unit 2 hw

This term describes the temporary reversal of the resting membrane potential.

action potential

energy for transport is provided by the substrate, not the cell A (if secondary)

active transport, passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion

transport of substrate occurs from a region of high to low substrate concentration A (if secondary)

active transport, passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion

The "second messenger maker" for this receptor mentioned above (beta 2) is _________

adenylyl cyclase

A metabolic pathway that produces water, carbon dioxide, and ATP, and provides for a large amount of ATP per glucose

aerobic respiration

how many ATP, through substrate level phosphalation, are produced in the krebs cycle for every pyruvate that enter

1

What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis

2 moles formed

what is the maximum number of mole of ATP that can be produced from one mole of glucose molecule

30

how many NADH are produce for every pyruvate that enter the krebs cycle

4

how total moles of ATP are formed during glycolysis

4 formed (but what is the net gain)

How many carbons are in one molecule glucose

6

This neurotransmitter would begin an end plate potential in skeletal muscle.

ACH

Within the ANS, this neurotransmitter is produced by preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division plus preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division.

ACH

A neurotransmitter binds to a metabotropic receptor and PKA is ultimately activated, which type of neurotransmitter likely bound?

Adrenergic

Neurons that carry an impulse from a sensory receptor to the CNS.

Afferent or sensory

These fibers in spinal nerves have cell bodies outside of the CNS and carry incoming information.

Afferent, sensory fibers

Stimulates Beta 2 receptors and used to treat asthma.

Albuterol

This is an asthmatic's drug—it stimulates only B2 receptors on the lung.

Albuterol

This drug would reduce gut motility and reduce the amount of sweat production.

Atropine

This drug blocks the parasympathetic nervous system and in doing so, allows more control of the body by the sympathetic nervous system.

Atropine, block parasympathetic receptors (mAchR).. Blocks parasympathetic, flaccid paralysis of gut...

Processes that carry the action potential (impulse) away from the cell body.

Axon

This is where the neuronal cell body and axon meet. If a local potential is enough, a total reversal of resting membrane potential will begin in this location.

Axon Hillock

The specific name of the receptor that binds this neurotransmitter (norepinephrine) mentioned above is ________.

Beta 2

The CNS consists of these two structures.

Brain and spinal cord

synthesis of cholinergic neurotransmitter

CAT

Type of neuron that contains the ChAT enzyme and produces Acetylcholine.

Cholinergic

This toxinblocks nACH receptors; it causes flaccid paralysis and can lead to asphyxiation.

Curare, nAChR blocker/competitor, From tree sap, Causes flaccid paralysis, Large dose: asphyxiation,

A patient exposed to this toxin would require a ventilator until new AChE was synthesized.

DFP, permanent acetylcholine inhibitors, Without medical intervention of protopam you will die, Inject Atropine and Protopam (for organophosphates and anti-acetylcholinesterases)

The short, numerous, receptive processes of a neuron.

Dendrite

This α1 and β1 agonist is a catecholamine that can be used as a treatment for hypotension.

Dopamine

Binding of Glutamate would generate ___________ in a motor neuron and can result in muscle fiber contraction.

EPSPs

True or False (mark "A" or "B"): The nAChR is an example for the previous question.

False

True or False : The drug in the question above (phenylephrine) works as a decongestant because it vasodilates blood vessels in the nasal cavity.

False: causes blood vessels to vasoconstrict, which means less congestion.

True or False : The old formula for Sudafed was "pseudoephedrine." Taking this drug along with an MAOI is fine—the patient won't overdose on an adrenaline high.

False: pseudoephedrine is a sympathomimetic which would release more dumping of catecholamines into the cleft creating a high.

Alcohol triggers the receptor of this neurotransmitter but so do Benzodiazepines, which can be used for alcohol detox.

GABA

Anxiety? Try to increase IPSPs - Valium is an allosteric modulator used to promote the binding of this neurotransmitter to its receptor.

GABA

A low level of this neurotransmitter results in seizures and can be treated with agonists called anticonvulsants.

Gaba

A cluster of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS.

Ganglion

A low level of this neurotransmitter is one of many factors linked to the psychosis (delusions, paranoia) associated with Schizophrenia.

Glutamate

This neurotransmitter is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Glutamate

Preganglionic efferent fibers originate from these CNS places (note: there are three answers).

IMLCC SLGC Nuclei for Cranial Nerves III, VII, IX, X

A neurotransmitter opens a potassium ligand operated channel, the cell would have this type of post-synaptic graded potential.

IPSP

Binding of GABA would generate ___________ in a motor neuron and produce no muscle fiber contraction.

IPSPs

A neurotransmitter opens a chloride ligand operated channel, the cell would have this type of post-synaptic graded potential.

Ipsp

This anti-asthmatic drug allows for bronchodilation by stimulating 2 receptors, but can also cause increased heart rate.

Isoproterenol

In order for troponin to release the inhibition of tropomyosin, which of the above must occur?

It must bind to calcium

In order for a cross bridge (myosin head) to activate ("cock"), which of the above must occur?

It must hydrolyze ATP into ADP and Pi.

In order for a cross bridge to release from the thin filament after a power stroke is completed, which of the above must occur?

It must release ADP and Pi and bind to a new ATP

This club drug blocks glutamate receptors and shows promise as a powerful antidepressant drug.

Ketamine

This drug acts as a partial serotonin antagonist and can lead to hallucinations.

LSD

inhibitors of this enzyme elevate mood

MAO

enzyme used in destruction of catecholamines

MAO.

Mixing these drugs with sympathomimetics is like overdosing on catecholamines.

MAOIs

what are the two electron carriers

NADH and FADH2

This made-on-demand lipophilic neurotransmitter requires no receptor and affects a wide variety of cell types.

Nitric oxide

Gaps in the myelin sheath of a neuron.

Nodes of Ravier

Within the ANS, this neurotransmitter is only produced by postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division.

Norepinephrine

A cluster of neuronal cell bodies inside the CNS

Nucleus / Nuclei

Individuals with this genetic disorder lack the enzyme necessary to convert the amino acid precursor of various catecholamines and must adhere to strict dietary restrictions to prevent neurological toxicity during development.

PKU

These fibers in nerves have cell bodies OUTSIDE of the CNS, and they carry outgoing commands to involuntary effectors. (Three answers)

Para-vertebral ganglia/ sympathetic trunk ganglia and nerves Prevertebral/ collateral ganglia and nerves Terminal ganglia and nerves

nACH receptors are found on these neuronal cell bodies (three answers)

Para-vertebral ganglia/ sympathetic trunk ganglia and nerves Prevertebral/ collateral ganglia and nerves Terminal ganglia and nerves

If this drug were injected into a man's penis, we would see engorgement (erection).

Phentolamine, alpha blocker, block sympathetic output... more parasympathetic control... less vasoconstriction! Relaxation

New formula of Sudafed! Leads to vasoconstriction and less nasal congestion.

Phenylephrine

A patient taking this drug would "ooze" from every orifice and pore if their dose was too strong.

Pilocarpine, direct acting-muscarinic agonists = Muscarine, pilocarpine

These neuronal cell bodies are found in the walls of their effectors.

Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

The vagus nerve contains the axons of which autonomic neurons?

Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

In the autonomic nervous system, the neurons that have their cell bodies in the thoracic or lumbar region of the spinal cord are?

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

Which neuron would terminate (innervate) on the adrenal medulla?

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

SSRIs are antidepressant drugs (Prozac, Paxil) that inhibit reuptake of this neurotransmitter, increasing its time spent in the synaptic cleft stimulating its receptors.

Serotonin

The drug Ecstasy blocks the reuptake of this "feel good" tryptophan-derived neurotransmitter and potentiates its effects.

Serotonin

Somatic Motor neurons terminate here

Skeletal Muscle

Where do all postganglionic parasympathetic fibers terminate?

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

Where do all postganglionic sympathetic fibers terminate?

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue

The cell body of a neuron.

Soma

These fibers in spinal nerves have their cell bodies in the ventral gray column and terminate on voluntary effectors.

Somatic motor neuron/ fiber

CN III, VII, IX, and X nerves have fibers that are of this type. Their cell bodies are found in nuclei of the brain stem.

Somatic motor neuron/ fiber Pre-ganglionic Visceral motor cell bodies/ nerves (yes, they also have fibers that target skeletal muscle), and A (for CN VII, IX and X)

These fibers in spinal nerves have their cell bodies in the CNS; They carry outgoing commands. (Two answers)

Somatic motor neuron/fiber , Pre-ganglionic visceral motor cell bodies/ nerves

Decreased AChE activity results in overstimulation of muscle fibers called __________ paralysis.

Spastic

This autonomic division utilizes adrenergic receptors on its effectors as well as mACH receptors on the effectors found in the dermis.

Sympathetic Nervous System

T/F: A skeletal muscle fiber is synonymous with a single skeletal muscle cell

T

T/F: Fast-white fibers will fatigue more rapidly than slow-red fibers

T

Contains synaptic vesicles that will fuse with the neuronal membrane and release a neurotransmitter.

Terminal bouton

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers terminate on

Terminal ganglia and nerves

Amino acids and glucose, as well as ions and any charged species a) require a carrier to get through the cell membrane b) pass freely through the lipid bilayer by diffusion c) do not pass through any portion of the membrane at all

a

For skeletal muscle to contract, a neuron must first release____ onto the region known as the ____. a. Acetylcholine, endplate which has ligand-gated channels b.Acetylcholine, sarcoplasmic reticulum c. Norepinephrine, endplate which has ligand-gated channels d.Norepinephrine, sarcoplasmic reticulum

a

In the patellar tendon reflex, which of the following items will synapse directly on motor neurons that innervate the muscle being stretched? A. A sensory fiber B. An excitatory interneuron C. An inhibitory interneuron D. A motor neuron

a

Nasal, lacrimal, salivary, and gastrointestinal glands are stimulated by which of the following substances? A. Acetylcholine B. Norepinephrine C. Epinephrine D. Serotonin

a

People often ask why they get leg muscle cramps. Fact: Neural excitability is affected by changes in plasma calcium. Extracellular calcium binds to the surface of sodium voltage-gated channels, "stabilizing" them, that is, making them less likely to open when stimulated. Based on this information, ____ should cause muscle irritability and cramping. a) hypocalcemia b) hypercalcemia c) based on this information, calcium is not related to cramping phenomena

a

Sodium's electrochemical gradient drives it ___ the cell, and potassium's drives it ___ the resting cell. a) into, out of b) into, into c) out of, out of d) out of, into

a

Some local anesthetics, like lidocaine, act on neural (axon) membranes. It makes them less permeable to sodium. From what you know about membranes, decreasing sodium permeability will a) prevent the neuron from reaching threshold b) prevent a neuron from repolarizing c) bring the neuron's voltage closer to threshold d) not affect a neuron's membrane potential e) none of the above are correct

a

The excitatory or inhibitory effect of a postganglionic sympathetic fiber is determined by which of the following features or structures? A. Function of the postsynaptic receptor to which it targets B. specific organ innervated C. ganglion where the postganglionic fiber originates D. ganglion containing the preganglionic fiber E. emotional state of the individual

a

Which of the following electrical events is characteristic of inhibitory synaptic interactions? A. A neurotransmitter agent that selectively opens ligand-gated chloride channels is the basis for an inhibitory postsynaptic potential. B. Because the Nernst potential for chloride is about -70mV, chloride ions tend to move out of the cell along its electrochemical gradient. C. A neurotransmitter that selectively opens potassium channels will allow potassium to move into the cell D. An increase in the extra-cellular sodium concentration usually leads directly to an inhibitory postynaptic potential.

a

Which of the following statements best describes the response provoked by the spindle afferent signals? A. Contraction of the muscle in which the active spindles are located. B. Relaxation of the muscle in which the active spindles are located. C. Contraction of muscles antagonistic to those in which the active spindles are located. D. All muscles of the body will immediately experience spastic paralysis. E. All muscles of the body will immediately experience flaccid paralysis.

a

which one of the follow DOES occur in skeletal muscle contraction a. the SR releases calcium ions b. calcium ions bind to trop

a

Compared to unmyelinated neurons, the AP in myelinated neurons has the following characteristic(s): a) Conduction velocity is greater. b) Over the whole neuron, fewer ions cross the membrane. So less energy is needed to restore gradients. c) Only nodal regions regenerate the AP. Amplitude of the action potential is greater (ie., the cell reaches a higher or lower peak vol

a,b,c

More than one selection may be correct. Select all choices that apply. Phospholipid molecules are a) have regions that are partly polar and partly nonpolar b) contain a negatively-charged phosphate group and a positively-charged nitrogen group c) are modified triglycerides d) are components of the cell membrane

a,b,c,d

Destroys acetylcholine

acetylecholine esterase

"uphill" movement of substrate (that is, against its gradient)

active transport

uses cellular energy for transport of substrate

active transport

transport requires a membrane carrier protein

active transport, facilitated diffusion

The drug ____ also stimulates the receptor mentioned above (beta 2) and would result in bronchiole dilation.

albuterol

During which parts of an action potential would the sodium/potassium ATPase be functional?

all parts

Another way to get bronchiole dilation would be to block the mACh receptors (give the specific name of the receptor! The drug ______ can block the receptor mentioned above in #6

atropine

1. The steps of synaptic transmission at the motor end plate are listed below, out of order. Choose the correct order: 1. Acetylcholine binds to postsynaptic receptors 2. Acetylcholine is released by exocytosis 3. A graded depolarization is produced 4. An action potential is produced on the muscle cell membrane 5. Channels for both sodium and potassium are opened. 6. Voltage-dependent calcium channels on the neurolemma open. 7. An action potential arrives at the terminal bouton. A. 7521346 B. 7621534 C. 5231746 D. 2153674 E. 4357261

b

A ligand that opens a chloride channel would _____ the cell. (Chloride's electrochemical gradient is inward.) a) depolarize b) hyperpolarize c) have no effect on the voltage of

b

A resting postsynaptic neuron is innervated by several presynaptic neurons. Three EPSP's and four IPSP's arrive almost simultaneously at the dendrites of the postsynaptic cell. Assuming these events are roughly equal in size, the postsynaptic cell should a) be depolarized from its resting state b) be hyperpolarized from its resting state c) be at its resting membrane potential d) cannot be determined from the information provided

b

Small uncharged molecules, urea, gases and short chain alcohols a) require a carrier to get through the cell membrane b) pass freely through the lipid bilayer by diffusion c) do not pass through membranes at all

b

Sweat glands and piloerector muscles of hairy skin are innervated by which of the following fiber types? A. Cholinergic postganglionic parasympathetic fibers B. cholinergic postganglionic sympathetic fibers C. Adrenergic preganglionic parasympathetic fibers D. Adrenergic postganglionic sympathetic fibers E. Adrenergic preganglionic sympathetic fibers.

b

The usual signaling agent at the neuromuscular junction is which one of the following? a. Dopamine b. Acetylcholine c. Neurophysin d. Serotonin e. Dynein

b

Which of the following terms applies to the combination of a motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers contacted by that motor neuron? A. Golgi tendon organ B. Motor unit C. Interneuron D. Skeletal Muscle Fibers

b

Which synapse would have the greatest excitatory (or inhibitory) effect? a) A synapse located far out on a dendrite b) A synapse located closest to the cell body It does not matter where the synapse is located

b

This toxin directly inhibits synaptic vesicles from exocytosing.

botulinum toxin

A stimulus acts on a receptor that then conveys this information to a sensory neuron. The stimulus is extraordinarily large. In order to communicate the intensity of the stimulus to the central nervous system, the sensory neuron will most likely a) produce an AP which peaks at value higher than + 40 mV b) conduct the AP along the membrane at a faster speed c) generate a greater number of AP's in a given period of time d) depolarize or repolarize much more quickly e) none of the above

c

At the NMJ, DFP causes ACh action to ____, so the muscle fiber experiences _____. a) Terminate more rapidly, spastic paralysis b) Terminate more rapidly, flaccid paralysis c) Last longer, spastic paralysis d) Last longer, flaccid paralysis

c

In a neuron with a resting membrane potential of -65mV, the distribution of which ion across the neuronal membrane represents the greatest electrical potential? A. Potassium B. Chloride C. Sodium D. Calcium

c

Which of the following is NOT part of the neuromuscular junction? a) presynaptic membrane of the somatic motor neuron b) Sarcolemma with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the skeletal muscle fiber c) T- tubules d) synaptic vesicles filled with ACh in terminal bouton of somatic motor neuron

c

____-diameter neurons conduct more rapidly because there is ____ resistance to ion diffusion. a) smaller, less b) smaller, more c) larger, less d) larger, more

c

Binds to troponin

calcium ions

Normally stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

calcium ions

A postganglionic parasympathetic neuron would release this type of neurotransmitter.

cholinergic

Preganglionic neurons release this type of neurotransmitter.

cholinergic

A reserve, high energy compound used to convert ADP to ATP by the transfer of a high-energy phosphate group

creatine phosphate

A resting postsynaptic neuron is innervated by several presynaptic neurons. Three EPSP's and four IPSP's arrive almost simultaneously at the dendrites of the postsynaptic cell. Assuming these events are roughly equal in size, the postsynaptic cell should be hyperpolarized from its resting state the example above demonstrates the principle of a) frequency modulation b) amplitude modulation c) all-or-none d) summation (spatial)

d

Adenosine triphosphate a) releases energy when another phosphate group is added to it b) is replenished during aerobic respiration c) is formed by attaching adenosine diphosphate to glucose d) participates in this reversible reaction: ATP « ADP + Pi + energy

d

Atropine applied directly to the heart will affect heart rate. This effect can be explained by atropine's ability to a) Stimulate sympathetic neurons b) Block sympathetic transmission c) Stimulate parasympathetic neurons d) Block parasympathetic transmission

d

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ____; sympathetic preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter _____. A. epinephrine; norepinephrine B. acetylcholine; norepinephrine C. norepinephrine; acetylcholine D. acetylcholine; acetylcholine E. norepinephrine; norepinephrine

d

Select all correct choices. Cells use ATP to carry out a) membrane transport b) biochemical synthesis reactions c) mechanical work d) all of the above

d

The Na+-K+ pump is an integral membrane protein that transports Na+ ions ___the cell and K+ ions ____ the cell. a) into, into b) into, out of c) out of, out of d) out of, into

d

The opening of a cation channel that allows both Na+ and K+ to move through will cause the membrane to _____ because of the ________. A. Hyperpolarize: greater K+ electrochemical gradient as compared with Na+ B. Hyperpolarize: greater Na+ electrochemical gradient as compared with K+ C. Depolarize: greater K+ electrochemical gradient as compared with Na+ D. Depolarize: greater Na+ electrochemical gradient as compared with K+ E. not change: same electrochemical gradient for K+ and Na+.

d

The release of neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse in the central nervous system is dependent upon which of the following? A. Synthesis of acetylcholinesterase B. Hyperpolarization of the synaptic terminal C. Opening of ligand-gated ion calcium channels D. Influx of calcium into the presynaptic terminal

d

What class of metabotropic receptors activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase? A. nAChR B. mACh R C. Beta 2 only D.Beta 1, beta 2, and beta three.

d

Where are muscarinic cholinergic receptors? A. skeletal muscle cells B. parasympathetic and sympathetic postganglionic cell bodies C. effector organs of the autonomic nervous system D. Both A and C E. A, B, C

d

Which of the following is characteristic of the events occurring at an excitatory synapse? A. There is a massive efflux of calcium from the presynaptic terminal B. Synaptic vesicles bind to the postsynaptic membrane C. Ligand-gated potassium channels open D. Ligand-gated channels are opened to allow sodium entry into the postsynaptic neuron.

d

Which statement concerning the generation of an action potential is correct? A. When the membrane potential at the axon hillock is below "threshold" an action potential is initiated B. The action potential is initiated in synaptic boutons C. The least number of voltage-gated sodium channels in an axon is found near the node of Ranvier D. Once an action potential is initiated, it will run its course to completion.

d

A neurotransmitter binds to a metabotropic receptor and PKA is ultimately activated, which type of neurotransmitter likely bound? Adrenergic........ Continuing with the previous question, the PKA phosphorylates a potassium channel and deactivates it what will happen to the membrane potential?

depolarize/ EPSP

Carbidopa-Levodopa could be administered to a patient whose substantia nigra exhibited substantial declines in production of this catecholamine.

dopeamine

This portion of an action potential tracing represents that the cell is rapidly becoming more permeable to potassium.

downstroke

1. What cholinergic receptors are coupled to G proteins? A. alpha-1 B. alpha-2 C. beta-2 D. nicotinic E. muscarinic

e

Administering ACh to the axon, beyond the hillock, should result in a) an EPP b) an EPSP c) an AP d) an IPSP e) none of the above

e

This will change its physiology in response to a nerve impulse and subsequent release of a neurotransmitter. Includes muscles, glands, and adipose tissue.

effector

Neurons that carry an impulse from the CNS to a muscle or gland are called.

efferent or motor

reduction

electron gain

oxidation

electron loss

which metabolic pathways require the presence of oxygen to proceed

electron transport chain , kreb's cycle, beta oxidation

A neurotransmitter opens a chloride ligand operated channel, the cell would have this type of post-synaptic graded potential.....IPSP....This cell would be get closer to threshold (Mark "A" for True or "B" for false).

f

in an ipsp the cell would be get closer to threshold (Mark "A" for True or "B" for false).

f

Conduction velocity of a neuron is related to the neuron's length. (no diameter and myelination)

false

Regenerating AP's occur along an axon due to potassium diffusion through the axoplasm. (no: sodium)

false

T/F The reuptake pump for acetate is an important recycling process for cholinergic neurons.

false

overall chemical equation for the metabolism of glucose

glucose+ 6 O2--->6 H2O + 6 CO2 (plus ATP)

one of the most excitatory neurotransmitters

glutamate

associated with widening of focal injury in stroke victims

glutamate (Glutamate neurons blaaah when you get a crushing injury... too much ca, ca tells cells to committ suicide. Neuronal cell death and glutimate will dump ca and will tell other cells to die... excitotoxicity). Antagonists to glutamate receptor help stop neuronal death after stroke)

an inhibitory neurotransmitter and amino acid

glycine

which metabolic pathways can take place with the absence of oxygen

glycolysis

name three metabolic pathways involved in cellular matabolism

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

This portion of an action potential tracing reflects that potassium voltage operated channels are slow to close and as a result, the inside of the cell becomes more negative.

hyperpolarization

The receptor on the post-ganglionic neuron would be of this functional classification.

ionotropic

The receptors on involuntary effector cells would be of this functional classification.

ionotropic

nicotinic ACh receptors work this way

ionotropic

A drug given for asthma or bronchitis but has a nasty side affect on the heart because it stimulates B1 receptors as well.

isoproterenol

A dentist's choice drug to block voltage gated sodium channels.

lidocain

Another way to get bronchiole dilation would be to block the __________ receptors (give the specific name of the receptor!)

mACH

Receptors that activate second messengers are this functional classification.

metabotropic

The mAChR is this type of functional receptor.

metabotropic

muscarinic ACh receptors work this way

metabotropic

The PNS consists of the Motor/efferent nerves and sensory/afferent nerves.

motor, sensory and afferent and efferent

autoimmune demyelination of neurons

multiple sclerosis

This drug and toxin will result in increased GI motility and diarrhea. (two answers, mark both)

muscarine and pilocarpine

Acts as an insulator, which allows for rapid transmission of an action potential in a saltatory manner.

myelination

in skeletal muscle fibers, which one of the following would have ATPase activity a. myosin b. actin c. troponin I d. troponin C e. tropomyosin

myosin

A generic term for a bundle of axons wrapped in fibrous connective tissue, found outside of the CNS.

nerve

The neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic neuron mentioned above would be_______.

norepinephrine

producer of myelin within the CNS

oligodendrocyte.

what is the final electron acceptor

oxygen

This autonomic division causes increased gut motility and utilizes exclusively mACH receptors on its effectors.

parasympathetic nervous system.

These are the places where the post-ganglionic cell bodies are found for the sympathetic division.

paravertebral ganglia/ sympathetic trunk ganglia and nerves prevertebral/collateral ganglia and nerves

associated with CNS depletion of dopamine

parkinsonism

deterioration of the substantia nigra

parkinsonism

resting tremor and difficulty initiating movement (dyskinesia)

parkinsonism

treated with a similar molecule that can pass the blood-brain barrier

parkinsonism

This is an alpha1 blocker and when used on the iris, the pupil constricts.

phentolamine

degradation products of this is damaging to developing nervous system

phenylalanine

This drug is the new formula for sudafed.It is a good decongestant because it stimulates alpha 1 receptors.

phenylephrine

This drug is given to people with high blood pressure, but can be a contraindicated if they have asthma.

propanolol

This is a drug given to patients with hypertension.It blocks sympathetic B1 receptors. Careful not to give it to asthmatic patients!

propranolol (blocks beta1 & beta2)

what 3 carbon molecules is the result of glycolysis

pyruvate

A stereotyped, automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus

reflex

This "steady-state" voltage value reflects that the cell membrane is more permeable to potassium than sodium.

resting membrane potential

mood elevating neurotransmitter that is not an adrenergic

serotonin

nACH receptors are found on this voluntary effector

skeletal muscle

In order to cause bronchiole dilation, the _________ nervous system would be activated.

sympathetic

This autonomic division would cause pupillary dilation, increased chronotropy and inotropy.

sympathetic Nervous system

The functional contact between the axon terminal of one neuron and a downstream neuronal cell body.

synapse

This toxin and black widow's venom work in the same way: ultimately leading to spastic paralysis.

tetanus toxin, Blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, Muscles can't relax- Spastic paralysis, Opposing flexor and extensor muscles contract

Fugu fans be warned ! Get a good chef who knows how to prepare puffer fish.

tetrodotoxin (TTX)

In the CNS, a general term for a bundle of axons with a similar origin, destination and function.

tract

This term refers to the potential at which voltage operated sodium channels open.

treshold

In a resting cell, sodium ions are in a steady state across the cell membrane.

true

Metabotropic receptors use a second messenger to convey receptor-binding events intracellularly to a channel protein.

true

Secondary active transport refers membrane transport of a substance utilizing stored energy, derived from the electrochemical gradient of another substance.

true

The sodium potassium pump is electrogenic, that is, it is responsible for generating some portion of the cells voltage difference.

true

This portion of an action potential tracing represents rapidly opening sodium channels.

upstroke

when this molecule accepts the electron it also accepts hydrogen ions to form

water

T/F: An entire muscle, like the biceps brachii, contracts in an all or none fashion.

F

The axon of a single neuron.

Fiber

producer of myelin in PNS

Schwann cell

what metabolic pathway occurs aftr gycolysis

kreb's/ TCA cycle