US History Road to Revolution & Am Revolution - Coach Walters

French and Indian War?

1. It was a war fought by French & English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse. 2. A war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by indian tribes).

Battles of Lexington and Concord

A 1775 conflict between colonial minutemen & British soldiers attempting to take the colonists' large store of arms; began the Revolutionary War, British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston.

What was the role of John Adams in the American Revolution?

A Massachusetts attorney & politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. Adams later served as the second President of the United States.

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation.

The Crisis

A pamphlet written by Tom Paine during the darkest days of the Revolution for the Patriots that spurred them to keep fighting. "The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot..."

Loyalist

A person who supported the British during the American Revolution

Patriot

A person who supported the colonists during the American Revolution, a colonist who wanted to break free from Britain's rule

Bias

A preference that prevents one from being impartial; prejudice.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. Colonists resented being trapped against the ocean which kept them under British control and prevented them from farming the rich lands of the Ohio Valley.

Salutory Neglect

A relationship in which the British Parliament ignored the colonies allowing them to develop without interference.

Stamp Act

A tax that the British Pariliament placed on newspapers and official documents sold in the American Colonies.

What was the role of James Armistead in the American Revolution?

African American who served as a spy for the Patriots during the Revolutionary War.

What was the role of Haym Salomon in the American Revolution?

American financier and Revolutionary patriot who helped fund the army during the American Revolution. He helped fund the Continental Congress and pay their salaries. When he died in 1785, at the age of 45, he was penniless and had given everything he owned to America. He was Polish.

What was the role of Benjamin Franklinin the American Revolution?

American patriot, writer, printer, and inventor. During the Revolutionary War he persuaded the French to help the colonists.

What was the role of Patrick Henry in the American Revolution?

An American orator and member of the Virginia House of Burgesses who gave speeches against the British government and its policies urging the colonies to fight for independence. In connection with a petition to declare a "state of defense" in virginia in 1775, he gave his most famous speech which ends with the words, "Give me liberty or give me death." He was instrumental in causing the Bill of Rights to be adopted as part of the U.S. Constitution.

Continental Army

Army formed in 1775 by the Second Continental Congress and led by General George Washington

Boston Massacre

British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution.

Effects of Mercantilism on the Colonies

Colonies became poor as Britain became wealthy. Colonists resented Navigation Acts. Colonists came to realize they were self-sufficient and did not need to depend on Britain (rebellion begins)

Representation in Parliament

Colonists felt that the laws and taxes passed by the British were unfair because they had no____________________.

Effects of Intolerable Acts

Colonists saw Acts as a violation of their natural and constitutional rights. More colonists turned against Britain. The First Continental Congress was formed, and they called for colonists to boycott British goods.

What was the role of George Washington in the American Revolution?

Commander of the Continental Army. He had led troops (rather unsuccessfully) during the French and Indian War, and had surrendered Fort Necessity to the French. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and was much more successful in this second command.

Committees of Correspondence

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

Boston Tea Party

Demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor. Protest against increased tea prices in which colonists dumped British tea into Boston harbor. As a result, the Intolerable Acts were passed.

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the people and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Articles of Confederation

First government after colonists declared independence from Britain. Had many limitations because the colonists were afraid to be treated the way Britain had treated them, and they didn't want to go through that experience again. ***A weakness was that only states could raise taxes; the central government did not have that power.***

US Military Strategy

Guerilla warfare and surprise attacks such as in the middle of the night or during winter.

Strengths of Continental Army

Guerilla warfare; fighting for their rights, liberty, home and family; no established capital to capture; French and Spanish assistance.

What was the role of Thomas Jefferson in the American Revolution?

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

What was the role of Marquis de Lafayette in the American Revolution?

He was a very rich French nobleman when he arrived in America at the age of 19 years old. He believed in the liberty that the Americans were fighting for and asked France to help. He became a general on Washington's staff and fought hard. He was known as "the soldier's friend," and is buried in France but his grave is covered with earth from Bunker Hill.

What was the role of Bernado de Galvez in the American Revolution?

He was the governor of Spanish Louisiana; helped the Patriot cause along the Mississippi River and on the western frontier; Galveston, TX was named after him.

What was the role of Wentworth Cheswell in the American Revolution?

He was the grandson of a freed slave, 1st African American in the U.S to be elected into public office (constable), signed document that pledged to take up arms against British, fought in the Revolutionary War

What was the role of King George III in the American Revolution?

He was the king of England from 1760 to 1820, exercised a greater hand in the government of the American colonies than had many of his predecessors. Colonists were torn between loyalty to the king and resistance to acts carried out in his name. After King George III rejected the Olive Branch Petition, the colonists came to see him as a tyrant.

Difficulties George Washington Faced

His troops were inexperienced, untrained, and not armed well. His army was small. Hard time raising money for shoes, blankets, etc. Many troops deserted to defend their families or because of the hunger and harsh conditions.

Intolerable Acts

In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, put control of Massachusetts under Britain and reduced assemblies to one per year, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of British troops in any barns or unoccupied buildings

What is the significance of 1776?

It was the year that the Declaration of Independence was signed. Congress voted to accept the Declaration of Independence's final wording; this was the first Independence Day on July 4, 1776.

What was the role of Abigail Adams in the American Revolution?

John Adam's wife, she appealed to her husband to protect the rights of women. a member of the Daughters of Liberty

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781. This led to the British public turning against the war and the Treaty of Paris.

British economic policies

Led by a governor appointed by British Monarch, government was completely British. Economic Policy - Hands off, let market decide where it's going.

What was the role of Mercy Otis Warren in the American Revolution?

New England author and poet, her plays and stories made fun of the British --> helped turn loyalists into patriots. Patriot writer who wrote articles and plays in support of American independence.

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

What was the role of Thomas Paine in the American Revolution?

Patriot and writer whose pamphlet Common Sense, published in 1776, convinced many Americans that it was time to declare independence from Britain. He also wrote The American Crisis to urge colonists to join the fight against the British.

What were the causes of the American Revolution?

Proclamation of 1763, Intolerable Acts, Stamp Act, Mercantilism, Lack of Representation in Parliament, and British ecomonic polocies following the French & Indian War.

British Taxes on Colonies

Resulted from debt from the French-American war among other things. The motherland was trying to recoup losses.

What was the role of Samuel Adams in the American Revolution?

Samuel Adams played a key role in the defense of colonial rights. He had been a leader of the Sons of Liberty and suggested the formation of the Committees of Correspondence. Adams was crucial in spreading the principle of colonial rights throughout New England and is credited with provoking the Boston Tea Party..

First Continental Congress

September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts

What was the role of Crispus Attucks in the American Revolution?

The African-Native American man who was the first man to die in the Boston Massacre, also considered the first death in the Revolutionary War

Taxation without Representation

The English colonies had no representation in British Parliament, and tax laws were passed without a colonial representative being present.

Battle of Saratoga

The battle which was the turning point of the Revolution because after the colonists won this major victory, the French decided to support us with money, troops, ships, etc.

Unalienable Rights

These rights are fundamental or natural rights guaranteed to people naturally instead of by the law. They include life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness., rights that cannot be given up, taken away or transferred.

What were the strengths of the British?

They had a strong well-trained army and navy along with a strong central government with food, ammunition and the support of colonial loyalists and Native Americans.

Second Continental Congress

They organized the Continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence.

Articles of Confederation

This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.

Treaty of Paris of 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.

Importance of Valley Forge

Troops learned to respect George Washington, trained and became better, more disciplined troops.

Winter at Valley Forge, PA

Washington and troops were low on supplies, food, and clothing. Because it was a harsh winter, 1/5 of soldiers died. Name given to the 1777-1778 encampment at Valley Forge by the American military under General Washington. It was America's first real effort to field a professional military against the British.

Ally

a country that agrees to help another country achieve a common goal, ie. American Revolution - French were allies.

Sons of Liberty

a group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies at the time of the American Revolution.

Consent

agreement, to give permission

Mercantilism

an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

propaganda

material distributed by those in favor of a specific cause and reflecting their point of view, Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Protest

the act of making a strong public expression of disagreement and disapproval

Strategy

the branch of military science dealing with military command and the planning and conduct of a war

Guerilla Warfare

type of fighting in which soldiers use swift hit-and-run attacks against the enemy