Unit 9 test

Which of the following correlations between self-esteem and body weight would enable you to most accurately predict body weight from knowledge of level of self-esteem?

+0.60

During the past year, Zara and Ivan each read 2 books, but George read 9, Ali read 12, and Marsha read 25. The median number of books read by these individuals was

9

Which of the following is an example of imprinting?

A 1-day old duckling demonstrates attachment to a bouncing ball.

Which of the following is true of adolescence in contemporary industrialized societies as compared with previous centuries?

It begins earlier in life and ends later in life.

Which theory would most likely suggest that children often take turns passing and shooting a basketball because they want to avoid having others angry at them, whereas adolescents often do so because they want to play the game the way it's supposed to be played?

Kohlberg's moral development theory

The processes of assimilation and accommodation were most clearly highlighted by

Piaget's cognitive development theory.

Lacking any exposure to language before adolescence, a person will never master any language due to the ________ of unemployed neural connections.

Pruning

The early school of psychology known as functionalism was developed by

William James

Kids choose peers who share their own attitudes and interests as their friends. This best illustrates

a selection effect

The grief experienced over the death of a loved one is especially severe when death is experienced

as coming before it's expected time on the social clock

Foster care that moves a young child through a series of foster families is most likely to result in the disruption of

attachment

Parents who are demanding and yet sensitively responsive to their children are said to be

authoritative

Already at 15 months of age, Justin strongly senses that he can rely on his father to comfort and protect him. This most clearly contributes to

basic trust

Which approach is most directly concerned with assessing the relative contributions of heredity and experience to personality development?

biopsychosocial

The concept of maturation is most relevant to understanding the absence of

bladder control among 2-year-olds.

Studies of monkeys raised with artificial mothers suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with

body contact.

In agricultural societies, children typically socialize into more distinct gender roles than do children in nomadic societies. This best illustrates that gender-role differences between social groups result from

cultural influence.

A cross-sectional study is one in which

different age groups are tested at the same time

Although Mr. Tong was obviously busy reading an absorbing novel, his 5-year-old daughter kept interrupting him with comments and questions about the TV cartoons she was watching. Before Mr. Tong becomes irritated with his daughter for being inconsiderate, he should be alerted to Piaget's concept of

egocentrism

When his mother offered to play leapfrog with him, Jorge protested, "I'm not going to play a girl's game!" Jorge's reaction best illustrates the impact of

ender schemas.

Fourteen-year-old Lisa was asked, "What would happen if everyone in the world suddenly went blind?" She responded, "Those who had previously been blind would become leaders." Lisa's answer indicates she is in the ________ stage of development.

formal operational

During adolescence, maturation of the ________ lags behind maturation of the ________.

frontal lobe; limbic system

When teased by his older sister, 9-year-old Waldo does not cry because he has learned that boys are not expected to. Waldo's behavior best illustrates the importance of

gender roles

Children's tendency to classify toys and songs as either masculine or feminine is most likely to facilitate the process of

gender typing

Marie feels socially useful in her career as a financial investment advisor. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Marie experiences a sense of

generativity

Identical twins typically begin walking on nearly the same day. This best illustrates the importance of _______ to motor skills.

genes

Research on the causes of homosexuality suggests that

genetic influence plays a role in sexual orientation.

Killing one person in order to save five by throwing a switch that diverts a runaway trolley is judged as more morally acceptable than killing one person in order to save five by pushing a stranger directly into the path of the oncoming trolley. This best illustrates that moral judgments may reflect:

gut-level intuitions

To test whether newborns can visually discriminate between various shapes and colors, psychologists have made use of the process of

habituation

Two characteristics of authoritarian parents are that they

impose rules and expect obedience

According to Erikson, trust is to ________ as identity is to ________.

infancy; adolescence

The relative lack of neural interconnections in the association areas at the time of birth is most likely to contribute to

infantile amnesia

Which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation?

informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing

Aaron cried when his mother left him in the infant nursery at church, and he was not reassured or comforted by her return a short while later. Aaron showed signs of

insecure attachment

Current research on cognitive development indicates that

mental skills develop earlier than Piaget believed

Compared with the average man, the average woman is

more vulnerable to depression and anxiety

To describe the behavior of animals in their native habitats, researchers are most likely to make use of

naturalistic observation.

A stimulating environment is most likely to facilitate the development of a child's

neural connections

The association areas are the last cortical areas to fully develop their

neural networks

Sasha believes that she is a very good driver. Her belief leads her to take unnecessary risks, such as driving too fast and cutting in front of other drivers. Sasha's driving appears to be affected by

overconfidence

Children raised in the same family are not especially likely to have similar personalities. This most clearly implies that we should be cautious about attributing personality to

parental influences

Formal operational thought is MOST necessary for the development of ________ morality.

postconventional

Henry disapproves of stealing jelly beans from his sister's Easter basket because he thinks his mother will spank him if he does. Henry best represents a ________ morality.

preconventional

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n)

psychiatrist

Dmitri is a typical 6-month-old. When he looks into a mirror he is likely to

reach toward the image as if it were another child

If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation, they are unable to

recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.

Which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier research study with different participants and in different circumstances?

replication

Lolita vacillates between acting rebellious toward her parents and high school teachers and behaving with compliance and respect. Erikson would have suggested that Lolita's inconsistency illustrates

role confusion.

When Joan touched her infant's cheek, he turned his head toward the side that was touched and opened his mouth. Joan was eliciting the

rooting reflex

To graphically represent the correlation between two variables, researchers often construct a

scatterplot

During which of Piaget's stages does a person develop an awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived?

sensorimotor

The age at which people are expected to leave home, get a job, and marry has changed dramatically in Wallonia over the past 50 years. Developmentalists would say that the country's ________ has been altered.

social clock

According to Erikson, teens who suffer role confusion have not yet

solidified a sense of identity

The fact that many happy and well-adjusted adults were once rebellious and unhappy as adolescents is most relevant to the issue of

stability or change

Lynnae is usually timid and fearful, whereas her sister Eileen is typically relaxed and cheerful. The two sisters are most strikingly different in:

temperament

Adolecence extends from

the beginning of sexual maturity to independent adulthood.

The improved judgment and impulse control that occur as adolescents grow older is made possible by the development of

the frontal lobes.

People whose sense of gender identity or gender expression differs from that typical of their birth sex are called

transgender

An example of a primary sex characteristic is a

woman's ovaries

During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n

zygote and finally develops into a fetus.