Unit 2 - Ch. 11

A group of Gram-negative bacteria has a spiral shape and a unique motility mechanism that allows them to move through thick, viscous substances. This group is called the _______

spirochetes

Scientists are interested in studying the growth of extreme _______, archaea that grow near volcanic vents and fissures because these conditions are thought to mimic early earth's environment

thermophiles

Bacteria that oxidize sulfur are Gram-negative rods or spirals that

use sulfur compounds as an energy source and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor

Aerobic chemolithotrophs obtain energy by oxidizing reduced inorganic chemicals, using ______ as a terminal electron acceptor

oxygen

Aerobic chemolithotrophs obtain energy by oxidizing reduced inorganic chemicals, using ________ as a terminal electron acceptor

oxygen

Ecophysiology is the study of the _______

physiological mechanisms bacteria and archaea use to live in terrestrial and aquatic environments

Bdellovibrio species ______

prey on Gram negative bacteria like E. coli bore a hole in the cell wall of their prey are highly motile Gram-negative curved rods

Cyanobacteria as a group are capable of ______

both photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation

How do aerobic chemoorganotrophs obtain their energy?

by oxidizing organic compounds by using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor

The _______ bacteria have projections called prosthecae, which are extensions of the cytoplasm and cell wall that increase the surface area to facilitate absorption of nutrients

prosthecate

As a group, anaerobic chemoorganotrophs ______

can obtain energy via fermentation produce ATP via substrate level phosphorylation

The cells of species in the genus Neisseria are ______

cocci Gram-negative typically found in pairs

The purpose of the sheath in sheathed bacteria is for _______

protection

The purple bacteria are Gram-negative organisms that can appear ______ due to their light-harvesting pigments

red, orange, & purple

The study of the various adaptations prokaryotes use to survive terrestrial and aquatic environments is called

ecophysiology

Of the various types of dormant cells, the ______ is the most resistant to environmental extremes

endospore

In this micrograph of stained bacterial cells, the structures forming in the mid-portion of the cells are called _______

endospores

Prosthecate bacteria form projections called prosthecae, which are extensions of the cytoplasm and cell wall. These prosthecae ______

facilitate absorption of nutrients

Obligate aerobes obtain energy using ________ exclusively; none of them can ferment

respiration

An anaerobic chemoorganotroph that uses glucose for energy and pyruvate as its terminal electron acceptor is performing _______

fermentation

Prokaryotes that grow well in an environment that contains 32% NaCl would be called extreme ______

halophiles

_______ species are Gram-negative curved rods that are highly motile and prey on other Gram-negative rods by boring a hole in their cell wall

Bdellovibrio

A group of bacteria called green bacteria are _______

Gram-negative

Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae are ________

Gram-negative rods

Which of the following genera of organisms forms a beneficial symbiotic relationship with plants?

Rhizobium

An organism that cannot reproduce outside of a host cell is termed an ______ ______ parasite

obligate intracellular

Nitrifiers can be described as bacteria that _______

obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrite; are Gram-negative

Chemoorganotrophs oxidize _______ compounds such as glucose to obtain energy

organic

Aerobic chemoorganotrophs gain energy via the ________, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor

oxidation of organic compounds

How do obligate aerobes obtain energy?

using respiration only

Extreme thermophiles are found near ______

volcanic vents hot springs hydrothermal vents

Oxygenic phototrophs use ______ as a source of electrons for reducing power, generating O2

water

Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria such as Aquifex and Hydrogenobacter are ______

Gram-negative, thermophilic, & obligate chemolithotrophs

Spirochetes are bacteria that are ______ and possess a unique mechanism of _______

Gram-negative; motility

Aside from green and purple bacteria, Gram-positive endospore forming rods of the genus _______ are also anoxygenic phototrophs

Heliobacterium

Which of the following correctly describe relationships between genera of bacteria and their means for obtaining nutrients from plants?

Rhizobium species form a mutually beneficial relationship with certain types of plants Agrobacterium species are plant pathogens that cause tumor-like growths

Cyanobacteria as a group are capable of _______

both photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation

Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria ______

can use hydrogen sulfide or thiosulfate as an energy source can sometimes grow in filaments

The earliest oxygenic phototrophs probably belonged to a group of bacteria called the _______

cyanobacteria

Unlike in other anoxygenic phototrophs, in purple bacteria, the components of the photosynthetic apparatus are all located in the cell's ________ membrane

cytoplasmic

An organism that requires a minimum of 9% NaCl would be called an extreme ______

halophile

By definition, obligate intracellular parasites cannot ______

replicate outside of a host cell

Staphylococcus epidermidis is part of the normal microbiota of the _______

skin

In a healthy individual, anaerobes can regularly be found on and in the _______

skin, oral cavity, and intestinal tract

The motile cells found in sheathed bacteria are called ______ cells, and these exit through the end of the sheath

swarmer

______ species are Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic, make up about a third of the bacteria in fecal matter in humans, and are associated with abscesses and bloodstream infections

Bacteroides

True or false: Scientists now understand the true diversity of microbial life and have determined the relationships between the millions of prokaryotes that exist

False

During photosynthesis, anoxygenic phototrophs use _______ as a source of electrons to make reducing power

H2S

A reason why environments that are routinely exposed to O2 can support anaerobic growth is that _______

O2-consuming organisms depletes the oxygen levels

I say: "Gram-negative bacteria, that are typically kidney-bean-shaped cocci in pairs. You say:

"Neisseria"

_______ gain energy via the oxidation of reduced inorganic chemicals, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor

Aerobic chemolithotrophs

Characterized members of the domain _______ typically thrive in extreme environments, such as high heat, acidity, alkalinity, and salinity

Archaea

The purpose of storage granules produced by some bacteria is to store ______

nutrients

Which of the following bacteria is typically a harmless resident of the skin?

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Organisms that form storage granules include ______

Thioploca Thiomargarita Spirillum

Which of the following statements about microbial diversity is true?

We are only now beginning to understand the diversity of prokaryotes

Chemoorganotrophs that perform _______ often use sulfur or sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor

anaerobic respiration

Which of the following were likely the earliest photosynthesizing organisms?

anoxygenic phototrophs

An organism found in an environment that is very hot and acidic is most likely a member of the domain ______

archaea

Most of the anaerobic chemolithotrophs that have been discovered are members of what domain?

archaea

Members of the Gram-negative genera Aquifex and Hydrogenobacter are hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. An example of their metabolism involves using ________

hydrogen as a source of energy and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, forming water

Enterobacteriaceae get their name because they reside in the ______ tract of humans and animals

intestinal

The normal habitat of Bacteroides species in humans includes the ______

mouth intestines genital tract

The green bacteria are Gram-______ organisms that are typically green or brownish in color

negative

A diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrate are known as _______

nitrifiers

A diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrate are known as ________

nitrifiers

Many cyanobacteria can convert nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia, which is a process called ______

nitrogen fixation

As a group, chemolithotrophs _______ to obtain energy

oxidize reduced inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen gas

Like the green and purple bacteria, members of the genus Heliobacterium are also examples of anoxygenic phototrophs. They are _______ bacteria related to members of the genus Clostridium

rod-shaped, Gram-positive, & endospore-forming