Unit 2: Environmental pollution

Effects of noise pollution

1. Contraction of blood vessels 2. Making skin pale 3. Excessive adrenaline, which is a sign of high blood pressure. 4. Abortion, Heart attacks, neurological problems 5. Mental distress 6. Anxiety, nervousness 7. Eardrum damage

Natural sources of radiation

1. Cosmic radiation 2. Terrestrial radiation 3. Internal radiation

Anthropogenic pollution

1. Deforestation 2. Industrialization 3. Transportation pollution 4. Buring of fossil fuels 5. Urbanization 6.Nuclear explosions, explosive mining 7. Unscientific agriculture

Control device for pollutants

1. Gravitational settling chamber 2. Filters 3. Electrostatic precipitators 4.

Types of wastes

1. Household waste as municipal waste 2. Industrial waste as hazardous waste 3. Hospital waste as Infectious waste

Different types of soil pollution causes

1. Industrial waste 2. Urban waste 3. Agricultural waste 4. Radioactive pollutants 5. Mining, construction etc.

Sources of Environmental Pollution

1. Man made sources ( Anthropogenic) 2. Natural sources

Prime factors affecting human health.

1. Nature of the pollution 2. Concentration of pollutants 3. Duration of exposure 4. Health state of the receptor 5. Age group of the receptor

What are the Criteria Air pollutants?

1. Ozone 2. Particulate matter 3. Lead 4. Carbon Monoxide 5. Nitrogen Oxide 6. Sulphur dioxide

Man made sources of radiation

1. Production of nuclear plants 2. Mining of radioactive ore 3. Medical waste 4. Nuclear power plants 5. Industrial radiography

Effect of Thermal pollution

1. Reduction in dissolved oxygen 2. Increase in toxicity 3. Food storage for fish 4. Interference in biological activity 5. Interference in reproduction 6. Direct morality

What are the 5 important R's?

1. Refuse 2. Reduce 3. Reuse 4. Repurpose 5. Recycle

Soil pollution control methods

1. Soil erosion control 2. Use of Natural fertilizers 3. Reduction of dumping unwanted wastes 4. Public awareness 5. Public hygiene 6. Recycling and reuse of wastes 7. Ban of toxic chemicals

Air control methods

1. Source correction methods 2. Zoning 3. Vegetation

Types of noise pollution

1. Transportation noise 2. Industrial/Occupational noise 3. Neighborhood noise 4. Recreational noise

Natural resources pollution

1. Volcanic eruptions 2. Bacteria 3. Cyst, Spores, pollens 4. Drought 5. Forest fires 6. Radioactive pollution 7. Dust storms 8. Natural organic matter decay

Types of cooling towers

1. Wet cooling towers 2. Dry cooling towers

Radioactive pollution

Addition of radiations to the environment using radioactive elements

Artificial lakes

Artificial lakes are man made water bodies that offer once through cooling.

Gravitational settling chamber principle

Centrifugal force is generated by high gas velocity and this force is used to remove pollutants from the air.

Nonpoint sources

Contamination of water from substances that do not come from a discrete, specified source. It cannot be tracked or located anywhere.

Silence area

Day : 40 Night: 50

Residential area

Day: 55 Night: 45

Commercial area

Day: 65 Night: 55

Limits of Noise : Industrial area

Day: 75 db(A) Night: 70

E-waste

Electronic waste is waste consisting broken or unwanted electrical or appliances.

EPI meaning

Environment Performance Index

Cooling ponds

Heated effluents are discharged maximize dissipation of heat to the atmosphere and minimize the water area and volume.

Zoning

High level industries should be placed far away from cities. In Bangalore, there are three types of zones, light medium and high. In Delhi, high level industries are not permitted.

Wet cooling towers

In this hot water is coming out of the condenser and sprayed over the baffles. Cool air with high velocity is passed over the sides and it cools the air.

Dry cooling towers

In this hot water passes through long spiral pipes. Cool air with help of a fan is passed through the pipe and the water is cooled and later recycled.

Electrostatic Precipitators principle

It is a physical process by which particles are suspended in gas stream and are charged electrically, and under the influence of electric field, and separated from the gas stream.

Source correction methods

It is done by prevent the formation of the pollutants or minimize the their emission from the source itself

Thermal pollution

It is the addition of excess of undesirable heat in the water therefore making it harmful for plants, animals and aquatic life.

Eutrophication

It is the process by which a body of water acquires high level of concentration of nutrients especially phosphates and nitrates. (Algae bloom)

Pollution

It is the process of contamination of biological and physical components of the environment to such an extend that the normal processes of environment are adversely effected.

Most dangerous Criteria Air pollutants

Particulate matter and ground level Ozone

Point sources

Point sources are sources that have a particulate source from where the pollutants are coming. In other words contamination of water bodies by substances released from a single, identifiable source such as a pipe.

Radioactive pollutants examples

Ruthenium 106, Iodine 131, Barium 140, Sr 90

Gravitational settling chamber

Simplest type of equipment, usually used for large particles from the air. The particles are forced to settle down because of the gravitational force, when sufficient resident time is provided.

Vegetation

Some plants dispollutant gases like carbon monoxide. Some species of plants depollute the air by metabolizing nitrogen oxides.

Examples of Persistent pollutants

Synthetic compounds and radioactive elements like Iodine 137, Strontium 90, and Plutonium 239.

Synergism

The phenomenon of increased toxicity by chemical interaction of pollutants. Example: Nitrogen Oxide and Hydrocarbons are two primary pollutants released from automobiles, but in the presence of sunlight they form peroxyacly Nitrate, which is far more toxic than the initial two pollutants.

Plastic

The term Plastic means materials which contain a essential ingredient a high polymer such as polyethylene.

Cooling towers

The use of water from water systems for cooling systems for cooling purposes with subsequent return to the water way after passage through a condenser is called cooling towers. Cooling towers transfer heat from hot water to atmosphere by evaporation.

Air pollution control equipment

These are done where emissions cannot be prevented from the source, therefore they're passed through a control device before leaving it in the ambient air again.

Criteria Air pollutants

These are pollutants set by Office of Air Planning and Standards that set six pollutants. These can cause some serious damage to human's health and cause property damage.

C&D waste

Waste that is formed during the construction, demolition or renovation of structures like buildings etc. Examples : Asphalt, Carpet paddling, Concrete, Corrugated Cardboard

Spray ponds

Water from the condenser is sprayed , heat from the droplets is dissipated in the atmosphere.

Chemical clean up methods

coagulants and dispersing agents

Mechanical clean up methods

skimmers and bolters