U.S. History Chapter 16 Study Guide

the basis of all the provisions; the was guilt clause; placed the entire blame for the war upon Germany and her allies

article 231

it sold the war to the american people

committee of public information

What were "victory gardens"?

gardens in which citizens grew their own vegetables

Advancements in technology led to what new theater of battle?

the air, with dogfights between planes

What was the primary reason that the Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles?

It rejected the notion of a League of Nations

What was the result of alliances between European countries against one another?

Countries began to engage in militarism

Why is it believed that Harding won by such a wide margin?

He promised an end to the reforms that had led to so much strife

Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia in 1908 had what effect on the empire's relations with the Slavic people?

Slavs felt that Austria-Hungary had no intention of giving them independence

led the American expeditionary force into battle

john "blackjack" pershing

what were some of the new weapons in WWI

machine guns, gas, grenades, flame throwers, tanks, zeppelins, airplanes

who declared war on who on July 28, 1914

Austria declared war on Serbia

who killed Archduke Ferdinand and his wife sophia

Serbian merchants

Where was the Western Front?

between Germany and France

date Germany signed an armistice

november 11, 1918

What strike led to the dismissal of the entire striking workforce?

the Boston Police Strike

What caused rapid inflation in the U.S. after the war ended?

Jobs were scarce, and companies that were forced to keep prices low during the war raised them dramatically

what was the start date of WWI

July 28, 1914

what was the date of the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

June 28, 1914

How did American Admiral William Sims change the war at sea?

by creating convoys in which merchant ships and small, maneuverable warships called destroyers traveled together

increasing one's military beyond what is necessary for defense; the alliance system fostered this

miltarism

The desire to promote one's own country's culture and interests above all other nations is called ___

nationalism

The crisis in the Balkans represented a clash between which two ideals that were emerging in Europe?

nationalism and imperialism

a bomb damaged attorney general A. Mitchell Palmer's home which led to the FBI

palmer raids

what did president Wilson issue in order for the US to stay neutral

proclamation of neutrality

General Pershing insisted that American soldiers who entered the war __

remain in American units under American command

senators that agreed to ratify if Wilson agreed that any military action had to be approved by congress

reservationists

agreement to support one another (military)

rival alliances

Why did Congress pass the Selective Service Act?

to draft Americans into the armed forces

the allied countries meet in Paris to discuss the outcome of the war; punished Germany for the damage done in the war

treaty of versailles

took place on the Western front

trench warfare

alliance between Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary

triple

what happened in the sacco, vanzetti case

two immigrants were executed

led the Bolshevik party, signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

vladimir lenin

How did the arrival of American troops affect German attitudes about the war?

Once the American troops arrived the German troops pretty much knew that it was over

What events motivated the U.S. to join the war?

Propaganda, strong ties with the Allies, sinking of the Lusitania, Sussex pledge, and the Zimmerman note

made it illegal to aid the enemy and Eugene debs was arrested under this act

espionage act of 1917

supreme commander of the allied forces; ordered a counter attack

ferdinand foch

gave four ministers speeches to urge audiences to support the war

four-minute men

which of Russia's allies declared war on Germany

france

one of the costliest military capaigns

meuse argonne offensive

What was the purpose of the Palmer Raids?

to seize and deport immigrant anarchists

How did the unification of the German states and the emergence of the German Empire lead to tensions in Europe?

Several countries feared that Germany would invade them and begin to create alliances

helped to prevent war; called for peace without victory

league of nations

how long did the US remain neutral

2 years

Who were the Triple Entente and why did they have that name?

Britain, France, and Russia; known as the entente cordial or friendly understanding because Britain

What effect did the war have on women in America?

Many took jobs that were traditionally held by men

How did ideas of national self-determination influence the Treaty of Versailles?

They thought that they would be able to punish Germany because they all had a thing in common and that was that Germany hurt them badly

President Wilson's peace plan

fourteen points

a temporary agreement to end fighting

armistice

What is the difference between an armistices and a treaty?

Armistice is temporary Treaty is permanent

He was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian empire

Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand

How did the arrival of American troops in Europe change the attitude of those fighting the war?

Allied forces were enthusiastic and German forces demoralized

What were the European alliances that were triggered when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia?

Russia and France allied with Serbia against Austria-Hungary and Germany

What event in April 1919 further fueled fears of Communist radicals in America?

The Postal Service intercepted 30 bombs sent to prominent Americans

What happened in the Election of 1920?

The war, the red scare, and the many problems led to a sense of disillusionment in American; Harding won

Why did many workers participate in strikes following the war?

There was a lot of racial discrimination, labor unrest, and economic problems

What were some new agencies that Congress established to help manage the wartime economy?

War industries Board, food administration, fuel administration

the big four

Wilson: US Clemenceau: France Orlando: Italy George: Great Britain

During the Red Scare, Americans often linked __________ with radicalism

immigrants

What result of inflation caused national unrest across the country in 1919?

Workers began to strike in massive numbers

What was the Red Scare?

a fear of Communists seizing control of America

In the 1920 election, Warren G. Harding ran on the platform of __

a return to normalcy

what caused the nations of Europe to declare war on each other

alliances and fear

hero of the offensive; known as sergeant york; one of the most decorated american soldiers in WWI

alvin york

nicknamed the doughboys

american expeditionary force (AEF)

a stale mate war

attrition

the americans stop the Germany drive to defeat France

battle of chateau-thierry

the dough boys win an impressive victory in this battle

battle of st. mihiel

the french, with the help of taxi drivers moved their army to the front and stopped the German advance at the Marne R

battle of the Marne

the ruling or controlling of other nations through annexation, conquering, or economic domination

imperialism

senators that did not want to be linked to europe

irrenconcilables

Why did England seek to forge alliances with France and Russia?

because Germany was creating a naval fleet that threatened the British navy

Why did trench warfare result in such horrific casualties?

because artillery and machine guns had made capturing an enemy's position nearly impossible

in 1917 the Bolshevik party established a communist government in Russia

bolshevik revolution

How did the Fuel Administration attempt to conserve coal and oil during the war?

by instituting Heatless Mondays and creating daylight savings time

How did America fund the $32 billion war effort?

by raising taxes and selling bonds

run by Herbert Hoover; increased food production while reducing consumption

food administration

What were three of the main ideas in Wilson's Fourteen Points?

free trade and open diplomacy, national self-determination, and the establishment of the League of Nations

aka the FBI or the federal bureau of investigation

general intelligence division

which of Austria's allies declared war on Russua

germany

what did Russia mobilize its troops

it feared Austria would control the Balkans

what did the Franco-Russian alliance do?

protected themselves against triple alliance

waged a two front war

schlieffen plan

made it illegal to top speak against the war publicly

sedition act of 1918

what was the main reason the US joined the WWI

submarines sunk the Lusitania killing 128 americans

what was issued by Wilson saying that if one more ship was sunk the US would enter the war

sussex pledge

What battle on the Western Front resulted in a massive German retreat?

the Battle of the Argonne Forest

What event allowed Germany to sign a treaty with Russia, ending their campaign in the east?

the Russian Revolution and establishment of a Communist state

How did the complex web of European alliances contribute to the outbreak of WWI?

the alliances were agreements to help other countries if another country were to attack, the countries all started to declare war on each other

What event in 1914 triggered the beginning of World War I?

the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary

What was the "Great Migration"?

the movement of massive numbers of African Americans to the North to take factory jobs

What was the major cause of the outbreak of race riots during 1919?

the scarcity of jobs

What did the Schenck v. united states uphold

the sedition act

What was the final German act that caused the United States to declare war on Germany?

the sinking of six American ships by German submarines

What was the Zimmermann telegram?

the telegram to Mexico from Germany promising to give Mexico land lost to the U.S. if they joined the war

What was the primary purpose of the War Industries Board?

to coordinate the production of war materials

What was the purpose of the wartime agencies created in the U.S. during World War I?

to foster cooperation between the national war effort and private businesses

What were the purposes of the Espionage and Sedition Acts?

to prevent spying and curtail criticism of the government

What was the purpose of the Committee on Public Information?

to sell the war effort to Americans

treaty signed with Germany pulling Russia out of the war; allowed Germany to focus on the western front

treaty of brest-litovsk