Unit- 4 & 5

Trials of the universal influenza vaccine, H1ssF_3928, began in A) 2019 B) 2010 C) 2018 D) 2015

A) 2019

Which of the following is a challenge in developing an annual influenza vaccine? A) All of the answer choices are challenges in creating an annual influenza vaccine. B) It takes six months to develop the vaccine. C) There are many strains of influenza. D) Influenza evolves rapidly.

A) All of the answer choices are challenges in creating an annual influenza vaccine.

Antigenic shift A) All of the answer choices are correct B) was responsible for the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic C) can result in an influenza strain that the human immune system has not been exposed to D) causes rapid change in the influenza virus.

A) All of the answer choices are correct

How many worldwide influenza monitoring stations are involved in sending data that are used to develop the next annual influenza vaccine? A) 5 B) 100 C) 75 D) 25

B) 100

For naming purposes, which form of influenza would be characterized by the types of H and N spikes found on its surface? A) C B) A C) B

B) A

What is the role of interleukin in the immune response? A) Alert neighboring cells of an infecting virus B) Regulate the general immune responses C) Increased permeability of the capillaries for fluid release into the infected area

B) Regulate the general immune responses

Antiviral medicines target specific stages of the viral life cycle. Which of the following is not a stage of the life cycle that is targeted? A) Release B) Attachment C) Maturation D) Uncoating

C) Maturation

Which of the following events would result in the formation of an influenza virus that would threaten humans? A) Viral genetic material exchange within the same population B) Both are required for a viral strain to evolve and threaten humans. C) Viral genetic material exchange between different populations

C) Viral genetic material exchange between different populations

Cytotoxic T cell activation by cell-mediated immunity results in the ______ and apoptosis of infected cells. A) production of plasma cells B) production of memory B cells C) production of memory T cells D) secretion of antibodies by plasma cells

C) production of memory T cells

Which of these best describes a virus? A) A noncellular living organism B) The smallest bacteria known C)An invasive cell that cannot stop reproducing D) A nonliving complex of RNA or DNA protected by a protein coat

D) A nonliving complex of RNA or DNA protected by a protein coat

In most organisms, the flow of information is from A) RNA, DNA, then protein. B) protein, DNA, then RNA C) protein, RNA, and DNA. D) DNA, RNA, then protein

D) DNA, RNA, then protein

Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body? A) Osteoclasts within bone cells B) Red blood cells that are exposed through breaks in the skin C) Epithelial cells on the skin's surface D) Epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

D) Epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

In the influenza strain name HongKong/45/2019 (H3N2)-like virus, this was the ______ strain isolated in 2019 in this region. A) twentieth B) third C) second D) forty-fifth

D) forty-fifth

What is the first reaction of the body due to the influenza virus disrupting the normal function of the epithelial cells in the respiratory system? A) Fluid accumulation in the lungs B) Fever C) Vomiting D) Sneezing

A) Fluid accumulation in the lungs

One of the four mechanisms of the innate immune defenses is the inflammatory response.Its role is to A) isolate the infection to a limited area B) All the answer choices are correct C) increase blood flow to the infected area D) allow fluid, containing cells from the immune system, to reach the infected area

B) All the answer choices are correct

Which of the following characteristics of life are present in viruses? A) Ability to process energy and nutrient B) Ability to respond to stimuli C) Ability to evolve over time D) Ability to maintain an internal environment

C) Ability to evolve over time

Wallace shared his ideas with Darwin, which led to the book, On the Origin of Species.Wallace contributed his biogeographical studies of the __________ A) Galápagos Islands B) west coast of South America C) Andes D) South Pacific Islands

D) South Pacific Islands

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called __________. A) antigenic drift B) the founder effect C) artificial selection D) antigenic shift

D) antigenic shift

One method of constructing an influenza vaccine is to use an influenza strain that has been modified by removing proteins that contribute to its virulence. This process is called__________. A) sterilization B) inactivation C) deactivation D) attenuation

D) attenuation

The scientific definition of evolution refers to changes in a ______ over time A) ecosystem B) All of the answer choices are correct C) community D) population

D) population

As influenza A progresses through the respiratory tract, the ______ of the virus identify host epithelial cells and attach to the cell surface. A) H spikes B) capsid C) N spikes D) RNA

A) H spikes

The enzyme ______ does not have a high degree of fidelity, and therefore more mutations can be introduced in the genetic material of RNA viruses. A) RNA polymerase B) neuraminidase C) ligase D) DNA polymerase

A) RNA polymerase

New influenza vaccines are being developed that may lessen the effect of the rapid evolution of the viral strains. One way is to develop a universal influenza vaccine that uses______ as an antigen A) a protein in the viral capsid B) the RNA molecule C) the N spikes D) envelope lipids

A) a protein in the viral capsid

During previous flu seasons, small variations in the influenza virus resulted in the immune system's inability to fully recognize and respond to flu exposure. As a result, vaccine effectiveness could be as low as 30%. This is an example of __________ A) antigenic drift B) the founder effect C) artificial selection D) antigenic shift

A) antigenic drift

Birds and insects both have wings, but we do not consider this similarity as evidence of relatedness because A) bird wings, but not insect wings, function on the physics principles of lift. B) the wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin C) there is no fossil link between these groups D) birds and insects did not evolve in the same region or live at the same time period

B) the wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin

What is the role of histamine in the immune response? A) Alert neighboring cells of an infecting virus B) Regulate the general immune responses C) Increased permeability of the capillaries for fluid release into the infected area

C) Increased permeability of the capillaries for fluid release into the infected area

If you were observing embryonic structures of a tortoise, a chick, and a human, which of the following would not be a similar structure? A) Postanal tail B) Pharyngeal pouches C) Eyes D) Five finger digits

D) Five finger digits

The ______ glycoproteins are presented by all nucleated cells and an identification tag. The______ glycoproteins are only presented by cells to provide the link between nonspecific immune responses. A) MHC-III; MHC-II B) MHC-I; MHC-II C) MHC-II; MHC-I D) MHC-I; MHC-I

D) MHC-I; MHC-I

Which structure on the influenza virus provides attachment to the surface of the targeted host cell? A) The envelope B) The N spikes C) The capsid D) The H spikes

D) The H spikes

Which of the following best distinguishes viral genetic material from the genetic material of a living organism? A) Viral genetic material can be either DNA or RNA. B) The viral genome contains fewer genes,encoding for fewer proteins C) The viral genome is less prone to mutations. D) The viral genome is either DNA or RNA and encodes for fewer proteins

D) The viral genome is either DNA or RNA and encodes for fewer proteins

The activities of macrophages A) are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils B) stimulate lymphocytes to carry on specific immunity. C) stimulate phagocytic neutrophils. D) are part of the specific response against disease.

A) are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils

The contents of genes in viruses are ______ that of living organisms. A) less than B) greater than C) equal to

A) less than

The chickenpox virus can remain latent in host cells by integrating its DNA into the host cell genome. This virus uses the ______ cycle as its main life cycle pathway A) lysogenic B) lytic

A) lysogenic

The influenza proteins that target host cells have a complex, ______ shape. A) three-dimensional B) four-dimensional C) one-dimensional D) two-dimensional

A) three-dimensional

Which of the following statements explains the relationship between mutations and natural selection? A) A mutation may result in the death of an organism or cell. B) All of the answer choices describe the relationship between mutations and evolution. C) A mutation may result in a variation of a trait that may be more advantageous. D) A mutation in the genetic material may or may not have an effect on the protein.

B) All of the answer choices describe the relationship between mutations and evolution.

Which of the following statements is true about the production of the influenza vaccine? A) Viruses are injected into mammalian cells,then viral particles are extracted, purified,deactivated, and used to make vaccines B) All three methods describe different approaches used to make flu vaccines C) A protein responsible for the H spikes of the flu virus is added to a harmless virus that infects insect cells, causing them to produce massive amounts of H spike protein. The extracted H spike protein is then purified and used to make vaccines D) Viruses are injected into fertilized eggs,incubated, then viral particles are extracted, purified, deactivated, and used to make vaccines

B) All three methods describe different approaches used to make flu vaccines

A certain species of butterfly varies in color from white to dark blue. The birds found in the same area feed on the white or lightly colored butterflies, leaving butterflies that are darkly colored. This is an example of what type of selection? A) Artificial selection B) Directional selection C) Stabilizing selection D) Disruptive selection

B) Directional selection

Which of the following statements about the component of the flu vaccine and its intended function is true? A) Gelatin or sorbitol are used to enhance the ability of the immune system to detect the virus. B) Formaldehyde is used to inactivate toxins from the virus or bacteria that may have been present during production C) Aluminum is included to prevent the growth of bacteria during vaccine preparation and storage D) Antibiotics are used as a preservative in multidose vials of vaccine in order to prolong their shelf life. Antibiotics allow the vaccine to withstand extreme temperature changes

B) Formaldehyde is used to inactivate toxins from the virus or bacteria that may have been present during production

Which of the following best describes how the flu virus may impact the respiratory system? A) Epithelial cells see an increase in function as they try to adapt to the viral load of surrounding cells. B) The immune system prompts a decrease in blood flow, which results in the lungs becoming dry. A hacking cough can be produced C) All of the answer choices are correct. D) The proteins produced by the virus interfere with the ability of epithelial cells to move materials in and out of lung tissue, resulting in fluid buildup in the lungs.

C) All of the answer choices are correct

When the influenza virus enters into an epithelial cell within the respiratory tract, the infected cell responds by A) posting antibodies on its cell surface,acting as a flag for the memory B cells to destroy it. B) causing mutations in the genetic material of the virus, preventing its replication and halting the spread of the virus C) posting antigens on its cell surface, actingas a flag for the cytotoxic T cells to destroyit. D) initiating an inflammation response

C) posting antigens on its cell surface, actingas a flag for the cytotoxic T cells to destroyit.