons, ironclads, railroads,telegraph

The reason why the "Union Party" was created and its candidates

In the election of 1864 the republican had suffered heavy losses in the confessional election of 1862, and in response leaders of the party tried to create a broad coalition of all the groups that supported the war. They called the new organization the union party, but in reality it was little more than the republican party and a small faction of war democrats. The union party nominated lincoln for another term as president and andrew johnson of tennessee, a war democrat who has oppoded his state's decision to secede , for the vice presidency. in the election of 1864 the democrats nominated George B. Mcclellan, celebrated former union general who had been relieved of his command by lincoln. The party adopted a platform focusing the war and calling for a truce. Mcclellan repudiated that demand, but the democrats were clearly the peace party in the campaign, triying to profit from growing war weariness and down the union's discouraging military position in the summer of 1864 (however shermans taking atlanta was a turning point that unided the republican party beihind lincoln and lincoln made special arrangments to let troops vote- Lincoln won)

How the Confederacy attempted to finance the war, problems it faced, and the results

It involved creating a national revenue system in a society unaccustomed to significant tax burdens. It depended on a small and unstable banking system that had little capital to lend. Because most wealth in the south was invested in slaves and land, liquid assets were scarce, and the confederacy's only gold - seized from the u.s. Mints located in the south was worth only about 1 million. The confederate congess tried at first not to tax the people directly but to requisition funds form the initial states. Most of the states, howeder, were unwilling to tax their citizens and paid their shares, when they paid them at all, with bonds or notes of dubious worth. In 1863, the congess enacted an income tax which planters could pay "in kind" (as the percentage of their produce. But taxation never provided the confederacy with much revenue; it produced only about 1 percent of the government's total income. Borrowing was not much more successful . the confederate government issued bond in such a vast amount that the public lost faith in them and stopped buying them. Efforts to borrow money in europe using cotton as collateral fared no better (cotton from other places) As a result the confederacy had to pay for the war though the least stable, most destructive form of financing, paper currency, which it began issuing in 1861. By 1864, the confederacy had issued the staggering total of 1.5 billion in paper money, more than twice what the union had produced. And unlike the union, the confederacy did not establish a uniform currency system, which produced chaos and confusion. The result was inflation, fare worse than anything the north experienced, prices in the north rose 80 percent in the north and 9000 in the south which had devastating effects on morale.

How the Confederacy proposed to raise troops for the war, how these plans compared with those of the Union, and how successful were they and why

Like the union they first raised a military through volunteers but by 1861 this was declining.In april 1862 they called for a conscription act that require all white males between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five to 3 years of military service. Like in the north people could pay a drafte avoidance fee but it was too much high (it was repealed in 1863 form opposition form north whites) and some white man on plantation would send 20 slaves for one white man. This caused opposition for the same complaint in the north. "It's a rich man's war, but a poor man's fight". Conscription worked for a time. At the end of 18632, 500,000 men were in the confederate military ( a total of 900,00 in the course of the war) This does not include the many slave men and woman that fought during the war that saved the south from man power. Later in the war. As the union had cut of large areas of the confederacy the population for constipation or recruitment was cut off. Desperate measure included recruiting people form 17-50. In 1854- to 1854 their were 100,000 desertion. And the confederate authorised the consumption of 300,000 slaves but the war ended before the experiment was attempted. ·

Lincoln's view of the extent of presidential war powers, and how Lincoln used these powers against opponents of the war

Lincoln moved boldly as well to use the war powers of the presidency, ignoring what he considered inconvenient parts of the constitution Because he said, it would be foolish to lose the whole by being afraid to disaregard a part. He sent troops into battle without asking for congress for a declaration of war (Lincoln insisted on calling the conflict a domestic insurrection, which requires no formal declaration of war; to ask for a declaration would, he believed, constitute implicit definition of the confederacy as an independent nation. He exceed the size of the regular amey without receiving legislative authority to do so. He unilaterally proclaimed a naval blockade of the south Wartime repression Since lincoln's greatest political problem was the widespread popular opposition to the war that was mobilized was the democratic party (the peace democrats feared that the agricultural northwest was losing influence to the industrial witts and the republican nationalism wa eroding states; rights), lincoln used extraordinary methods to suppress them Lincoln ordered military arrests of civilian didsenters and supended the right of habeas corpus (the right of a persoa to be released by a judge or court for unlawful detention, as in the case of insufficient evidence know what one is being arrested for to better defend themselves- valid reason). At first, Lincoln used these methods only in sensitive areas such as the border states; but in 1862 he proclaimed that all persons who decorated enlistment or engaged in disloyal practiced were subjected to martial law. In all 13,000 persons were arrested and imprisoned for varying periods Prominent copperhead- ohio congressman clement L. vallandigham- was seized by military authorities and exiled to the confederacy after he made a speech claiming that the purposes of the war was to free the blacks and enslave the whites Lincoln defied the orders of the supreme court when Chief justice Taney issued a writ (ex parte merryman) requiring him to release an imprisoned maryland secessionist leader (suspended right of habeous corpus, lincoln ignored it, (after the war, in 1866. The supreme court ruled in ex parte milligan that military trial in areas where the civil courts existed were unconstitutional). :Lambden milligan tried to create a branch of confederacy in northwest

Habeas corpus-

Lincoln ordered military arrests of civilians (against union) and suspended the right of habeas corpus - the right to have a valid reason for why you are being arrested for to better defend yourself.

Fredericksburg-

Lincoln replaced Mcclellan with, Ambrose Burnside, who was a short-lived mediocrity who tried to move towards Richmond by crossing the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg, the strongest defensive point on the river. There on December 1, he launched a series of attacks on lee, all of them bloody and hopeless, After losing a large part of his army, Burnside withdrew to the north bank of the Rappahannock. He was relieved at his own request,

The factors, other than political pressure, that brought about the Emancipation Proclamation; what the Proclamation really accomplished; when full emancipation really came

Many slaves were taken from their plantations and put to work building defenses and other chores, so once transported to the front, many of them found ways to escape across northern lines where they were treated as "contraband goods seizd from people who had not right to them. They could not be returned to their masters. By 1862, the union army often penetrated deeper into the confederacy. Almost everywhere they went, escaped slaves refused to work for their former masters, even though the union occupiers had not made any provision in liberating african americans. By the end of the war, slavery had been abolished in two union slave states- maryland and missouri- and in three confederate states occupied by union forces- Tennessee. Arkanas, and louisiana,The final step came in 1865 , when Congress approved that the necessary states ratified the thirteenth amendment, abolishing slavery as an institution in all parts of the united states. After more than two centuries, legalized slavery finally decided to exist in the united states.

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson-

Mclennan began the Peninsular campaign with only 100,00 men and 30,000 in Washington to protect the capital but he insisted that as long as he was threatening Richmond Washington was safe and persuaded Lincoln to send more men But before Lincoln could send more men, a Confederate army under Thomas J. ("Stonewall") Jackson changed his plans and staged a rapid march north through the Shenandoah Valley as if he were planning to cross the Potomac and attack Washington. Lincoln dispatched the 30,000 men under McDowell to head off Jackson. In a brilliant valley campaign of May 4 - June 9, 1862, Jackson defeated two separate union forces and slipped away before McDowell could catch him

The battles fought in the East in 1862: How did Lincoln's action toward his commanders affect the war effort? What were the relative positions of the two armies at the end of 1862? Which side had been more successful in achieving its objectives?

Meanwhile confederate troops under joseph E. johnston were attacking me lens scanning army outside of richmond. BUt in the two days of the battle of the seven pines or fair oaks (may 31-june 1), confederates could not repel union forces, and johnston was badly wounded and replaced by robert e lee, who then recalled stonewall jackson from the shenandoah valley.. With a combined force of 85,000 to face McClellan 100,000. Lee launched a new offensive known as the battle of seven days (jun 25-July 1). Lee wanted to cut McClellan off from his base on the york river and then destroy the isolated union army. But McClellan fought his way across the ensinsult and set up a new bse in the kames. There with nasal support, the amy of the army was safe McCleen was now only 25 miles from richmond with a secure line of waste communication. He was in a good position to renew his campaign but time and time again he found a reason to delay. Instead of replacing McClellan with a more aggressive commander, lincoln finally orfed the amy to move to northern virginia and join smaller force under john pope. (The president hope to begin a new offensive against richmond on the direct overland route that he preferred) As the army of the potomac left the peninsula lee moved with the army of northern virginia and pope did not wait for mcclellan's men to join him . In the second battle of bull run or manassas (august 29-30) lee threw back the asut and routed pope's ar, which fled to washington. The campaign against richmond was now in disarray and lincoln removed pope from command and put mcClellan in charge of all union forces in the region. In antietam creek on september 17, the bloodiest single day engagement of the war occurred, Mcclellan;s 87,000 man army repeatedly attack lee's force of 50,000, with enormous casualties on both sides- 6,000 died and 17,000 sustained injuries. Late in the day, as the confederate line seemed ready to break jackson's troops form japers ferry arrives as reinforcements. Mcclellan might had broken though with one more assault. Instead, he allowed lee to retreat to virginia. Technically antietam was a union victory, but in reality, it was an opportunity squandered and in november lincoln remove Mcclellan from command Lincoln replaced Mcclellan with, Ambrose burnside, who was a short lived mediocrity who tried to move towards richmond by crossing the rappahannock at fredericksburg, the stones defensive point on the river. There on december 1, he launched a series of attacks on lee, all of them bloody and hopeless, After losing a large part of his army, Burnside withdrew to the north bank of the Rappahannock. He was relieved at his own request, bull run- south bull run 2 south antietam technically north pensicular campain failed South was more successful Lincoln failed to find a commander he could trust

Alabama-

Mississippi (january 9, 1861) Florida (january 10), Alabama (january 11), Louisiana (January 26), and Texas (february 1)- had seceded. In February 1861, representatives of the seven seceded states met at Montgomery Alabama, and announced the formation of a new nation: the confederate states of America. The response from the north was confused and indecisive. President James Buchanan told congress in December 1860 that no state had the right to secede from the union but suggested that the federal government had no authority to stop a state if it did

The impact the Civil War had on women in the North

Nurses, and many other women found the war a liberating experience. Elizabeth cady stanton and susan b. Anthony, who together founded the national women's loyal league in 1863 , worked simultaneously for the abolition of slavery and the awarding of suffrage to women. Clara barton, who was active during the war became an important figure in the nursing profession (and a founder of the american red cross), said in 1888 that "a War's end, woman was at lead 50 years advance of the normal position which continued peace would have assigned her" a bit of an exaggeration

The role did Lincoln proposed for the United State Navy, how the Confederacy attempted to overcome this naval advantage and what was the result?

President Lincoln enforced a naval blockade of the southern coast on april 19, 1861. The navy's other important role was to assist the union armies in field operations The blockade of the south was never fully effective but it had a major impact on the confederacy The us navy could generally keep ocean going ships out of confederate ports For a time small blockade runners continue to slip though. But gradually federal forces seized confederate ports with the last important pro in confederate hand- wilmington, north carolina- fell to the union in 1865 The confederate made a attempts to break the clocake with new weapons, Ironclad warship- constructed by planting iron a former U.S. frigate, the merrimac, which the yankees has scrolled in norfolk when virginia seceded. On march 8, 1862 the refitted merrimac, renamed the virginia, left norfolk to attack a blockading squadron of wooden ships nearby hampton roads. Ot destroyed two of the ships and scattered the rest. By the union government had already built ironclads of its own. And one of them, the monitor, arrived off the coat of virgina onlu a few hours after the virginia's foray. The next day the virginia net wit the monitor in the first battle between two ironclad ships and neither were able to sink each other, by the monitor put an end to the virginia rais and preserved the block. The confederacy also experimented with small torpedoes but they never managed to overcome the union's naval advantages.' The union was able to navigate the regions between the appalachians and the mississippi and attack confederate stone points With no succfinicant army the south could only defend itself with fixed land fortifications which proved no match for the mobile land and water forces of the union.

Antietam-

Reason: Lee hoped that a major Confederate victory in a union state (Maryland) would convince Britain to give official recognition and support to the Confederacy. In Antietam Creek on September 17, the bloodiest single day engagement of the war occurred, Mcclellan's 87,000 man army repeatedly attacked lee's force of 50,000, with enormous casualties on both sides- 6,000 died and 17,000 sustained injuries. Later in the day, as the Confederate line seemed ready to break Jackson's troops from Harpers ferry arrives as reinforcements. Mcclellan might have broken through with one more assault. Instead, he allowed Lee to retreat to Virginia. Technically Antietam was a Union victory, but in reality, it was an opportunity squandered and in November Lincoln remove Mcclellan from command Antietam proved to be a decisive battle because the Confederacy failed to receive foreign support or recognition and Lincoln found an opportunity to announce plans for a direct assault on the institution of slavery with the emancipation proclamation.

How the Confederacy was finally defeated, and in what way the Union forces destroyed the South's will to carry on the fight

Richmond still had not fallen after a month long wilderness campaign that had costed grant 55,00 men and to ll;s 31,00. Grant changed his strategy and moved his army eat of richmond bypassing the capital altogether and headed south toad the railroad center at petersburg where lee came to the cities rescue and the assault become a prolonged nine month siege. Sherman's march in georgia sheman confronted confederate foces under johnson , when was unwilling to risk a diet engagement. Even though johnson won at kennesaw mountain her was unable to stop union advances toward atlanta. President davis replace johnson with the combative john b hood, who attack sheamus army but accomplish nothing. Sherman took atlanta on september 2. New of the victory electrived the north and helped unite the presley fived republican party behind president lincoln. Sherman left atlanta to begin his march to the sea where he lived off the land and destroyed supplied it could not use his army cut a 60 mile wide swath of desolation across georgia. By december 20th he had reach savannah which surender two days later and he made a destructive march through south carolina.. In april 1856, grant's army finally captured a vital railroad junction of the won without rail access thto the south but of another condedere force. Le coul no longer how to defend richmond Lee argues to meet cran at a private home in the small town of appomattox court house virginia, There on april 9, he surender what was left of his forces and Nine days later near durham north carolina johnston surrendered to sherman In military terms the war was over

The compromises proposed to bring these states back into the Union, and why they failed

Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky proposed the Crittenden compromise It called for several constitutional amendments, which would guarantee the permanent existence of slavery in the slave states and would satisfy southern demands on such issues of fugitive slaves and slavery in the District of Columbia. But the heart of Crittenden's plan was a proposal to establish the Missouri compromise line in all present and future territory of the united states: slavery would be prohibited north of the line and permitted south of the line. The remaining southerners in the Senate seemed willing to accept the plan, but the Republicans were not, The compromise would have required the Republicans to abandon their most fundamental position: that slavery could not be allowed to expand.

Which states were the first to secede, and the United States government's reaction to this

South carolina was a known hotbed of southern separatism and became the first to succeed when it called for a special convention and voted unanimously on december 20, 1860, to withdraw the state from the union. By the time Lincoln took office, six other states form the lower south--Mississippi (january 9, 1861) Florida (january 10), Alabama (january 11), Louisiana (January 26), and Texas (february 1)- had seceded. In February 1861, representatives of the seven seceded states met at Montgomery Alabama, and announced the formation of a new nation: the confederate states of America. The response from the north was confused and indecisive. President James Buchanan told congress in December 1860 that no state had the right to secede from the union but suggested that the federal government had no authority to stop a state if it did

Why states' rights was the greatest source of division in the Confederacy's war effort, what caused this division, and what was the effect

States rights had been a cult among white southerners that they resisted all effort to exert national authority, even those necessary to win the war. They restricted davis;s ability to impose martial law, and suspend habeas corpus. They obstructed conscription and the governor of georgia and north carolina tried to keep their own troops apat form the confederates and insisted on harding surplus supplies for their own state militias. Even so, the confederate government tried centralize power and by the end of the war their bureaucracy was larger than washington the successfully experimented with food draft Impressed slave that opposed their masters in working on military projects Imposed regulation on industry Seize control of railroads and shipping

Morrill Land Grant Act-

The Morrill Land Grant Act of the same year as the homestead act (1862) transferred substantial public acreage to the state government, which were to sell the land and use the proceeds to finance public education, This act led to the creation of many new state colleges and universities, the so-called land grant-institutions. Stimulate agricultural growth through agricultural education

War's long-term effects

The North's victory was not just a military one, it strengthened the North's economic giving a spur to industry and railroad development. It greatly weakened the souths by destroying millions of dollars worth of property and depleting the region's young male population. Southerners had gone to war in part because of their fears of foreign northern dominance. The war its, ironically, confirmed and strengthened that dominance. There was no doubt by 1865 that the future of the united states lay in the growth of industry and commerce which would occur outside the south. Victory for African American slaves 3.5 million people who had once lived in bondage emerged as free men and woman Emancipation Proclamation 13th amendment

Laird rams

The US minister to Britain, Charles Francis Adams, presented a potentially more serious threat. learning that the Confederacy had arranged to purchase Laird rams (ships with iron rams) from Britain for the use against the union's naval blockade, Adams persuaded the British government to cancel the sale rather than risk war with the united states.

The origins of the Confederate government: How did its constitution differ from that of the United States? Who were chosen as its leaders, and what problems did they face?

The confederate constitution was largely identical to the constitution of the united states, but with several significant exceptions: it explicitly acknowledged the sovereignty of the individual states (although not the right if secession). And it specifically sanctioned slavery and made its abolition (even by one of the states) practically impossible. At the confederate constitutional convention in montgomery they named a provisional president and a vice president. Jefferson davis of mississippi and alexander h stephens of georgia, who were later choses by the general electorate without opposition for a six year term. Davis had been a moderate sectionalism before the war, stephen had argued against secession. The confederate government, like the union government, war dominated by moderate leaders throughout the war. Also like the unions it was dominated less by old aristocrats of the eats than by the newer aristocrats of the west, of whom davis was the most prominent example. Davis was, in the end, an unsuccessful president. He war a reasonable able administrator and the dominating figure in his government, encountering little interference from the generally tame members of his unstable cabinet and serving as his own secretary of war. But he rarely provided genuinely national leadership. One shrewd confederate official wrote "all revolutionwear is with the enemy... with us timidity- hair splitting." Although there were no formal political parties in the confederacy, it congestion and popular parites faced a lot of discord. Although many white southerners supported the war, some white southerners (and of course most african americans who were aware of the course of events) opposed secession and war. Many white people in poorer "back country" and upcountry" regions, where slavery was limited refused to recognize the new confederate government or to serve in the southern army and some even fought for the Union army. People became for critical of the government and the military, particulate as the tide of battle turned against the south and the confederate economy decayed.

4 million freedmen-

The future of the freed slaves was to be full of challenges and hardships, but 3.5 million people (from the Confederate states) and 500,000 thousand form border states who had once lived in bondage emerged from the war as free men and free woman

How the Union proposed to finance the war, its success, and its effect on the economy

The government tried to do so in three ways: by leaving taxes, issuing paper currency, and borrowing. Congress levied new taxes ,on almost all foods and services; and in 1861 the government levied an income tax for the first time, with rates that eventually rose to 10 percent on incomes above 5,000. But taxation raised only a small proportion of the proportion of the funds necessary for financing the war, and strong popular resistance presented the government formed raising the rates. At least equally controversial was the printing of paper currency or "greenbacks". The new currency was backed not by gold or silver, but simply by the food faith and credit of the government (much like today's currency) The value of the greenback fluctuate according to the fortunes of the northern armies. Early in 1864, with the war effort bogged down, a greenback dollar was worth only 39 percent of a gold dollar. Because of the difficulty of making purchases with the uncertain currency, the government used greenbacks sparingly. The treasury issued only $450 million worth of paper currency- a small proportion of the cost of the war but enough to produce significant inflation. By far the largest source of financing for the war was loans form the american people. In previous wars, the government had sold bonds only to banks and to for wealthy investors, Now, however, the treasury persuaded ordinary citizens to buy over $400 million worth of bonds the first example of mass financing of a war in american history, Still, bond purchases by individuals constituted only a small part of the government's borrowing, which in the end totals $2.6 billion. Most of the loans to finance the war came from banks and large financial interests.

Homestead Act of 1862-

The homestead act of 1862 permitted any citizen or prospective citizen to claim 160 acres of public land and to purchase it for a small fee after living on it for 5 years

Second American Revolution

Transformed America into a modern society, and expanded the concept of American democracy.

Major engagements that were fought in 1861: What did they reveal about the possibility of an early end to the struggle and about the readiness of the two sides for a major conflict?

The union and the confederacy fought their first major battle of the war in northern Virginia. General irvin Mcdowell commanded the union army outside of washington and general PGT beauregard commanded the confederate army station 30 miles away in Mansas. If the union army cold destroy the confederate army, the union leaders believed, the war might enf at once. In mid july mcdowell marched his troops behind Bull run, moved his inexperienced troops towards mansas and beauregard moved his troops behind Bull Run, a small stream north of Mansas and called for reinforcements making the 2 armies now approximately the same size. On july 21, in the first battle of bull run, or the first battle of manassas, mcdowell almost succeeded in dispiriting confederate forces. But southerns stopped a last stand union assault and the began to counterattack. Tired after fighting the union troops suddenly panicked and broke rents and retreated chaotically Mcdowell was unable to reorganize the troops and he had to order a retreat to washington- a disorderly withdrawal complicated by the presents of civilians. The conderedats were organised by the vivoty as the union forces were by defeat, and short of supplies and transition, they did not pursue. The battle was a severe blow to the union morale and to president lincoln's confidence in his officers. It also dispelled the illusion that the war might be a brief one. Elsewhere in 1861 the union achieved some small but significant victories Nathaniel lyon who managed a small refula army force in st. lois moved his troops into the southern missor to face rebel forces who gathered behind governor claiborne jackson and other state officials who wanted to success In the battle of wilson's creek, lyon was defeated and killed but still weakened the skyking power of the confederate forces and union forces were able to hold most of the state Uner meccleme union forces liberate the anti secession mountain region of west virginia and west virginia in 1863 was admitted to the union as a state although it's mountains made it with no military value, it was a symbolic victory for the north

Sherman's March-

Transformed America into a modern society, and expanded the concept of American democracy.

What part women played in the Union's war effort

They took over positions vacated by ,men and worked as teachers, retail sales clerks,,office workers, and mill and factory hands. Above all woman entered nursing, a field previously dominated by men. The u.s sanitary commision, an organization of civilian volunteers led by social reformer dorthea dix, mobilized large numbers of female nurses to serve in field hospitals. By the end of the war, woman were the dominant force in nursing, by 1900, nursing had become an almost entirely female profession. Female nurses not only carded for patients but also performed other tasks considered appropriate for woman: cooking, cleaning, and laundering.

Why 1863 was the "year of decision", what took place in 1863 to swing the advantage to the side of the Union, where these battles occurred, who the generals involved were, what the battles accomplished, and why they were so important

This was a major turning point in the war because longer could the confederacy hope to win independence though a decisive military victory. Even though lee has defeated the union objectives at the battle of chancellorsville, he had not destroyed the union army and his ablest office, Jackson was wounded during the battle and dies of pneumonia. Major turning points: Vicksburg, in 1863, ulysses s, Grant ws driving at the two remaining confederate stronghold in the southern mississippi He attacked vicksburg from the rear end on july 4th the residents of vicksburg were starving and vicksburg surrendered, Port hudson louisiana also surrendered to the union force that had moved north from new orleans The union had achieved one of its basis military aim: control of the whole length of the mississippi. Now the confederacy was split in two The victories on the mississippi were a major turning point for the war During the siege of vicksburg lee proposed an invasion of pennsylvania, which would, he caught divert union troops north and to remove the pressure on the lower mississippi Lee though a major win on north soil would make england and france come to the confederates aid The union army of the patomas, commanded by hooker and them george c. meade moved north and encountered the confederates at gettysburg. There On july 1-3 , 1863 the fough the most celebrated battle of the civil war. Lees assault on union forces failed and he finally had to surrender or retreat and since lost nearly a third of his army he surrendered form vicksburg on july 4 and with fromw from gettysburg the same day. Never again were the weakened confederate forces able to threaten northern territory seriously Battle of chickamauga (september 19-20O union forced should not break confederate lies andreatred back to chattanooga, grant came to the rescue in the battle of C=Charrnoofa (november 23-25), the reinforced union army drove the confederates back to georgia. Northern troops occupied most of eastern tennessee. Union forces had now achieve a second important objective : conto of the tennessee river. Four of the eleven confederate states were now effectively cut off form the southern nation

Draft Riots-

To a people accustomed to a remote and inactive national government the conscription was a strange and threatening. Opposition to the law was widespread, among labor, immigrants, and Democrats opposed to the war (known as "peace democrats" or "copperheads" by their opponents) Opptionstion to the draft broke out into violence in new york city. Demonstrators rioted for four days in July 1863, after the first names were selected for conscription. It was among the most violent urban uprising in American history. More than 100 people died. Irish workers were at the center of the violence. They were angry because black strikebreakers had been used against them in a recent longshoremen's strike, and they blamed African Americans for the war, which they thought was being fought for the benefit of slaves who would soon be competing with white workers for jobs. The writers lynched a number of African Americans, burned down homes and businesses (mostly those of free blacks), and even destroyed an orphanage for African American children. Only the arrival of federal troops subdued the rioters.

Anaconda Plan-

Transformed America into a modern society, and expanded the concept of American democracy.

Bull Run-f one.

Transformed America into a modern society, and expanded the concept of American democracy.

David Farragut

Transformed America into a modern society, and expanded the concept of American democracy.

Election of 1864-

Transformed America into a modern society, and expanded the concept of American democracy.

Ex Parte Milligan-

Transformed America into a modern society, and expanded the concept of American democracy.

Fort Sumter-

Transformed America into a modern society, and expanded the concept of American democracy.

Gettysburg -

Transformed America into a modern society, and expanded the concept of American democracy.

Monitor vs. Merrimack-

Transformed America into a modern society, and expanded the concept of American democracy.

Pacific Railway Act-

Transformed America into a modern society, and expanded the concept of American democracy.

U.S. Sanitation Commission-

U .S sanitary commission, an organization of civilian volunteers led by social reformer Dorthea Dix, mobilized large numbers of female nurses to serve in field hospitals. The sanitary commission challenged counter-arguments about how a woman could not take care of men by attributing to nursing many domestic ideals that American society attributed to woman's work at home. Woman, a nurse, would play the A maternal, nurturing role as they played and wives and mothers Us sanitary commission not only organized woman to serve on the lines; it also funneled medicine and supplies to badly overtaxed field hospitals. The commission also (as the name suggest) helped spread ideas about the importance of sanitary conditions in hospitals and clinics and probably contributed to the relative decline of death by disease in the civil war. Nevertheless, twice as many soldiers died of disease- malaria, dysentery, four, gangrene, and others- has died in combat during the war.

Ulysses S. Grant-

Ulysses s. grant, who shared Lincoln believe in making enemy armies and resources, not enemy territory, the target of military efforts. Lincoln gave grant a relatively free hand, but the general always submitted at least the broad outlines of his plans to the president.

The advantages the Union had in the Civil War, and the advantages of the Confederacy

Union- (all the important material advantage lay with the north.) Its population was more than twice as large as that of the south and nearly four times as large as the non-slave population in the south), so the union had much greater manpower to reserve for both its armies and its workforce. The North had an advanced industrial system and was able by 1862 to manufacture almost all of its own war material. (The the south had almost no industry at all and, despite impressive efforts to increase its manufacturing capacity, had to rely on import from Europe throughout the war.) The north also had much better transportation that the south did and in particular, more and better railroads; twice as much track as the Confederacy and much better-integrated system of lines. During the war, the already inferior Confederate railroad system would deteriorate and almost collapse at the beginning of 1864. Confederacy- The south, for the most part, was fighting a decisive war on its own land and this had the advantage of local support and familiarity with the territory. The northern armies, on the other hand, were fighting mostly within the south, with long lines of communication, mid hostile local populations and with access only to the south's inadequate transportation system. The commitment of the white population of the south to the war was, with limited experience, clear and firm. In the north opinions about the war was divided and still remained shaky until the end, Southerners believed that the dependence of the english and french textile industries on american cotton would require those nations to intervene on the side of the confederacy.

How the Republican Party acted to expand the American economy during the war, which former political party their program was similar to, and why they were able to enact it

With southern forces now gone from congress, the republican party could exercise virtually unchallenged authority. During the war, it enacted an aggressively nationalistic program to promote economic develipment, particularly in the west. The homestead act of 1862 permitted any citizen or prospective citizen to claim 160 acres of public land and to purchase it for a small fee after living on it for 5 years, The Morrill Land Grant act of the seme year transferred substantial public acreage to the state government, which were to sell the land and use the proceeds to finance public education, This act led to the creation of many new state colleges and universities, the so-called land grant-institutions (agriculture), Congress also passed a series if tariff bills that by the end of the war had raised duties to the highest level in the nation's history- a great boon to domestic industries eager for protection from foreign competition. Congress also moved to complete the dream of a transcontinental railroad. It created two new federally chartered corporation: the union pacific railroad company, which was to build westward from omaha, and and the central pacific, which was to build westward from california, settling the pre war conflict over the location of the line. The two project where to meet in the middle and complete the link. The government provide free public land and generous loans to companies. The national Bank act of 1863-1864 created a new national banking system. Existing or newly formed banks could join the system if they had enough capital and were willing to invest one-third of it in government securities. In return, they could issue U.S treasury notes as currency. The entire system eliminated much of the chaos and uncertainty in the nation's currency and created a uniform system of national bank notes. These policies resembled the whigs, federalists

Robert E. Lee-

a moderate by the standard of southerners in the 1850s who opposed secession and was ambivalent about slavery, but he could not bring himself to break with his region, and he left u.s. Army to join Confederate forces beginning in 1861. he was and remains the most revered of all the white southern leaders of the civil war

Insurrection-

a violent uprising against an authority or government Because Lincoln said, it would be foolish to lose the whole by being afraid to disappear apart. He sent troops into battle without asking Congress for a declaration of war (Lincoln insisted on calling the conflict a domestic insurrection, which requires no formal declaration of war; to ask for a declaration would, he believed, constitute the implicit definition of the Confederacy as an independent nation.

13th Amendment-

abolishing slavery as an institution in all parts of the united states. After more than two centuries, legalised slavery finally ceased to exist in the united states.

John Wilkes Booth

an embittered actor and Confederate sympathizer that shot and killed President Lincoln while he was attending a performance in Ford's theater in Washington on April 14.

Morrill Tariff Act-

congress also passed a series of tariff bill that by the end of the war has raised duties to the highest level in the nation's history- a great boon to domestic industries eager for protection from foreign competition.

Greenbacks-

controversial was the printing of paper currency or "greenbacks". The new currency was backed not by gold or silver, but simply by the good faith and credit of the government (much like today's currency), The value of the greenback fluctuate according to the fortunes of the northern armies. Early in 1864, with the war effort bogged down, a greenback dollar was worth only 39 percent of a gold dollar. Because of the difficulty of making purchases with the uncertain currency, the government used greenbacks sparingly. The treasury issued only $450 million worth of paper currency- a small proportion of the cost of the war but enough to produce significant inflation.

Consequences of the Civil War

dominance of the north settles arguments of nullification and secession supremacy of federal government abolition of slavery 13th amendment formally abolished slavery as an institution consolidation of the north mechanization of farming transportation (railroads) growth in manufacturing During the war woman could be field nurses gave impetus to woman's suffrage movement after the war struggled without husbands vacated wartime jobs emancipation 4 million slaves freed protected by the us constitution second American revolution transformation into modern society expanded concept of american democracy

Vicksburg-Vicksburg,

in 1863, Ulysses s, Grant was driving at the two remaining Confederate strongholds in the southern Mississippi He attacked Vicksburg from the rear end on July 4th the residents of Vicksburg were starving and Vicksburg surrendered, Port Hudson Louisiana also surrendered to the unifying force that had moved north from New Orleans The union had achieved one of its basic military aims: control of the whole length of the Mississippi. Now the Confederacy was split in two The victories on the Mississippi were a major turning point for the war

George McClellan-

in the election of 1864, the Democrats nominated George B. Mcclellan, celebrated former union general who had been relieved of his command by Lincoln. The party adopted a platform focusing the war and calling for a truce. McClellan repudiated that demand, but the Democrats were clearly the peace party in the campaign, trying to profit from growing war weariness and down the union's discouraging military position in the summer of 1864 Commander of the Union Army of the Potomac, second general in chief to the union army, characterized by the ability to marshal troop but also by his hesitance to attack the Confederacy

William Tecumseh Sherman-

like grant was able to see beyond his academic training and envision a new kind of warfare in which destruction of resources was as important as battlefield tactics.

Women in the workplace-

responding not only to the needs of employers for additional labor but to their own, often desperate, need for money, woman found themselves, by either choice or necessity, thrust into new and often unfamiliar roles during the war. They took over positions vacated by man and worked as teachers, retail sales clerks, office workers, and mill and factory hands. Most prominently woman worked as nurses.

Executive power

supporting the expansion of Lincoln's executive powers essential for public safety people have invoked civil liberties to promote rebellion(clamp down on these individuals ) people who are encouraging disloyalty are just as guilty (the person is guilty that makes people want to leave the army) There is a rebellion (National emergency, quick military trial) Criticism Clement Vallandigham-denied writ of habeas corpus ex parte Merryman only congress- not the president can suspend the writ of habeas corpus (article 9) Argued Lincoln was denying people right to trial by peers (not military tribunal) Ex parte Milligan Only invoke martial law when there's an actual invasion not an actual invasion in Indiana unconstitutional the only civilian court can try him (which was available).

How the scholarly debate over the causes of the Civil War revolved around the question of whether it was a "repressible" or an "irrepressible" conflict

the "irrepressible conflict": because the north and south had reached positions on slavery that were both irreconcilable and seemingly unalterable some historians claim the conflict was inevitable. (social and cultural factors as well as economic and moral) Other historians have argued that the civil war might have been avoided, that the difference between north and south were not so fundamental as to have necessitated war. (revisionists, Collapse of the second party system)

Winfield Scott-

the aging hero of the Mexican war, but was unprepared for the magnitude of the new conflict and retired on November 1861

Trent Affair-

two Confederate diplomats James Mason and John Slidell had slipped through the then ineffective union blockade to Havana Cuba, where they boarded an English steamer, the Trent, to England. Waiting in Cuban water was the American frigate San Jacinto, commanded by Charles Wilkes, acting without the authorization, Wilks stopped the British vessel, arrested the diplomats and carried them in triumph to Boston. The British demanded the release of the prisoners, Reparations and an apology. Lincoln and Seward aware that Wilks had violated maritime law and unwilling to risk war with England stalled the nationals into American public opinion cooled off.

Shiloh-

wanting to seize control of the railroad lines Grant marched to Shiloh Tennessee where a force almost equal to his own led by Albert Sidney Johnston and PGT Beauregard caught him by surprise The result was the battle of Shiloh, April 6-7. The first days of fighting (during which Johnson was killed) the southern drove grant back up the river. But the next day with 25,000 fresh troops grant recover the lost ground and forced Beauregard to withdraw After the narrow union victory at Shiloh, northern forces occupied Corinth, Mississippi, the hub of several important railroads and establish control of the Mississippi River as the far south as Memphis.