Unit 4: Emergency Procedures

What are three types of SCI?

-contusion -partial tear -complete tear

Secondary Survey

This is the part of the evaluation that focuses on what the injury is and what it will take to rehabilitate the injury.

What is the compression rate?

at least 100/min

II Optic

vision

Respiratory Arrest

when respiration stops and the body loses its means of obtaining 02

Cardiac Arrest

when respiration stops and the pulse ceases as well

Levels of Training

- Emergency medical responder (EMR) - Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) - Advanced Emergency Medical Technician (AEMT) - Paramedic

What are the common causes of SCI?

-Birth injuries, which typically affect the spinal cord in the neck area -Falls -Motor vehicle accidents (where the person is either riding as a passenger in the car or is struck as a pedestrian) -Sports injuries -Diving Injuries -Trampoline injuries -Violence (gun shots or stab wounds)

What are some key components of an EAP?

-Immediate care of the injured or ill student-athlete. -Activation of emergency medical system (EMS). -911 call (provide name, address, telephone number, number of individuals injured, condition of injured, first aid treatment, specify directions, other information as requested.

What are the signs and symptoms of SCI?

-Muscle weakness -Loss of voluntary muscle movement in the chest, arms or legs -Breathing problem -Loss of feeling in the chest, arms, or legs -Loss of bowel and bladder function

Concussion Signs and Symptoms

-Nausea (feeling that you might vomit) -Balance problems or dizziness -Double or fuzzy vision -Sensitivity to light or noise -Nystagmus -Headache -Feeling sluggish -Feeling foggy or groggy -Concentration or memory problems (forgetting game plays) -Confusion

Consent to Treat

-Obtain consent-asking permission to provide care. -Implied Consent: in the case of an unconscious victim, the law states you may provide care regardless of obtaining consent.

How do you recognize when CPR is needed?

-no pulse felt within 10 seconds -no breathing or only gasping

Roles and Responsibilities of an EMT

-safety of self & safety of patient -always remember to make sure it is safe to act. Once the scene is safe, the patient becomes the priority. You than gain access to patients(s), assess and then evaluate medical intervention needed and then provide care. -providing emergency care for the injured patient -transport of the patient to the appropriate medical facility/hospital -patient advocacy...the EMT must always be looking-out for the patient's best interest, along with his/her family.

When do you move a victim?

-scene is unsafe or becoming unsafe -you DO NOT suspect a head or neck injury -you need to position the victim in order to perform a lifesaving skill. -you need to move victims to get to the most seriously injured

Steps to Obtain Consent

1. introduce yourself 2. explain your qualifications 3. ask for permission to help

Rescue Breathing for Adults, Children, and Infants

30 compression and then 2 breaths

What is an Emergency Action Plan (EAP)?

A policy and procedure for emergency situations at a specific venue for athletes.

Compression to Ventilation ratio for Adults, Children, and Infants

Adult- 30:2 1 or 2 rescuers Children & Infants- 30:2 single rescuer 15:2 2 rescuers.

What is the compression depth for Adults, Children, and Infants

Adult: at least 2 inches (5 cm) Children: at least 1/3 AP diameter about 2 inches (5 cm) Infants: at least 1/3 AP diameter about 1 1/2 inches (4 cm)

Where do you check a pulse for Adults/Children and Infants?

Adults/Children: check the pulse at the Carotid artery located lateral to the trachea Infants: check the pulse at the brachial artery located on the medial side of the upper arm

ABCs of Primary Survey

Airway Breathing Circulation

Chest Wall Recoil

Allow complete recoil between compressions Rotate compressions every 2 minutes

What is an AED?

Automated External Defibrillator

C-A-B

C: chest compressions A: airway B: breathing

Check. Call. Care

Check: -check for consciousness -call 911/EMS -position victim on back Call: -if a life threatening condition exists or the rescuer cannot provide appropriate care, call 911 or emergency medical services (EMS) Care: -for the conditions you find until further help arrives -do not do more than what you are qualified/certifies to do!

Inspection/Observation

Describes objective/tangible/measurable factors found during the evaluation of the injury. Visually looking at the injury. This refers to physical signs of injury that are recognized by the ATC or other medical professionals.

Assessment

Diagnosis of the injury/What the injury is

HIPS/HOPS

HIPS: History, Inspection, Palpation/Physical Exam, Special Tests, which will be focus of today's lesson HOPS: History, Observation, Palpation/Physical Exam, Special Tests

History

Information comes from the patient. It includes medical history (hx) of the patient and Sign & Symptoms S/S

Subjective

Information only the athlete can tell you (History)

Objective

Information you can see and test (i.e. Inspection/Observation, Palpation, ROM, Special tests)

Active ROM

Is movement initiated and completed by the athlete without assistance.

Passive ROM

Is movement procedures performed by AT. The athlete does not move the body part rather the AT does the movement for the athlete.

Legal Obligation

Job description says you must provide care

Good Samaritan Law

Laws found in all states that protect volunteers from being sued. Includes obtaining consent, using common sense and refusing any compensation for actions.

How long do you limit all compression interruptions to?

Minimize interruptions in chest compressions Attempt to limit interruptions to < 10 seconds

What is the first step in any emergency situation?

Safety-check the scene. Never rush into a medical emergency without checking the scene first.

Special Tests

Special and specific movements the athletic trainer performs to simulate the type of activity required or to stress a specific anatomic structure to test its continuity/strength. These are specific to each injured body part.

What is the treatment for SCI?

Specific treatment for an acute spinal cord injury will be determined by your physician based on: -Your age, overall health, and medical history -Extent of the SCI -Type of SCI -Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies -Expectations for the course of the SCI -Your opinion or preference

Steps to Call 911

Steps to Call 911 - Who you are - Where you are calling from EXACTLY - What the emergency is you are talking about - Status of the patient - Current procedures being done for/to the patient - Phone number you are calling from - DO NOT HANG UP UNTIL THE 911 OPERATOR HANGS UP

SOAP

Subjective information, Objective Information, Assessment, Plan

Palpation

The "hands on" examination process utilized to further evaluate an injured athlete. To touch and feel an injured area.

Second Impact Syndrome

The brain's ability to self-regulate the amount of blood volume to the brain is damaged resulting in increased cerebra; blood volume which can result in brain-stem herniation and death.

What is the Emergency Medical System?

The emergency action number, 9-1-1 is the nationwide phone number to obtain emergency assistance. This is said to be the Emergency Medical System (EMS).

Primary Survey

The primary survey (initial or rapid assessment) is a methodical process used to quickly identify immediate life threatening injuries and conditions that require intervention without delay.

Plan

Treatment given to the athlete, follow up evaluations, physical therapy, etc.

Resistive ROM

Used to evaluate strength of the injured body part

Concussion

a brain injury that is caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head

V Trigeminal

chewing

VII Facial

controls most facial expressions

XI Spinal Accessory

controls swallowing movement

XII Hypoglossal

controls tongue movement

III Oculomotor

eyelid and eyeball movement

VIII Vestibulocochlear (Auditory)

hearing

I Olfactory

sense of smell

X Vagus

senses aortic blood pressure, slow heart rate, taste

IX Glossopharyngeal

taste, sense carotid blood pressure

What are the two ways to open and airway and when do you use them?

to open the airway, use the head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver or the jaw-thrust maneuver. If a head or neck injury is suspected the jaw-thrust maneuver must ALWAYS be used.

IV Trochlear

turns the eye downward and laterally

VI Abducens

turns the eye laterally