Unit IV and XIV Psych

59. An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by

biopsychosocial approach

28. The area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the

blind spot

94. People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as

bystander effect

95. Diffusion of responsibility often plays an important rule in the

bystander effect

20. Although Sue Yen sees her chemistry teacher several times a week, she didn't recognize the teacher when she saw her in the grocery store. This best illustrates the importance of

context effects

25. Which of the following is the correct order of structures light passes through in the eye?

cornea iris pupil lens retina

3. Sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________.

detection interpretation

11. The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time is called the

difference threshold

16. Some people are better than others at detecting slight variations in the tastes of various blends of coffee. This best illustrates the importance of

difference thresholds

65. Fritz Heider concluded that people tend to attribute others' behavior either to their

dispositions or their situations

8. In one experiment, most of the participants who viewed a videotape of men tossing a basketball remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman sauntering across the screen. This illustrated

inattentional blindness

81. Accepting others' opinions about reality is to ________ as the desire to gain approval is to ________.

informational social influence normative social influence

22. The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the

iris

10. Why is transduction important to sensation?

it converts physical stimuli, such as light, into neural messages

57. Which of the following best explains why we have difficulty locating sounds that are directly overhead?

it reaches both ears simultaneously

62. While playing tennis you need to know where your limbs are located so you can move them into the right positions to run or swing your racket. Which of the following senses provides this information?

kinesthesis

86. In Milgram's experiments, participants were torn between whether they should respond to the pleas of the _______ or the demands of the _______.

learner experimenter

23. Objects are brought into focus on the retina by changes in the curvature and thickness of the

lens

39. The convergence of parallel lines provides the distance cue known as

linear perspective

56. Cocking your head would be most useful for detecting the ______ of a sound.

location

91. Deindividuation refers to

loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

49. Joe Wilson, age 55, has been told by experts that a hearing aid would restore his lost sense of hearing. It is likely that Joe's hearing loss involves problems within the

middle ear

38. Depth perception that uses information transmitted to only one eye depends on

monocular cues

83. Conformity resulting from the acceptance of others' opinions about reality is said to be a response to

normative social influence

33. Which theory best explains the occurrence of afterimages?

opponent process

26. The receptor cells that convert light energy into neural signals are called

opponent processors

30. The ability to simultaneously recognize the color, shape, size, and speed of an oncoming automobile best illustrates

parallel processing

40. Interposition is a cue for depth perception in which closer objects

partially cover one another

2. The process by which we select, organize, and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called

perception

73. Instead of providing arguments in favor of a political candidate, ads may build political support by associating pictures of the candidate with emotion-evoking music and images. This strategy best illustrates

peripheral route persuasion

48. After watching a scary television movie, Julie perceived the noise of the wind rattling her front windows as the sound of a burglar breaking into her house. Her mistaken interpretation best illustrates the influence of

perpetual set

72. Poverty and unemployment are likely to be explained in terms of personal dispositions by ________ and in terms of situational influences by ________.

political conservatives political liberals

15. Photographs of people were rated more positively if the photos immediately followed a briefly flashed image of kittens. This best illustrates the impact of

priming

35. The perpetual tendency to group together stimuli that are near each other is called

proximity

21. The adjustable opening in the center of the eye is the

pupil

51. A cochlear implant would be most helpful for those who suffer

sensorineural hearing loss

18. After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates

sensory adaptation

43. As the retinal image of a horse galloping toward you becomes larger, it is unlikely that the horse will appear to grow larger. This best illustrates the importance of

size constancy

88. University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates

social loafing

89. Class members are asked to work cooperatively in groups on major course papers. Every member of a group is to receive exactly the same grade based on the quality of the group's paper. This situation is most likely to lead to

social loafing

64. Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?

social psychology

41. The quick succession of briefly flashed images in a motion picture produces

stroboscopic movement

12. During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antall could hardly detect them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's...

subliminal threshold

67. Compared with people from East Asian cultures, those from individualistic Western countries are most likely to demonstrate

the fundamental attribution error

32. Experiencing a green afterimage of a red object is most easily explained by

the opponent-process theory

42. The sequentially flashing Christmas tree lights appeared to generate pulsating waves of motion. This best illustrates

the phi phenomenon

31. According to the Young-Helmholtz theory

the retina contains three kinds of color receptors

85. In 1942, German reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when

they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures

4. The effect of prior experience and current expectations on perception best illustrates the importance of

top-down processing

9. The process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages is called

transduction

61. The area of the brain that receives information from the nose is directly connected with the limbic system. This connection may explain why smells are often involved in which of the following?

vivid memories

29. If an image falls on the eye's blind spot, you do not detect it. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

without receptor cells, transduction cannot occur

1. The process of receiving and representing stimulus energies through the nervous system is called

sensation

54. Cones and rods are to vision as ________ are to audition.

hair cells

34. Who emphasized that the whole may exceed the sum of its parts?

Gestalt

17. The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as

Weber's Law

66. Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of

a dispositional attribution.

13. Standing atop a mountain on an utterly dark, clear night, most of us would see a candle flame atop another mountain 30 miles away. This best illustrates

absolute threshold

58. According to the gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce your physical aches and pains by causing

activation of specific neural fibers in your spinal cord

71. The fundamental attribution error is most likely to lead observers to conclude that unemployed people

are irresponsible and unmotivated

93. The best explanation for the inaction of bystanders during the Kitty Genovese murder is that they failed to:

assume personal responsibility for helping the victim

14. A subliminal message is one that is presented

below one's absolute threshold for awareness

74. Magazine computer ads seldom feature endorsements from Hollywood stars or great athletes. Instead, they offer detailed information for consumers to develop more positive opinions about the company's products. This advertising strategy best illustrates

central route persuasion.

60. Taste and smell are both what kind of senses?

chemical

36. While singing to you on your birthday, your friends leave off the very last word of the song, "Happy birthday to you, Happy birthday to you, Happy birthday dear David, Happy birthday to...." Your tendency to mentally fill in the last word best reflects which of the following Gestalt principles of organization?

closure

77. The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called

cognitive dissonance

45. As your teacher dims the lights to show a movie clip, you still perceive your friend's shirt as red. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

color constancy

In Milgram's first study of obedience, the majority of "teachers" who were ordered to shock a "learner"

complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock

75. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to

comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request

50. Damage to the hammer, anvil, and stirrup is most likely to cause

conduction hearing loss

78. Adjusting one behavior's or thinking toward a group standard is called

conformity

80. Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study

conformity

90. After an exciting football game in which the home team loses by one point, angry fans throw bottles and begin to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of

deindividuation

69. Freire did very poorly on his last arithmetic test. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead his sixth-grade teacher to conclude that Freire did poorly because

he is unmotivated to do well in school (personal vs. situational)

55. Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that sound waves pass through on the way to the auditory nerve?

eardrum hammer anvil stirrup cochlea

87. According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that

even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction

52. The pitch of a sound is determined by what?

frequency

82. Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to

gain social approval

92. An overwhelming desire for harmony in a decision-making group increases the probability of

groupthink

53. The mechanical vibrations triggered by sound waves are transduced into neural impulses by

hair cells

24. The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the rods and cones, is the

retina

37. A 3-D movie enhances our sense of depth perception by stimulating the effects of

retinal disparity

27. Under very dim levels of illumination

rods are more light-sensitive than cones

79. The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as a(n)

role

6. Because she was listening to the news on the radio, Mrs. Schultz didn't perceive a word her husband was saying. Her experience best illustrates

selective attention

7. In University of Utah driving-simulation experiments, students conversing on cell phones were slower to detect and respond to traffic signals. This best illustrates

selective attention

63. During the months when there is a large amount of pollen in the air, your hay fever severely affects your sense of smell. At the same time your food all seems to taste the same. This illustrates the importance of

sensory interaction

5. Bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with the

sensory receptors

44. As a door opens, it casts an increasingly trapezoidal shape on our retinas; however, we still perceive it as rectangular. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

shape constancy

47. Imagine that a softball player wears special glasses that shift her visual field upward 20 degrees. This means that when the player wears these glasses, everything appears higher than it actually is. With practice the player can hit a ball with the glasses on. What will happen when the player first hits a ball with the glasses off?

she will believe that the ball is lower than it really is

70. Caitlin concluded that her husband was late for dinner because he was caught in heavy traffic. Her conclusion best illustrates

situational attribution

68. The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of _________ and to overestimate the impact of __________ in explaining the behavior of others.

situational influences personal dispostitions