Unit 7: Reordering the World 1750-1850
List of Grievances
Complaints by colonists against the King of England (King George III)
How did Enlightenment ideas impact the United States?
- Government - Separation of Powers - Natural Rights - Freedom & Equality
French Revolution turns Radical
Declares war on austria and prussia both very powerful countries They declare war because they think that the countries worked with the king Jacobins arrests king Louis 16 No mercy for anyone not with the revolution King louis gets decapitated
French Revolution: Causes
France was out of money- spending on war (like the American Revolution and on super extravagant spending by the royalty) So the king (Louis XVI) imposed heavy taxes And the majority of the people were already hungry and impoverished and couldn't pay them So the king starts to tax the landowners and then they also get upset So the king calls together an assembly of people from each estate to talk about it. This was called the Estates-General
FR: Napoleon's rise
It's fair to say that France was in complete chaos and turmoil. Another constitution was written, again by less radical people, with a two house legislature and a strong military led by Napoleon Bonaparte. The Jacobins hated it, but now when they tried to stir up dissent, it was crushed by the military. The new government was also weak and corrupt. After four years of this, Napoleon took over the government put himself in charge. This ended the French Revolution.
Influence of Enlightenment/John Locke
John Locke "The state of nature has a law to govern it..." "to preserve life, liberty, and property" "men being by nature all free, equal and independent" Thomas Jefferson "Laws of Nature and Nature's God" "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" "all men are created equal"
Causes of the French Revolution
Lack of rights and power Ran out of money Heavy taxes Most people were living in poverty already couldn't pay King taxed land owners
The French Revolution
May 5, 1789 - November 9, 1799 Not as clear cut as the American Revolution. The sides keep changing and things don't really go all that well for, well, anybody... We will go through 8 major aspects and events in the French Revolution today. Take notes from the slides on your response sheet as we go through the slides. A note on French life at the beginning of the Revolution: people were split into three socioeconomic classes: The first estate (Catholic clergy), second estate (land owning aristocrats) and the third estate (everyone else: the bourgeoisie and peasants).
Do these grievances seem to be things that upset rich people or everyone?
Mostly everyone
The Bill of Rights Amendment 4 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
People have the right to feel safe and secure in their own homes. No one can barge into your home without reasoning. They can only enter your house with a warrant approved by a judge. They should only get the warrant approved if it is good reasoning.
The Bastille and the Great Fear
Third estate really happy Broke into the jail to get weapons and gunpowder to defend themselves Beginning of the revolution
FR: The Reign of Terror
The Jacobins had some ideas. 1) no more Christianity(but I thought the clergy supported the 3rd estate?) 2) a new calendar that started time with the revolution 3) public execution by guillotine of anyone who didn't support the revolution. Over 17,000 people were killed. This 10 month period was called the Reign of Terror and was led by something called the "Committee of Public Safety" which was led by Robespierre... until he also was executed...
What was the Enlightenment? What was one belief that you remember?
The enlightenment was a time when people were questioning the church and they believed they could rule themselves.
Reign of Terror: Guilloutine
The method of execution used for much of the French Revolution was by guillotine. The Guillotine is now almost synonymous with this period of French history.
The Bill of Rights Amendment 9 The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
This is a tricky one, so I will do it for you. This essentially says there are other rights not listed in the Constitution. For example, you can dye your hair pink, own pets, eat junk food, or travel!
FR: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the citizen
This was France's first attempt at a constitution and was also based on ideals of The Enlightenment. However, it left the monarchy in place and gave them veto power over decisions the National Assembly made. Most of the people were happy with this. However, it didn't sit well with some of the more radical thinkers (don't forget the name Robespierre) who wanted a more republican form of government and to put the king on trial.
The Bill of Rights Amendment 8 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
When put into jail, there shouldn't be any cruel punishments, fines, or bail against the person being incarcerated.
Do you think these complaints would give people reason to go to war and possibly die? Why or why not?
Yes and no, say they had talked about these grievances before with Britain. Perhaps then they could reach a peaceful compromise, but then again back during this time peaceful compromises are anything but common.
The Bill of Rights Amendment 2 A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.
You have the right to own a gun.
Video: What you might not know about the Declaration of Independence Write down at least three facts as you watch the video.
"Shot heard round the world" North bridge was where it started Bunker hill was a lost, outnumbered and out of ammunition "Don't shoot till you see the whites of their eyes" Washington was a general France and spain brought america guns and ships to help the fight Yorktown was the last win French and spain helped because they hated england Thomas had to write the declaration with 4 others They wrote the declaration to explain to britain why they should be free Originally thomas was going to mention slavery but the congress cut that out entirely
Part 3: Declaration of Independence Grievances Directions: Most of the grievances (complaints to the King of England from the Declaration of Independence. If the grievance seems to be something that would affect only the rich and powerful, write O (for ONLY rich and powerful) If the grievance seems to be something that would affect all the colonists, write A (for ALL the colonists) If you don't know who would be affected, write '?'
(1 & 2) He has refused to pass, and forbidden his governors to pass, important and necessary laws. A (5 & 6) He has broken up certain legislatures that opposed him, and refused to let others be elected. A (8 & 9) He has refused to establish courts of justice, and has made judges dependent on him for their jobs and salaries. O (10) He has sent swarms of British officers to harass our people and eat our food. A (11 & 12) He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislatures. A (16) For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world; A (17) For imposing taxes on us without our consent; A (18) For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury; A (23 & 24) He is waging war against us; He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. A (27) He has started fights among us and has also forced us to live near merciless Indian savages. A
The Bill of Rights A group of teenagers organize a Climate Change March. They will gather in downtown Seattle and march on the sidewalks with signs. Which Amendment applies? Is this a legal protest under that Amendment? Why or why not?
1 Yes, this is a legal protest because they have the right to express their thoughts and they have freedom of speech.
The Bill of Rights Congress passes a law that says no one in the United States can wear ripped jeans. Which Amendment applies? Is this law legal under that Amendment? Why or why not?
9 No this is illegal because the amendment says you have the right to wear what you want.
The Bill of Rights Amendment 5 1) No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; 2) nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; 3) nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, 4) nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; 5) nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
1)You don't have to plead your case 2)If you do the offense again you will not lose your life or come to harm 3)Cannot be forced to be a witness against self 4)Government cannot take away property or personal items without the lawful agreement. 5)You can't take things without paying or some sort of agreement with the owner
Video Notes: French Revolution. Use this box to take notes on the French Revolution video
18 century Enlightenment inspired reasoning rather than just faith Printing press allowed for news to be shared a bunch Rigid structure Peasants were the only ones to pay taxes Had to pay taxes both to king and the lords Third estate became its own estate Stormed the prison Individual rights were needed Government only there to protect Royal family arrested for treason King was beheaded Looked to change everything about france Reign of terror Executed 20 thousand men Napoleon became emperor Monarchy then revolt over and over
The Bill of Rights Congress wants to find ways to cut costs because of the soaring budget deficit. Congress passes a law to require American citizens to house US soldiers in their homes during peacetime to cut military costs. Which Amendment applies? Is this law legal? Why or why not?
3 No, the third amendment states that the government can't force citizens to house soldiers no matter what. They can only do this if the owner gives consent.
The Bill of Rights Police officers pull Melissa over for a broken taillight. They then ask her to get out of her car so they can search it. They find guns and Melissa does not have a gun permit. Which Amendment applies? Is this search legal? Why or why not?
4 No, a broken tail light isn't a suspicious enough cause for a search of private property.
The Bill of Rights A police officer pulls Stephanie over for speeding. The officer asks for her registration. As she opens the glove compartment, a bag of white powder falls out. The officer asks Stephanie to get out of the car and proceeds to search the car. He finds drug paraphernalia and guns in the trunk. Which Amendment applies? Is this a legal search under that Amendment? Why or why not?
4 Yes, because the officer had a probable cause. Seeing the white powder leads her to think there could be other dangerous things in her possession.
The Bill of Rights On January 10, 2002, Steven was arrested for trespassing on his neighbor's property. When he appeared before the judge to set his trial date, the judge told him his trial would take place on January 24, 2006. Which Amendment applies? Is this trial date legal? Why or why not?
6 Yes, it is quickly after the crime has been committed and allows enough time for him to find a lawyer or some other legal help.
The Bill of Rights Jennie, an eighteen year old college student, is arrested for stealing a classmate's designer sweater and selling it on eBay. When Jennie appears before the judge, she asks for a lawyer to help defend her. The judge tells Jennie that if she is smart enough to be in college, she knows enough to defend herself. Besides, she is not charged with a felony, so the stakes are not very high. Which Amendment applies? Will Jennie be forced to defend herself? Why or why not?
6/7 No, when you commit a crime you are allowed a lawyer to defend yourself and are not forced to defend yourself in court.
The Bill of Rights Carolyn is arrested for shoplifting a candy bar from a grocery store. At trial, she is found guilty. The judge decides that the right punishment is to cut off Carolyn's hands so she will not be able to shoplift again. Which Amendment applies? Is this punishment legal? Why or why not?
8 It is illegal because it is too harsh of a punishment for the crime.
The American Revolution What do you already know about the American Revolution? Take notes on new information on the Revolution.
America didn't like the taxes from the british. They poured a bunch of tea into the ocean. Our win inspired many other countries. Separation of powers - power is shared among many people instead of one Natural rights - life, liberty, pursuit of happiness Freedom and equality - free speech, Britain likes wealth so they think the colonies should pay them Stamp act - any paper has a tax America really annoyed about the taxes Britain thinks taxes are fine "No taxation without representation"
Questions for Constitution Video 1. What happens if a law is passed that conflicts with the US Constitution? 2. How many times has the Constitution been amended? 3. What is popular sovereignty? 4. What is federalism?
Anything that conflicts is illegal and unconstitutional. 27 Self government, "we the people". We are creating the government through the constitution. Each state has its own representatives. States have some powers, getting taxes, schooling, ect.
FR: The Bastille
As the National Assembly was forming, most of the third estate was really happy, but some of them worried that there would be a military coup of the government. They were mostly unarmed, and on July 14th, 1789, rioters stormed into the Bastille Fortress to take gunpowder and weapons as a preemptive measure to protect themselves. This is what most historians consider the beginning of the French Revolution and July 14th, Bastille Day, is a national holiday in France today. But things are starting to get chaotic...
FR: Rise of the Third Estate
At the Estates General, leaders from each of the estates had time to complain about the situation and come up with ideas. Each estate had one vote... so you can imagine how the first and second estates voted and what that meant for the third estate. So the third estate insisted France change the way voting happened, some clergy and nobility listened and the king quickly lost control of the meeting.
Bailyn and Zinn are two historians who disagree about the answer to our central historical question: Why did the founding fathers write the declaration of independence. Summarize what each of them thinks.
Bailyn The Americans wrote the declaration to show the fear that they faced from the british. They had evidence that the British were going to forcefully take away their freedom and liberties. They also thought that their history would be important to the future. Zinn The americans thought that they would need to ensure that the lowers in the colonies would need persuasion in order to have a successful country. They were also afraid of the colonies rebelling against them.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Based of enlightenment Left the monarchy as government Monarchy still was the final say Some people wanted a more republican form of government
The Bill of Rights Amendment 10 The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
Everyone has power.
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE USA
Created in 1787, Philadelphia Representatives from 12 states Ratified / Took Effect in 1789 Created National Gov't Protected State / Local Gov't Federalism Separation of Powers, Checks + Balances Bill of Rights Added in 1791
Enlightenment Influences Constitution
Enlightenment Constitution of the USA What ideas? Where in document?
Rise of the Third Estate
Estates only had 1 vote each Third estate was made of all the peasants First and second were rich so they didn't want to lose their rights Third estate loses the ⅔ vote gets mad then separates into its own estate
The Bill of Rights Amendment 1 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
Everyone has a freedom to express/write/publish their opinions, right to an education, and to protest against the government.
Part 3: The Bill of Rights Instructions: Unfortunately, the United States has been taken over by a foreign country. The new leaders will only allow us to keep 5 of the Amendments in our Bill of Rights. Which 5 would you choose? Explain your answer. Why did you choose this Amendment? Amendment 1 10 9 6 8
Freedom of speech is definitely one that needs to stay. It allows us to say what we like and what we don't like. Thus leading to change in laws and such. We all share power so no one is truly above us all. We can decide on laws together to figure out the best way to survive. There are some laws and rules that are given to every person/ Some things that can never become laws. Allowed a lawyer to defend self in legal trouble. Even if they cannot afford one the court will assign them one. It important that the government is not killing people for small crimes, the punishment must fit the crime.
According to this textbook excerpt, why did the Jacobins have so many enemies? Robespierre and his supporters created a new calendar. Why would they want to wipe out "every trace of France's past?" According to the textbook, Robespierre believed terror helped French citizens remain "true to the ideals of the Revolution." What were the ideals of the French Revolution? (Use what you already know about the French Revolution to answer this question). Yes or no: Based on the textbook excerpt, do you think the Committee of Public Safety protected the Revolution from its enemies? Explain your answer
He executed so many people for ridiculous reasons and charges Frances past was something to be ashamed of to them since they had never tried to fight before, it was also seen as dangerous since it could teach people the old ways of life Liberty, freedom, people can lead themselves but also not because they kept the monarchy,
Two Historians' Interpretations
Ideological Equality, freedom, natural rights Selfish Power, money https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/163809 Americans therefore celebrate the July 4th holiday under false pretenses. The standard account regarding the Declaration of Independence goes something like this: The colonists could no longer tolerate the British government passing unjust laws and levying taxes without allowing proper representation. The Second Continental Congress voted to write a document explaining to King George III why they needed to be independent, and to justify to the American colonists and the world the reasons for revolting against the Crown. Nothing could be further from the truth. The Declaration was not meant for King George III. The British monarch had already gotten the message, as he told Parliament in October 1775, that the rebellion "is manifestly carried on for the purpose of establishing an independent empire." Nor was it primarily intended to rally the American colonists to the cause of independence, as they had already instructed their delegates to vote for separation. The very idea of a document to formally declare independence was unprecedented; no previous nation which had rebelled against its mother country, as the Netherlands did against Spain over a century earlier, needed to announce its intentions in written form. Americans knew that France and Spain had long been spoiling for a rematch with Great Britain. They had come out badly in the Seven Years' War against Britain, which ended in 1763 with France losing Canada and its central political position in Europe, and with Spain giving up Florida and its dominance over the Gulf of Mexico. France wanted to regain its political clout, while Spain needed to defend its Latin American colonies. Both nations saw American independence as a means of weakening British domination in Europe and overseas.
Historian's interpretation #2: Modified Excerpts from A People's History of the United States by Howard Zinn (1980)
It seemed clear to the educated, upper-class colonists that something needed to be done to persuade the lower class to join the revolutionary cause, to direct their anger against England. The solution was to find language inspiring to all classes, specific enough in its listing of grievances to fill people with anger against the British, vague enough to avoid class conflict, and stirring enough to build patriotic feelings. Everything the Declaration of Independence was about - popular control over governments, the right of rebellion and revolution, fury at political tyranny, economic burdens, and military attacks - was well suited to unite large numbers of colonists and persuade even those who had grievances against one another to turn against England. Some Americans were clearly omitted from those united by the Declaration of Independence: Indians, black slaves, and women.
Rise of Napoleon
Napoleon goes against jacobins with his own military and wins Crowns himself emperor because he "protected" the french people
Reign of Terror
No more christianity A new calendar starts with revolution Public execution of anyone who doesn't support revolution 17 k people killed 10 months reign of terror, eventually the leader of it was also killed
Committee of Public Safety: Was their main goal to "protect the Revolution from its enemies"? Reign of Terror Textbook Excerpt The Terror Grips France Foreign armies were not the only enemies of the French Republic. The Jacobins had thousands of enemies within France itself. These included peasants who were horrified by the king's execution, priests who would not accept government control, and rival leaders who were stirring up rebellion in the provinces. How to contain and control these enemies became a central issue. Robespierre Assumes Control In the early months of 1793, one Jacobin leader, Maximilian Robespierre, slowly gained power. Robespierre and his supporters set out to build a "republic of virtue" by wiping out every trace of France's past. Firm believers in reason, they changed the calendar, dividing the year into 12 months of 30 days and renaming each month. This calendar had no Sundays because the radicals considered religion old-fashioned and dangerous. They even closed all churches in Paris, and cities and towns all over France soon did the same. In July 1793, Robespierre became leader of the Committee of Public Safety. For the next year, Robespierre governed France virtually as a dictator, and the period of his rule became known as the Reign of Terror. The Committee of Public Safety's chief task was to protect the Revolution from its enemies. Under Robespierre's leadership, the committee often had these "enemies" tried in the morning and guillotined in the afternoon. Robespierre justified his use of terror by suggesting that it helped French citizens to remain true to the ideals of the Revolution. . . Thousands of unknown people were also sent to their death, often on the flimsiest of charges. For example, an 18-year-old youth was sentenced to die for cutting down a tree that had been planted as a symbol of liberty. Perhaps as many as 40,000 were executed during the Terror. About 85 percent were peasants or members of the urban poor or middle class—for whose benefit the Revolution had been launched.
Source: Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell (2006), pp. 226-227.
Historian's interpretation #1: Modified Excerpts from The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution by Bernard Bailyn (1967)
The Declaration of Independence represents the colonists' deepest fears and beliefs. The colonists believed they saw a clear pattern in the events that followed 1763. They believed they saw an evil and deliberate conspiracy to crush liberty in America. They saw evidence of this conspiracy in the Stamp Act and in the Coercive Acts. They also believed that America was destined to play a special role in history. They believed that America would become "the foundation of a great and mighty empire, the largest the world ever saw to be founded on such principles of liberty and freedom, both civil and religious." The colonists believed that England was trying to enslave them, and that they should use "all the power which God has given them" to protect themselves.
American Declaration of Independence (Preamble) When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Vocabulary dissolve: disappear bands: connections station: place impel: force self-evident: obvious endowed: given unalienable: cannot be taken away to secure: to get instituted: established deriving: getting consent: agreement In 3 sentences, summarize the Declaration of Independence in your own words. Based on the words in the Preamble, do you think the Declaration of Independence was written for selfish or ideological reasons? (In other words, do you agree with Bailyn or Zinn?)
The declaration is about inspiring the people to see that they can hold their own. That the people can rule and govern themselves. It also talks about how they will choose the new government. Saying that they have birth given rights that should be upheld. I believe it is written with ideological reasons in mind. They do not say anything about it only being for specific people. They even talk about the alienable rights. I believe it's more Zinn than Bailyn.
The Bill of Rights Amendment 3 No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
The government may not force you to house soldiers in your home.
FR: Tennis Court Oath
The third estate broke away from the Estates-General meeting, walked to a nearby tennis court and formed the National Assembly. They vowed not to quit until constitutional reform happened. Within a week, most of the clergy and about 50 nobles on their side and King Louis XVI was forced to disband the Estates-General and accept the National Assembly as a decision making body under his rule.
FR: Revolution turns radicalThen a couple of truly crazy things happened. The National Assembly declared war on two very powerful countries, Austria and Prussia because they thought those governments were supporting the king. Then an extremist group called the Jacobins broke into the palace and arrested King Louis XVI. Then they started to kill anyone that they thought wasn't enough of a revolutionary, put the king on trial for treason and then publically *cut his head off* And the government changed yet again.
Then a couple of truly crazy things happened. The National Assembly declared war on two very powerful countries, Austria and Prussia because they thought those governments were supporting the king. Then an extremist group called the Jacobins broke into the palace and arrested King Louis XVI. Then they started to kill anyone that they thought wasn't enough of a revolutionary, put the king on trial for treason and then publically *cut his head off* And the government changed yet again.
Tennis Court Oath
Third estate goes to a close by tennis court and makes an oath to not rest until justice was made Nobility and other estates were forced to listen to the assembly since they couldn't fight them
Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson Signed by reps from all 13 colonies Enlightenment ideas July 2, 1776 - August 2, 1776 One of the most widely held misconceptions about the Declaration of Independence is that it was signed on July 4, 1776. In fact, independence was formally declared on July 2, 1776, a date that John Adams believed would be "the most memorable epocha in the history of America." On July 4, 1776, Congress approved the final text of the Declaration. It wasn't signed until August 2, 1776.
Document A: Decree Against Profiteers (Modified) In July 1793, faced with an angry and hungry population, the leaders of the Committee of Public Safety passed the "Decree Against Profiteers." The law accused "profiteers" in the countryside of hoarding or monopolizing grain in order to raise the price of bread. 26 July 1793 1. Monopoly is a capital crime. 2. Those who keep out of circulation essential merchandise or commodities without offering them for sale daily and publicly are declared guilty of monopoly . . . 3. The essential commodities and merchandise are: bread, meat, wine, grain, flour, vegetables, fruit, butter, vinegar, cider, brandy, charcoal, tallow, wood, oil, soda, soap, salt, [etc.] 4. Those who have any of these commodities shall be required to declare them and sell them . . . 5. One week from today, those who have not declared their goods shall be considered monopolists, and, as such, punished with death; their property shall be confiscated, and their commodities or merchandise shall be placed on sale. 6. Those convicted of making false declarations likewise shall be punished with death. Public officials who protect monopolists shall also be punished with death.
Vocabulary capital: punishable by death decree: an official order monopoly: total control over something municipality: local government commodities: things that can be bought or sold Source: Excerpt from Decree Against Profiteers, passed July 1793.
Document B: Law of Suspects (Modified) By September 1793, the leaders of the Committee of Public Safety faced growing counter-revolutionary uprisings and mounting fear of foreign invasion. They responded by passing the Law of Suspects, which established revolutionary courts to try anyone suspected of treason against the revolution. 1 Immediately after the publication of the present decree, all suspected persons within the territory of the Republic and still at liberty shall be placed in custody. 2. The following are deemed suspected persons: 1st, those who, by their conduct, associations, talk, or writings have shown themselves to be enemies of liberty 2nd, those who are unable to justify their means of existence and the performance of their civic duties 3rd, those to whom certificates of patriotism have been refused 4th, public officials suspended or dismissed from their positions by the National Convention or by its commissioners and not reinstated 5th, those former nobles, husbands, wives, fathers, mothers, sons or daughters, brothers or sisters of émigrés, who have not steadily demonstrated their devotion to the Revolution
Vocabulary certificates of patriotism: proof of patriotism required to serve in military émigrés: people who leave their own country to settle in another, usually for political reasons Source: Excerpt from Law of Suspects, passed September 1793.
The Bill of Rights Amendment 7 In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
When put in a court, you have the right to all the things that make the case fair. Which means they get to have a jury, and your case needs to follow the rules of any other court in the United states.
The Bill of Rights Amendment 6 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
You have a right to a trial with an impartial judge and to have both witnesses against and for yourself,
Based on the grievances, which historian do you think has a better argument (Bailyn or Zinn)? In other words, was the Declaration of Independence written for selfish or ideological reasons?
Zinn, by the way it is written it sounds like a union. They want the help of the other colonies to end the fights.