Vertebrae and ribs: Fill in the blanks

Small, bifid, transverse foramina

Cervical vertebrae have a (small, large) body compared to the vertebral foramen, and have a ___ spinous process. Cervical vertebrae have ___ that protect vertebral arteries and veins.

Twelve, seven, five, two

Each person has ___ ribs. The first ___ are true ribs that attach to the sternum, and the last ___ are false ribs. The last ___ ribs are known as floating ribs.

vertebrochondrial

False ribs are also called ___ ribs.

Vertebral

Floating ribs are also called ___ ribs.

large oval, triangular

Lumbar vertebrae have (small, large) (shape) bodies and a (shape) foramina.

Proximal

The navicular is (proximal, distal) to the cuneiform bones

Medial

The navicular is on the (medial, lateral) side of the foot

further from

The proximal row of carpals is (closer to, further from) the metacarpals

Five, twenties

The sacrum is composed of ___ cervical vertebrae that begin fusing after puberty and are completely fused by the late ___

Multiangular

The trapezium and trapezoid are also called the greater and lesser ___ bones

Seventh

The vertebra prominent is the ___ cervical vertebra. Its long spinous process can be felt through the skin at the base of the neck.

Increase

The vertebral bodies (increase, decrease) in size caudally due to the increased load to be supported.

Centrum

The vertebral body is also called the ___

seven, twelve, five

There are ___ cervical vertebrae, ___ thoracic vertebrae, and ___ lumbar vertebrae.

Heart, smaller

Thoracic vertebrae have a ___-shaped body and (smaller, larger) foramina. Each of these vertebrae articulate with ribs at superior, inferior, and transverse costal facets.

Vertebrosternal

True ribs are also called ___ ribs.

Three to five, twenty-six

The coccyx is composed of ___ cervical vertebrae that begin fusing by age ___

medial, lateral

The cuneiform bones are on the (medial, lateral) side of the foot and the cuboid is on the (medial, lateral) side

odontoid process

The dens of the axis is also called the ___

decreases, decreases

The diameter of the spinal cord (increases, decreases) as you proceed caudally along the vertebral canal, and therefore the diameter of the vertebral arch (increases, decreases) caudally.

closer to

The distal row of carpals is (closer to, further from) the metacarpals

Primary (accommodation)

___ (___) curves are present at birth and include the thoracic and sacral curves.

Secondary (compensation)

___ (___) curves do not develop until several months after birth and include the cervical and lumbar curve.

Primary, secondary

___ curves accomodate the thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera. ___ curves help shift weight to permit an upright posture.

Lordosis

___ is an exaggerated anterior curvature of the lumbar vertebrae, causing a swayback appearance.

Whiplash

___ is an injury in which a sudden change in acceleration that causes dislocation to the cervical vertebrae or damage to the associated muscles or ligaments. It occurs because the balancing muscles of the cervical vertebrae are specialized for precise, delicate movements and are not capable of withstanding sudden violent movements.

Kyphosis

___ occurs when the thoracic curvature becomes exaggerated posteriorly, creating a hunch-backed appearance.

Scoliosis

___ occurs when there is lateral curvature of the spine.