Vocab v60

banshee

(Irish folklore) a female spirit who wails to warn of impending death

"It's people like you, Ron," Hermione began hotly, "who prop up rotten and unjust systems, just because they're too lazy to -"

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A tale told to frighten the gullible.

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Colonel Korn agreed that it was neither possible nor necessary to educate people who never questioned anything.

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Constant Vigilance

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Excellence is the bare minimum.

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Harry picked the shining, silvery cloth off the floor. It was strange to the touch, like water woven into material.

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I have made a career off of using words, but words tend to get in the way of what you really want to say.

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If you say anything you lose everything.

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In 100 years everyone in this room will be dead, what did you do while you were here?

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In Chinese mythology, for example, in the beginning there was the cosmic egg. The infant god P'an Ku resided for almost an eternity inside the egg, which floated on a formless sea of Chaos. When it finally hatched, P'an Ku grew enormously, over ten feet per day, so the top half of the eggshell became the sky and the bottom half the earth. After 18,000 years, he died to give birth to our world: his blood became the rivers, his eyes the sun and moon, and his voice the thunder.

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In his mind he sees the gaunt and crinkled face staring back at him from The Old Curmudgeon's window; its eyes not those of the old face they sit in, but of a young boy's like his own who has simply seen too much of the world and would rather it just went away.

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It does not do to dwell on dreams and forget to live, remember that.

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It is our choices, Harry, that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities.

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It takes a great deal of bravery to stand up to our enemies, but just as much to stand up to our friends.

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There is a theory which states that if ever anyone discovers exactly what the Universe is for and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarre and inexplicable. There is another theory which states that this has already happened.

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They never say to you, "What does his voice sound like? What games does he love best? Does he collect butterflies?" Instead, they demand: "How old is he? How many brothers has he? How much does he weigh? How much money does his father make?" Only from these figures do they think they have learned anything about him.

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We are losing empathy because we are so sick of being worn down by terrible arguments.

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We have this new thing called classism, its racisms cousin.

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We laughed about them afterwards. We were young, thoughtless — carried away with our own cleverness.

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a masterpiece of intellectual energy

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dangerous co2 levels

1,000-2,000 ppm Complaints of drowsiness and poor air. We are getting close to this with our atmosphere... 2,000-5,000 ppm Headaches, sleepiness and stagnant, stale, stuffy air. Poor concentration, loss of attention, increased heart rate and slight nausea may also be present.

Woodstock

3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field The original Woodstock Music Festival happened once. It began on August 15, 1969 to August 17 1969 and ran over to August 18. The festival was held in a 600 acre Dairy farm Bethel, White Lake New York, United States with about half a million people in attendance.

Penning trap

A Penning trap uses both an electric and a magnetic field to trap particles, a magnetic field to confine particles radially and a quadrupole electric field to confine the particles axially.[68] In a Penning trap fusion reactor, first the magnetic and electric fields are turned on. Then, electrons are emitted into the trap, caught and measured. The electrons form a virtual electrode similar to that in a polywell, described above. These electrons are intended to then attract ions, accelerating them to fusion conditions.[69] In the 1990s, researchers at LANL built a Penning trap to do fusion experiments. Their device (PFX) was a small (millimeters) and low power (one fifth of a tesla, less than ten thousand volts) machine.[36] A Penning trap is a device for the storage of charged particles using a homogeneous axial magnetic field and an inhomogeneous quadrupole electric field. This kind of trap is particularly well suited to precision measurements of properties of ions and stable subatomic particles. Geonium atoms have been created and studied this way, to measure the electron magnetic moment. Recently these traps have been used in the physical realization of quantum computation and quantum information processing by trapping qubits. Penning traps are used in many laboratories worldwide, including CERN, to store antimatter such as antiprotons. [1]

cockatrice

A mythological beast whose glance would kill its victims monster hatched by a reptile from a cock's egg; able to kill with a glance

murderous

A person who's murderous is cruel and violent enough to kill someone. If you are experiencing a murderous rage, it's best to stay inside and away from the public.

A promising way to grow body parts ... using an apple

Biohacker and TED Fellow Andrew Pelling creates living, functional biological objects that don't exist in nature — without deliberately modifying DNA in any way. In his lab at the University of Ottawa, he's even figured out how to use apples and human cells to make ears in a petri dish. But how do you do that — and more importantly, why would you want to? The answer is surprisingly simple, and could mean greater access to medical innovation and well-being for all. So. About those ears. Are they real human ears? Can they ... hear? The answer is complex. Yes, the ears are made up of real, living human cells, but the material that gives them structure — the scaffolding — is apple cellulose. The ears were carved into the cellulose by hand (by Pelling's wife, as it happens). Think topiary. And no, they can't hear. This may sound like just a creepy science art project, but it demonstrates an important point: that human cells can thrive on the fibrous structures of plants. And why is that important? Because it suggests the possibility of a low-cost, globally accessible biomaterial with which we might reconstruct our falling-apart bodies: skin, bones, veins, organs and so on. Here's how scientists are trying to make replacement body parts now. Lab-grown organs are at the frontier of medicine, with scientists experimenting with growing bone, cartilage, even more complex organs like kidneys and hearts. But all of them need a base material that can host living cells. "The common wisdom has been that scaffolds should be as native to the human body as possible," says Pelling. There are several approaches for creating these scaffolds, but one promising approach uses the existing scaffold of a donated organ. In this case, scientists would remove the donor's cells from the tissue, use what's left behind as the protein scaffold, repopulate it with the patient's stem cells and then transplant the organ back into the patient. (In a heart, what's left behind when a donor's cells are stripped out looks like a white 'ghost heart,' and is primarily made of collagen.) It can be a fiendishly complicated process, and so far scientists have only seen success with simpler organs such as bladders. "The jury is still out on whether it will actually work with an organ like the heart," says Pelling. Apples? Apples grow on trees. Apples are cheap. Whereas previous attempts had used synthetic or highly processed natural cellulose, Pelling's lab had the idea to use plant cellulose straight from the apple, with very few processing steps and as simply as possible. "Our hypothesis was that apple cellulose would act just like any other scaffolding," says Pelling, who runs the publicly funded Pelling Laboratory for Biophysical Manipulation at the University of Ottawa, and who has a long interest in experimental biophysics, as this field is known. "To get to the cellulose, PhD student Daniel Modulevsky devised a protocol in which you slice an apple, wash it in soap and water, then sterilize it. What's left is a fine mesh of cellulose into which you can inject human cells — and they grow." says Pelling. The next logical question: can you implant it? The answer, Pelling found, is yes. "Modulevsky then collaborated with senior lab scientist Charles Cuerrier and discovered that when you implant it under skin, the surrounding cells enter the mesh and send out signals to create a blood supply, and it becomes a living part of the body." The method goes beyond ears on apples. Asparagus may one day help repair spines. Researchers are now plowing through other vegetables to examine their possibly useful properties. "The lab sometimes looks like a farmer's market when we stock up on supplies, because we've been exploring every single plant we can get our hands on," says Pelling. There are many interesting structures already in nature that might be used as possible scaffolds for repairing various parts of the human body. "Some plants have three-dimensional structures that are really similar to existing commercial synthetic scaffolds," he says. But if there are commercial products available, why tinker with plants? Well, he asks: "If it's easy to produce and nature has already done the work for us, why not?" The Pelling Lab is now examining more candidate plants such as pears, asparagus and mushrooms for their potential in repairing bone, nerves and skin. It's not genetically modified, and it's not synthetic biology. So what's it called? "When you say, 'Oh, I've made an apple with human cells in it,' people immediately think of genetic modification," says Pelling. "But we don't touch the genome. In fact, what makes this interesting is that we've transformed biological function without manipulating DNA code." So how should we think of this field? "I've been calling it 'augmented biology,'" he says. "Really, it's a progression on an old idea. We already augment our bodies: tattoos, piercings, fillings." Still, Pelling's idea is unusual enough to make it sometimes challenging to find funding. So far, seed grants have allowed him to conduct preclinical research by testing out the safety and compatibility of the implants in mice.

Connectomics

Connectomics is the production and study of connectomes: comprehensive maps of connections within an organism's nervous system, typically its brain or eye. Because these structures are extremely complex, methods within this field use a high-throughput application of neural imaging and histological techniques in order to increase the speed, efficiency, and resolution of maps of the multitude of neural connections in a nervous system. While the principal focus of such a project is the brain, any neural connections could theoretically be mapped by connectomics, including, for example, neuromuscular junctions.[1] This study is sometimes referred to by its previous name of hodology.

Decellularization

Decellularization is the process used in biomedical engineering to isolate the extracellular matrix (ECM) of a tissue from its inhabiting cells, leaving an ECM scaffold of the original tissue, which can be used in artificial organ and tissue regeneration. Organ and tissue transplantation treat a variety of medical problems, ranging from end organ failure to cosmetic surgery. One of the greatest limitations to organ transplantation derives from organ rejection caused by antibodies of the transplant recipient reacting to donor antigens on cell surfaces within the donor organ. Transplantation is the only curative treatment option available for patients suffering from end-stage organ failure, improving their quality of life and long-term survival. However, because of organ scarcity, only a small number of these patients actually benefit from transplantation. Alternative treatment options are needed to address this problem. The technique of whole-organ decellularization and recellularization has attracted increasing attention in the last decade. Decellularization includes the removal of all cellular components from an organ, while simultaneously preserving the micro and macro anatomy of the extracellular matrix. These bioscaffolds are subsequently repopulated with patient-derived cells, thus constructing a personalized neo-organ and ideally eliminating the need for immunosuppression. However, crucial problems have not yet been satisfyingly addressed and remain to be resolved, such as organ and cell sources. In this review, we focus on the actual state of organ de- and recellularization, as well as the problems and future challenges. Because of unfavorable immune responses, transplant patients suffer a lifetime taking immunosuppressing medication. Stephen F. Badylak pioneered the process of decellularization at the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh.[2] This process creates a natural biomaterial to act as a scaffold for cell growth, differentiation and tissue development. By recellularizing an ECM scaffold with a patient's own cells, the adverse immune response is eliminated. Nowadays, commercially available ECM scaffolds are available for a wide variety of tissue engineering. Using peracetic acid to decellularize ECM scaffolds have been found to be false and only disinfects the tissue. With a wide variety of decellularization-inducing treatments available, combinations of physical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments are carefully monitored to ensure that the ECM scaffold maintains the structural and chemical integrity of the original tissue.[2] Scientists can use the acquired ECM scaffold to reproduce a functional organ by introducing progenitor cells, or adult stem cells (ASCs), and allowing them to differentiate within the scaffold to develop into the desired tissue. The produced organ or tissue can be transplanted into a patient. In contrast to cell surface antibodies, the biochemical components of the ECM are conserved between hosts, so the risk of a hostile immune response is minimized.[3][4] Proper conservation of ECM fibers, growth factors, and other proteins is imperative to the progenitor cells differentiating into the proper adult cells. The success of decellularization varies based on the components and density of the applied tissue and its origin.[5] The applications to the decellularizing method of producing a biomaterial scaffold for tissue regeneration are present in cardiac, dermal, pulmonary, renal, and other types of tissues. Complete organ reconstruction is still in the early levels of development.[6] Biomaterials typically consist of two main classes: synthetic and naturally derived scaffolds 3,4 . The synthetic biomaterials are often constructed with the use of synthetic polymers that mimic structural characteristics of the extracellular matrix (ECM), sometimes even functionalized with ECM proteins 5 . On the other hand, naturally derived scaffolds involve repurposing existing biological materials and structures 6 . Natural biomaterials can often be acquired using decellularization techniques 7 . Decellularization refers to the process of removing the existing cellular structures while leaving behind an intact ECM 8 . The remaining ECM is then used as a 3D biocompatible scaffold 9 . We also present proof-of-principle studies that demonstrate how hydrogels can be temporarily or permanently cast onto the macroscopic scaffolds. Similar approaches have been employed in tissue engineering 36,37; however, to our knowledge, this is first time they have been used in combination with decellularized plant scaffolds. These 'inverse moulding' approaches allowed us to provide temporary or permanent biochemical cues to invading cells in vitro. Allows you to be able to grow cells of any type on objects that usually do not contain those cells. e.g you can grow meat inside of a grape and can grow ears from apples https://singularityhub.com/2018/11/13/an-ear-grown-from-apples-why-the-key-to-tissue-engineering-could-be-plants/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FaVHTd9Ne_s

Eutely

Eutelic organisms have a fixed number of somatic cells when they reach maturity, the exact number being constant for any one species. Development proceeds by cell division until maturity; further growth occurs via cell enlargement only. In nematodes the number of nuclei is also constant; there is growth in size of the body but this is due to the growth in the size of the cells (hypertrophy). Most eutelic organisms are microscopic. Examples include the rotifers, ascaris, many species of nematodes (including the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans whose male individuals have 1031 cells), tardigrades, larvacea and dicyemida.

glasswing butterfly

Greta oto is a species of brush-footed butterfly and member of the subfamily Danainae, tribe Ithomiini, and subtribe Godyridina. It is known by the common name glasswing butterfly for its unique transparent wings that allow it to camouflage without extensive coloration.

High-throughput computing

High-throughput computing (HTC) is a computer science term to describe the use of many computing resources over long periods of time to accomplish a computational task.

Heaven's Gate

Heaven's Gate was an American UFO religious millenarian cult based near San Diego, California. It was founded in 1974 and led by Marshall Applewhite (1931-1997) and Bonnie Nettles (1927-1985).[1] On March 26, 1997, members of the San Diego County Sheriff's Department discovered the bodies of 39 members of the group in a house in the San Diego suburb of Rancho Santa Fe. They had participated in a mass suicide, a coordinated series of ritual suicides, in order to reach what they believed was an extraterrestrial spacecraft following Comet Hale-Bopp. Just before the mass suicide, the group's website was updated with the message: "Hale-Bopp brings closure to Heaven's Gate ... Our 22 years of classroom here on planet Earth is finally coming to conclusion—'graduation' from the Human Evolutionary Level. We are happily prepared to leave 'this world' and go with Ti's crew."[4] She told him their meeting had been foretold to her by extraterrestrials, persuading him that he had a divine assignment. Furthermore, they concluded that they were the two witnesses described in the Book of Revelation[17] and occasionally visited churches or other spiritual groups to speak of their identities,[18] often referring to themselves as "The Two", or "The UFO Two".[11][19] They believed they would be killed and then restored to life and, in view of others, transported onto a spaceship. This event, which they referred to as "the Demonstration", was to prove their claims.[16] To their dismay, these ideas were poorly received by existing religious communities. In October 1996,[35] members of Ti's clan began renting a large home which they called "The Monastery", a 9,200 square feet (850 m2) mansion located near 18341 Colina Norte (later changed to Paseo Victoria) in a gated community of upscale homes in Rancho Santa Fe, California. They paid $7,000 per month, in cash.[36] In the same month, the group purchased alien abduction insurance that would cover up to fifty members and would pay out $1 million per person (the policy covered abduction, impregnation, or death by aliens).[37] On March 19-20, 1997, Marshall Applewhite taped himself in Do's Final Exit, speaking of mass suicide and "the only way to evacuate this Earth". After asserting that a spacecraft was trailing Comet Hale-Bopp and that this event would represent the "closure to Heaven's Gate", Applewhite persuaded 38 followers to prepare for ritual suicide so their souls could board the supposed craft. Applewhite believed that after their deaths an unidentified flying object (UFO) would take their souls to another "level of existence above human", which he described as being both physical and spiritual. Their preparations included each member's videotaping a farewell message. To kill themselves, members took phenobarbital mixed with apple sauce or pudding and washed it down with vodka. Additionally, they secured plastic bags around their heads after ingesting the mix to induce asphyxiation. All 39 were dressed in identical black shirts and sweat pants, brand new black-and-white Nike Decades athletic shoes, and armband patches reading "Heaven's Gate Away Team" (one of many instances of the group's use of the Star Trek fictional universe's nomenclature). Each member had on their person a five-dollar bill and three quarters in their pockets: the five-dollar bill was to cover vagrancy fines while members were out on jobs, while the quarters were to make phone calls. Once dead, a living member would arrange the body by removing the plastic bag from the person's head. They then posed the body so that it lay neatly in their own bed, with faces and torsos covered by a square purple cloth for privacy. The identical clothing was used as a uniform for the mass suicide to represent unity whilst the Nike Decades were chosen as the group "got a good deal on the shoes". The 39 adherents, 21 women and 18 men between the ages of 26 and 72, are believed to have died in three groups over three successive days, with remaining participants cleaning up after each prior group's deaths.[39] The suicides occurred in groups of fifteen, fifteen, and nine, between approximately March 22 and March 26. Among the dead was Thomas Nichols, brother of the actress Nichelle Nichols, who is best known for her role as Uhura in the original Star Trek television series.[46] Leader Applewhite was the third to last member to die; two people remained after him and were the only ones who would be found with bags over their heads and not having purple cloths covering their top halves. Before the last of the suicides, similar sets of FedEx packages were sent to numerous Heaven's Gate affiliated (or formerly affiliated) individuals,[39] and at least one media outlet, the BBC department responsible for Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends, for which Heaven's Gate had earlier declined participation. Among those in the list of recipients was Rio DiAngelo. The package DiAngelo received on the evening of March 25,[47] as other packages sent had,[39] contained two VHS videotapes, one with Do's Final Exit, and the other with the "farewell messages" of group followers.[47] It also contained a letter, stating that among other things, "we have exited our vehicles, just as we entered them."[48] Upon informing his boss of the contents of the packages, DiAngelo received a ride from him from Los Angeles to the Heaven's Gate home in Rancho Santa Fe so he could verify the letter. DiAngelo found a back door purposely left unlocked to allow access,[48] and used a video camera to record what he found. After leaving the house, DiAngelo's boss, who had waited outside, encouraged him to make calls to authorities alerting them to his discovery. The Heaven's Gate event was widely publicized in the media as an example of mass suicide.[50] When news broke of the suicides and their relation to Comet Hale-Bopp, the co-discoverer of the comet, Alan Hale, was drawn into the story. Hale's phone "never stopped ringing the entire day". He did not respond until the next day, when he spoke on the subject at a press conference, but only after researching the details of the incident. Dr. Hale discussed the scientific significance and popular lore of comets and gave a personal account of his discovery. He then lambasted the combination of scientific illiteracy, willful delusions, a radio talk show's deception about an imaginary spacecraft following the comet, and a cult's bizarre yearnings for ascending to another level of existence that led to the Heaven's Gate mass suicides. 'We are probably going to have some suicides as a result of this comet.' The sad part is that I was really not surprised. Comets are lovely objects, but they don't have apocalyptic significance. We must use our minds, our reason. News of the 39 deaths in Rancho Santa Fe motivated the copycat suicide of a 58-year-old man living near Marysville, California.[54] The man left a note dated March 27, which said, "I'm going on the spaceship with Hale-Bopp to be with those who have gone before me," and imitated some of the details of the Heaven's Gate suicides as they had been reported in the media up to that point. The man was found dead by a friend on March 31, and had no known connection with Heaven's Gate. _______________ Heaven's Gate members believed the planet Earth would be "recycled"[62] ("wiped clean, renewed, refurbished, and rejuvenated") before 2027[63] and the only chance for their consciousness (defined sometimes as soul or mind) to survive was to leave their human bodies at an appointed time. Initially the group had been told that they would be transported with their bodies on board a spacecraft that would come to Earth and take the crew to heaven, referred to as the "next level". When Bonnie Lou Nettles (Ti) died of cancer in 1985, it confounded Applewhite's doctrine because Nettles was allegedly chosen by the next level to be a messenger on Earth, yet her body died instead of leaving physically to outer space. The belief system was then refined to include the leaving of consciousness from the body as equivalent to leaving the Earth in a spacecraft. While the group was against suicide, they defined "suicide" in their own context to mean "to turn against the Next Level when it is being offered" and believed their "human" bodies were only vessels meant to help them on their journey. Suicide, therefore, would be not allowing their consciousness to leave their human bodies to join the next level; remaining alive instead of participating in the group suicide was considered suicide of their consciousness. In conversation, when referring to a person or a person's body, they routinely used the word "vehicle". "The Evolutionary Level Above Human" (TELAH) was as a "physical, corporeal place",[66] another world in our universe,[67] where residents live in pure bliss and nourish themselves by absorbing pure sunlight.[68] At the next level, beings do not engage in sexual intercourse, eating or dying, the things that make us "mammalian" here.[69] Heaven's Gate believed that what the Bible calls God is actually a highly developed Extraterrestrial. Open only to adults over the age of 18,[81] group members gave up their possessions and lived a highly ascetic life devoid of many indulgences. The group was tightly knit and everything was communally shared. In public, each member of the group always carried only a five-dollar bill and one roll of quarters.[82] Eight of the male members of the group, including Applewhite, voluntarily underwent castration in Mexico as an extreme means of maintaining its ascetic lifestyle.[83] The group initially attempted castration by having one of the members perform the castration since she was a former nurse but this initial attempt was very unsuccessful and almost resulted in the patient dying. This initial failed castration caused at least one member to leave Heaven's Gate. Every castration that followed this initial one was done in a hospital. The group earned revenues by offering professional website development for paying clients under the business name Higher Source. imagine finding out these fools designed your website.. In its first live episode following the mass suicide, Saturday Night Live aired a sketch where the cult members really did end up in space. It was followed by a commercial parody, featuring footage of the Nike-clad corpses. The ad was for Keds, marketed "for level headed Christians".

Vocal chords allow you to defecate

In a sense your vocal tract is an opening into your chest. However the chest needs to be closed to be structurally strong. The vocal folds also play a crucial role in providing the closure that gives the upper torso the structural integrity it needs to lift heavy objects, defecate, and cough. When your vocal folds close, it allows you to build up pressure in your lungs which lets you lift heavy objects and defecate. Why hiccup? When the air rushing in hits your voice box, your vocal cords close suddenly and you're left with a big hiccup. Some things that irritate the diaphragm are eating too quickly or too much, an irritation in the stomach or the throat, or feeling nervous or excited. Almost all cases of the hiccups last only a few minutes.

Yukawa interaction

In particle physics, Yukawa's interaction or Yukawa coupling, named after Hideki Yukawa, is an interaction between a scalar field ϕ and a Dirac field ψ of the type The Yukawa interaction can be used to describe the nuclear force between nucleons (which are fermions), mediated by pions (which are pseudoscalar mesons). The Yukawa interaction is also used in the Standard Model to describe the coupling between the Higgs field and massless quark and lepton fields (i.e., the fundamental fermion particles). Through spontaneous symmetry breaking, these fermions acquire a mass proportional to the vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field.

Hidden-variable theory

In physics, hidden variable theories are proposals to provide deterministic explanations of quantum mechanical phenomena, through the introduction of unobservable hypothetical entities. The existence of indeterminacy for some measurements is assumed as part of the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics; moreover, bounds for indeterminacy can be expressed in a quantitative form by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Vacuum expectation value

In quantum field theory the vacuum expectation value (also called condensate or simply VEV) of an operator is its average, expected value in the vacuum. The vacuum expectation value of an operator O is usually denoted by The Higgs field has a vacuum expectation value of 246 GeV [1] This nonzero value underlies the Higgs mechanism of the Standard Model.

Probability amplitude

In quantum mechanics, a probability amplitude is a complex number used in describing the behaviour of systems. The modulus squared of this quantity represents a probability or probability density. Where the particle will be when the wave function collapses.

in vitro and in vivo

In vivo refers to when research or work is done with or within an entire, living organism. In vitro is used to describe work that's performed outside of a living organism

Inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC)

Inertial electrostatic confinement, or IEC, is a class of fusion power devices that use electric fields to confine the plasma rather than the more common approach using magnetic fields found in magnetic fusion energy (MFE) designs. Most IEC devices directly accelerate their fuel to fusion conditions, thereby avoiding energy losses seen during the longer heating stages of MFE devices. In theory, this makes them more suitable for using alternative aneutronic fusion fuels, which offer a number of major practical benefits and makes IEC devices one of the more widely studies approaches to fusion. As the negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions in the plasma move in different directions in an electric field, the field has to be arranged in some fashion so that the two particles remain close together. Most IEC designs achieve this by pulling the electrons or ions across a potential well, beyond which the potential drops and the particles continue to move due to their inertia. Fusion occurs in this lower-potential area when ions moving in different directions collide. As it is the motion provided by the field that creates the energy levels needed for fusion, not random collisions with the rest of the fuel, the bulk of the plasma does not have to be hot and the systems as a whole work at much lower temperatures and energy levels than MFE devices. One of the simpler IEC devices is the fusor, which consists of two concentric metal wire spherical grids. When the grids are charged to a high voltage, the fuel gas ionizes. The field between the two then accelerates the fuel inward, and when it passes the inner grid the field drops and the ions continue inward towards the center. If they impact with another ion they may undergo fusion. If they do not, they travel out of the reaction area into the charged area again, where they are re-accelerated inward. Overall the physical process is similar to the colliding beam fusion, although beam devices are linear instead of spherical. Other IEC designs, like the polywell, differ largely in the arrangement of the fields used to create the potential well. A number of detailed theoretical studies have pointed out that the IEC approach is subject to a number of energy loss mechanisms that are not present if the fuel is evenly heated, or "Maxwellian". These loss mechanisms appear to be greater than the rate of fusion in such devices, meaning they can never reach fusion breakeven and thus be used for power production. These mechanisms are more powerful when the atomic mass of the fuel increases, which suggests IEC also does not have any advantage with aneutronic fuels. Whether these critiques apply to specific IEC devices remains highly contentious. For every volt that an ion is accelerated across, its kinetic energy gain correspond to increase of temperature of 11,604 kelvins (K). For example, a typical magnetic confinement fusion plasma is 15 keV, which corresponds to 170 megakelvin (MK). An ion with a charge of one can reach this temperature by being accelerated across a 15,000 V drop. This sort of voltage is easily achieved in common electrical devices, a typical cathode ray tube operates at perhaps 1/3 this range. In fusors, the voltage drop is made with a wire cage. However high conduction losses occur in fusors because most ions fall into the cage before fusion can occur. This prevents current fusors from ever producing net power. The best known IEC device is the fusor.[12] This device typically consists of two wire cages inside a vacuum chamber. These cages are referred to as grids. The inner cage is held at a negative voltage against the outer cage. A small amount of fusion fuel is introduced (deuterium gas being the most common). The voltage between the grids causes the fuel to ionize. The positive ions fall down the voltage drop towards the negative inner cage. As they accelerate, the electric field does work on the ions, heating them to fusion conditions. If these ions collide, they can fuse. Fusors can also use ion guns rather than electric grids. Fusors are popular with amateurs,[56] because they can be easy to construct, can regularly produce fusion and are a practical way to study nuclear physics. Fusors have also been used as a commercial neutron generator for industrial applications.[57] No fusor has come close to producing a significant amount of fusion power. They can be dangerous if proper care is not taken because they require high voltages and can produce harmful radiation (neutrons and x-rays). Often, ions collide with the cages or wall. This conducts energy away from the device limiting its performance. In addition, collisions heat the grids, which limits high power devices. Collisions also spray high-mass ions into the reaction chamber, pollute the plasma and cool the fuel.

obtaining polonium with particle accelerators

Instead, polonium is obtained by bombarding bismuth-209 (a stable isotope) with neutron bombardment. This creates radioactive bismuth-210, which then decays into polonium through beta decay. Polonium has 42 known isotopes, all of which are radioactive. They have atomic masses that range from 186 to 227 u. 210Po (half-life 138.376 days) is the most widely available and is made via neutron capture by natural bismuth. The longer-lived 209Po (half-life 125.2±3.3 years, longest-lived of all polonium isotopes)[2] and 208Po (half-life 2.9 years) can be made through the alpha, proton, or deuteron bombardment of lead or bismuth in a cyclotron.

Mythopoeia

Mythopoeia is a narrative genre in modern literature and film where a fictional or artificial mythology is created by the writer of prose or other fiction. This meaning of the word mythopoeia follows its use by J. R. R. Tolkien in the 1930s

Epstein Death

On July 23, 2019, three weeks prior to his death, Epstein was found unconscious in his jail cell with injuries to his neck.[179][182] Epstein believed that he was attacked by his cellmate, who was awaiting trial for four counts of murder, while the correctional staff suspected attempted suicide.[183][263] After that incident, he was placed on suicide watch.[179][264] Six days later, on July 29, 2019, Epstein was taken off suicide watch and placed in a special housing unit with another inmate.[179] Epstein's close associates said he was in "good spirits".[12] When Epstein was placed in the special housing unit, the jail informed the Justice Department that he would have a cellmate, and that a guard would look into the cell every 30 minutes. These procedures were not followed on the night of his death.[265][179][266] On August 9, 2019, Epstein's cellmate was transferred out, and no new replacement cellmate was brought in.[267] Later in the evening, in violation of the jail's normal procedure, Epstein was not checked every 30 minutes.[265][179][266] The two guards who were assigned to check his jail unit that night fell asleep and did not check on him for about three hours; the guards falsified related records.[179][268] Two cameras in front of Epstein's cell also malfunctioned that night.[15] Epstein was found dead in his cell at the Metropolitan Correctional Center (MCC) in New York City at 6:30 a.m. EDT on August 10, 2019.[269][270] The Bureau of Prisons said lifesaving measures were initiated immediately upon the discovery of Epstein's body. Emergency responders were called and he was taken to a hospital. On August 10, 2019, the Bureau of Prisons and U.S. Attorney General William Barr called the death an apparent suicide, although no final determination had been made.[12] The circumstances leading up to his death are being investigated by the Justice Department.[271][272] On August 11, 2019, an autopsy was performed.[273] The preliminary result of the autopsy found that Epstein sustained multiple breaks in his neck bones. Among the bones broken in Epstein's neck was the hyoid bone. Such breaks of the hyoid bone can occur from those who hang themselves, but they are more common in victims of homicide by strangulation. A 2010 study found broken hyoids in one-fourth of cases of hangings, and a larger study conducted from 2010 to 2016 found hyoid damage in just 16 of 264 cases, or six percent of cases of hangings. Hyoid bone breaks are more common in older individuals, as the bones become more brittle upon reaching middle age.[274] Forensic pathologist Cyril Wecht noted that hanging by leaning forward would not result in broken cervical bones.[275] On August 16, 2019, Barbara Sampson, the New York City medical examiner, ruled Epstein's death a suicide by hanging.[276] The medical examiner, according to Epstein's defense counsel, only saw nine minutes of footage from one security camera to help her arrive at her conclusion.[14] Epstein's defense lawyers were not satisfied with the conclusion of the medical examiner and were conducting their own independent investigation into the cause of Epstein's death, including taking legal action, if necessary, to view the pivotal camera footage near his cell during the night of his death.[277] Epstein's lawyers said that the evidence concerning Epstein's death was "far more consistent" with murder than suicide.[14] Michael Baden, an independent pathologist hired by the Epstein estate, observed the autopsy. In October 2019, Dr. Baden said that Mr. Epstein, 66, experienced a number of injuries - among them a broken bone in his neck - that "are extremely unusual in suicidal hangings and could occur much more commonly in homicidal strangulation...I think that the evidence points to homicide rather than suicide."[278] On August 18, 2019, it was reported that Jeffrey Epstein had signed his last will and testament on August 8, 2019, two weeks after being found injured in his cell and two days before his death.[279][183] Until this time, Epstein had been depositing money in other inmates' commissary accounts to avoid being attacked.[179] The signing of the will was witnessed by two attorneys that knew him. The will named two longtime employees as executors, and immediately gifted all of his assets, and any assets remaining in his estate, to a trust.[279] Following the autopsy, Epstein's body was claimed by an "unidentified associate," later revealed to be his brother, Mark.[280][281] On September 5, Epstein's body was buried in an unmarked grave next to those of his parents at the IJ Morris Star of David cemetery in Palm Beach, Florida. The names of his parents were also removed from their tombstone in order to prevent vandalism.[282] __________________ As the guards were distributing breakfast shortly after 6:30 AM on the morning of August 10, Epstein was found unresponsive in cardiac arrest in his cell, which was initially reported as apparent suicide.[32] He was found in a kneeling position with a strip of bedsheet[note 6] wrapped around his neck. The sheet was tied to the top of his bunk.[37] He is believed to have been dead for about two hours. The guards performed CPR on Epstein, and other prisoners heard them yell "Breathe, Epstein, breathe."[24] At 6:33 AM, the guards pulled an alarm, notifying their supervisor, to whom Noel said, "Epstein hung himself."[32] He was rushed to the New York Downtown Hospital where he was pronounced dead at 6:39 AM.[38] His body was transported to the medical examiner's office soon after.[39] The news of the death was posted on 4chan about 38 minutes before ABC News broke the news. If it was posted by a first responder, as it has been speculated, it would likely be a violation of privacy law.[40][41] The removal of Epstein's body from his cell was a violation of protocol, as the Bureau of Prisons mandates that a suicide scene be treated with the "same level of protection as any crime scene in which a death has occurred."[24] Consequently, prison personnel also failed to photograph Epstein's body as it was found.[42] Epstein's death was the first death ruled a suicide at the MCC in 14 years. Michael Baden and 60 Minutes have questioned if Epstein, who was almost 6 feet tall and weighed 185 pounds, could have physically been able to hang himself from the lower bunk. Photos taken after the death also show bottles and medicine standing upright on the top bunk.[24] A former inmate at the MCC described the sheets as "paper level, not strong enough" to support Epstein's body.[23] Baden questioned why Epstein didn't use other materials available in his cell as a ligature, such as wires and tubing from a sleep apnea machine, which were stronger and longer.[24] On October 30, 2019, Baden issued a report stating that Epstein's neck injuries were much more consistent with "homicidal strangulation" than suicide. He stated that Epstein "had two fractures on the left and right sides of his larynx, specifically the thyroid cartilage or Adam's apple, as well as one fracture on the left hyoid bone above the Adam's apple". In particular, Baden claimed that Epstein's hyoid bone was broken in a way indicative of strangulation from behind.[58] Baden later said, "Going over a thousand jail hangings, suicides in the New York City state prisons over the past 40-50 years, no one had three fractures."[24] However, neurosurgeon Sanjay Gupta asserts that Epstein could have easily broken his hyoid bone in a hanging due to the bone's weakening and loss of flexibility with age. Gupta also suggested that the presence of multiple broken neck-bones was more characteristic of hanging. Gerald Rodts, chief of spinal surgery at Emory University Hospital, also pointed to the presence of multiple broken neck-bones as consistent with hanging. Bill Lloyd, an anatomic pathologist, claimed that Epstein's broken hyoid bone was "meaningless".[59]

dementor

One of the most foul creatures in the wizarding world. They suck all the happiness out of a person, and in the end may perform the dementor's kiss. In this, they suck the soul out of a person. The dementor's kiss is worse than death, for you can live without your soul.

analgesia

Pain relief; inability to feel pain

how new smoke detectors work?

Photoelectric alarms work using a photoelectric sensor and a light source. As smoke enters the chamber and crosses the path of the light beam, light is scattered by the smoke particles, aiming it toward the sensor, which in turn triggers the alarm. No more radioactivity :/

QCD vs QED

QCD - strong force and quark gluon interactions; studying the gluon emission from quarks to change colors. The only way to change flavor is with the weak force QED - how photons interact with matter; leptons, quarks, and photons

Quantum entanglement

Quantum entanglement is the physical phenomenon that occurs when a pair or group of particles is generated, interact, or share spatial proximity in a way such that the quantum state of each particle of the pair or group cannot be described independently of the state of the others, even when the particles are separated by a large distance. The topic of quantum entanglement is at the heart of the disparity between classical and quantum physics. Measurements of physical properties such as position, momentum, spin, and polarization performed on entangled particles are found to be perfectly correlated. For example, if a pair of entangled particles is generated such that their total spin is known to be zero, and one particle is found to have clockwise spin on a first axis, then the spin of the other particle, measured on the same axis, will be found to be counterclockwise. However, this behavior gives rise to seemingly paradoxical effects: any measurement of a property of a particle results in an irreversible wave function collapse of that particle and will change the original quantum state. In the case of entangled particles, such a measurement will affect the entangled system as a whole. Later, however, the counterintuitive predictions of quantum mechanics were verified experimentally[5][6][7] in tests in which polarization or spin of entangled particles were measured at separate locations, statistically violating Bell's inequality. In earlier tests it couldn't be absolutely ruled out that the test result at one point could have been subtly transmitted to the remote point, affecting the outcome at the second location.[7] However so-called "loophole-free" Bell tests have been performed in which the locations were separated such that communications at the speed of light would have taken longer—in one case 10,000 times longer—than the interval between the measurements.[6][5]

Coupling constant

Simply put, a coupling constant is a number that tells how strongly fields interact. When computing process probabilities using Feynman diagrams, for each vertex in the diagram you multiply by the coupling constant between the particles interacting at that vertex. In physics, a coupling constant or gauge coupling parameter (or, more simply, a coupling), is a number that determines the strength of the force exerted in an interaction. Usually, the Lagrangian or the Hamiltonian of a system describing an interaction can be separated into a kinetic part and an interaction part. The coupling constant determines the strength of the interaction part with respect to the kinetic part, or between two sectors of the interaction part. For example, the electric charge of a particle is a coupling constant that characterizes an interaction with two charge-carrying fields and one photon field (hence the common Feynman diagram with two arrows and one wavy line). Since photons carry electromagnetism, this coupling determines how strongly electrons feel such a force, and has its value fixed by experiment.

anamorphic

Term used to describe an image that has been optically distorted. Anamorphic lenses are specialty tools which affect how images get projected onto the camera sensor. They were primarily created so that a wider range of aspect ratios could fit within a standard film frame, but since then, cinematographers have become accustomed to their unique look.

how can lasers read dvds?

The CD drive shines a laser at the surface of the CD and can detect the reflective areas and the bumps by the amount of laser light they reflect. The drive converts the reflections into 1s and 0s to read digital data from the disc.

Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope

The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (FGST[3]), formerly called the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST), is a space observatory being used to perform gamma-ray astronomy observations from low Earth orbit. Its main instrument is the Large Area Telescope (LAT), with which astronomers mostly intend to perform an all-sky survey studying astrophysical and cosmological phenomena such as active galactic nuclei, pulsars, other high-energy sources and dark matter. Another instrument aboard Fermi, the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM; formerly GLAST Burst Monitor), is being used to study gamma-ray bursts. Study better than ever before whether ordinary galaxies are responsible for gamma-ray background radiation. The potential for a tremendous discovery awaits if ordinary sources are determined to be irresponsible, in which case the cause may be anything from self-annihilating dark matter to entirely new chain reactions among interstellar particles that have yet to be conceived.

spontaneous collapse theory

The Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber theory (GRW; also known as spontaneous collapse theory) is a collapse theory in quantum mechanics. GRW differs from other collapse theories by proposing that wave function collapse happens spontaneously. GRW posits that particles can undergo spontaneous wave-function collapses. For individual particles, these collapses happen probabilistically and will occur at a given average rate, but not with certainty in any given time interval. Groups of particles behave in a statistically predictable way, however. Since experimental physics has never detected an unexpected spontaneous collapse, if GRW collapses do occur, they happen extremely rarely. GC Ghirardi, A. Rimini, and T. Weber suggest that the rate of spontaneous collapse for an individual particle is on the order of once every hundred million years.

International Linear Collider

The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a proposed linear particle accelerator.[1] It is planned to have a collision energy of 500 GeV initially, with the possibility for a later upgrade to 1000 GeV (1 TeV). Although early proposed locations for the ILC were Japan, Europe (CERN) and the USA (Fermilab),[2] the Kitakami highland, in the Iwate prefecture of northern Japan, has been the focus of ILC design efforts since 2013.[3] The Japanese government is willing to contribute half of the costs, according to the coordinator of study for detectors at the ILC.[4] The ILC would collide electrons with positrons. It will be between 30 km and 50 km (19-31 mi) long, more than 10 times as long as the 50 GeV Stanford Linear Accelerator, the longest existing linear particle accelerator. The proposal is based on previous similar proposals from Europe, the U.S., and Japan.

What is the Z boson?

The Z boson is an elementary particle that is responsible for the weak nuclear force [*] along with the W boson [**]. The Z boson is similar to the photon, which is responsible for electromagnetism, except for two key differences: It has a mass 91 GeV/c^2, or about 98 times the mass of the proton It violates spatial inversion symmetry (frequently known as "parity". The Z boson is unstable, and can decay into all fermions lighter than it, most notably electrons, muons and taus (leptons) and the three neutrinos and also to five of the six quarks. The Z boson can't decay into the top quark because the top quark is heavier than the Z boson. The violation of spatial inversion symmetry is a remarkable feature of the Standard Model of Particle Physics. What it means is that the laws of nature are not the same if you write them down with a "right-hand rule" coordinate system versus a "left-hand rule" system. Electromagnetism, gravity and strong nuclear force treat either system the same and until the 1950s, it was thought to be a law of nature. The Z boson is responsible for an effect known as atomic parity violation which causes quantum mechanical energy levels of atoms to be slightly different in energy because they would have had the same energy if parity was a symmetry of nature. The Z boson is incredibly important for particle physics at particle colliders such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The Z boson is rarely produced, it has a cross section of 10,000,000 femtobarns [***], which means that it is produced in 1 out of every 10,000,000 collisions. Nevertheless, because the Z boson decays into very visible particles, Z bosons can be picked out incredibly easily. The Higgs Boson was partially discovered through its decay into two Z bosons because the the Z boson decays are so spectacular, even though only 1 out of every 12 Higgs decays goes into Z boson pairs and only one out of every 3,000 of these decays are of the spectacular variety.

periwinkle

The common periwinkle or winkle (Littorina littorea) is a species of small edible whelk or sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc that has gills and an operculum, and is classified within the family Littorinidae, the periwinkles. This is a robust intertidal species with a dark and sometimes banded shell. It is native to the rocky shores of the northeastern, and introduced to the northwestern, Atlantic Ocean.

Magnetic moment

The magnetic moment of a magnet is a quantity that determines the torque it will experience in an external magnetic field. A loop of electric current, a bar magnet, an electron (revolving around a nucleus), a molecule, and a planet all have magnetic moments. The magnetic moment may be considered to be a vector having a magnitude and direction. The direction of the magnetic moment points from the south to north pole of the magnet. The magnetic field produced by the magnet is proportional to its magnetic moment. More precisely, the term magnetic moment normally refers to a system's magnetic dipole moment, which produces the first term in the multipole expansion of a general magnetic field. The dipole component of an object's magnetic field is symmetric about the direction of its magnetic dipole moment, and decreases as the inverse cube of the distance from the object. The magnetic moment is defined as a vector relating the aligning torque on the object from an externally applied magnetic field to the field vector itself. The relationship is given by: τ = µ x B where τ is the torque acting on the dipole and B is the external magnetic field, and μ is the magnetic moment. This definition is based on how one would measure the magnetic moment, in principle, of an unknown sample.

Anesthetics act in quantum channels in brain microtubules to prevent consciousness.

The mechanism by which anesthetic gases selectively prevent consciousness and memory (sparing non-conscious brain functions) remains unknown. At the turn of the 20(th) century Meyer and Overton showed that potency of structurally dissimilar anesthetic gas molecules correlated precisely over many orders of magnitude with one factor, solubility in a non-polar, 'hydrophobic' medium akin to olive oil. In the 1980s Franks and Lieb showed anesthetics acted in such a medium within proteins, suggesting post-synaptic membrane receptors. But anesthetic studies on such proteins yielded only confusing results. In recent years Eckenhoff and colleagues have found anesthetic action in microtubules, cytoskeletal polymers of the protein tubulin inside brain neurons. 'Quantum mobility' in microtubules has been proposed to mediate consciousness. Through molecular modeling we have previously shown: (1) olive oil-like non-polar, hydrophobic quantum mobility pathways ('quantum channels') of tryptophan rings in tubulin, (2) binding of anesthetic gas molecules in these channels, and (3) capabilities for π-electron resonant energy transfer, or exciton hopping, among tryptophan aromatic rings in quantum channels, similar to photosynthesis protein quantum coherence. Here, we show anesthetic molecules can impair π-resonance energy transfer and exciton hopping in tubulin quantum channels, and thus account for selective action of anesthetics on consciousness and memory.

extracellular matrix (ECM)

The meshwork surrounding cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by the cells. In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a three-dimensional network of extracellular macromolecules, such as collagen, enzymes, and glycoproteins, that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.[1][2][3] Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.[4] The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane.[5] Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM.[6] Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest. Each type of connective tissue in animals has a type of ECM: collagen fibers and bone mineral comprise the ECM of bone tissue; reticular fibers and ground substance comprise the ECM of loose connective tissue; and blood plasma is the ECM of blood. The plant ECM includes cell wall components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules.[7] Some single-celled organisms adopt multicellular biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).[8]

usual fuel used in tanks

The most recent M1 model holds 490 gallons (1,850 L), allowing the tank to go about 265 miles (426 km) without refueling. The turbine engine works with a range of fuels, including ordinary gasoline, diesel fuel and jet fuel. Tanks use turbine engines.

Quartic Higgs Coupling

The quartic Higgs self-coupling is the final measurement in the Higgs potential needed to fully understand electroweak symmetry breaking. None of the present or future colliders are known to be able to determine this parameter. We study the chances of measuring the quartic self-coupling at hadron colliders in general and at the VLHC in particular. We find the prospects challenging. What is most interesting about the top quark Yukawa coupling? The top quark Yukawa coupling is interesting because its renormalization group equation which describes how the coupling constant evolves with energy has two distinct properties: 1.) the Yukawa coupling exhibits a quasi-fixed point behavior because the strong coupling constant wants to make the Yukawa stronger at low energies and the Yukawa self-renormalization wants to make it weaker. The top quark is near that quasi-fixed point. 2.) the top Yukawa coupling renormalizes the Higgs quartic coupling, causing it to get stronger at low energy. The Higgs quartic coupling is responsible for the Higgs boson mass.

Why are there 8 (not 9) gluons?

There are 8 gluons rather than 9 gluons because the gauge group of the strong interactions is SU(3)SU(3) (colour), rather than U(3)U(3) (colour), and the simplest way of realizing a gauge invariant action with SU(3)SU(3) local gauge symmetry is to put the gauge bosons (gluons) in the adjoint representation of the gauge group, which is 88 for SU(3)SU(3), and the fermions in the fundamental representations of the group, which are 33 for the quarks and 3¯3¯ for the antiquarks. That gives the theory which is called quantum chromodynamics and which is part of the standard model. In other words there are 8 gluons because this is how people constructed the theory, and this is the theory that actually works - a deeper explanation than that is not really available at this time ;)

tut

To tut is to express your feelings of irritation or displeasure. You might tut quietly at your friend's badly behaved dog.

sorceress

a female sorcerer; a witch.

Electrical discharge machining

a manufacturing process whereby a desired shape is obtained by using electrical discharges (sparks).[1] Material is removed from the work piece by a series of rapidly recurring current discharges between two electrodes, separated by a dielectric liquid and subject to an electric voltage. One of the electrodes is called the tool-electrode, or simply the "tool" or "electrode," while the other is called the workpiece-electrode, or "work piece." The process depends upon the tool and work piece not making actual contact. When the voltage between the two electrodes is increased, the intensity of the electric field in the volume between the electrodes becomes greater than the strength of the dielectric (at least in some places), which breaks down, allowing current to flow between the two electrodes. This phenomenon is the same as the breakdown of a capacitor (condenser) (see also breakdown voltage). As a result, material is removed from the electrodes. Once the current stops (or is stopped, depending on the type of generator), new liquid dielectric is usually conveyed into the inter-electrode volume, enabling the solid particles (debris) to be carried away and the insulating properties of the dielectric to be restored. Adding new liquid dielectric in the inter-electrode volume is commonly referred to as "flushing." Also, after a current flow, the difference of potential between the electrodes is restored to what it was before the breakdown, so that a new liquid dielectric breakdown can occur.

scrounger

a person who borrows from or lives off others. someone who mooches or cadges (tries to get something free)

phonon

a single quantum of vibrational or elastic energy A phonon is the quantum mechanical description of an elementary vibrational motion in which a lattice of atoms or molecules uniformly oscillates at a single frequency. In classical mechanics this designates a normal mode of vibration. vibration quanta or heat quanta

condensate (physics)

a state of matter that occurs when a set of atoms is cooled almost to absolute zero in which a statistical description of the positions of the atoms implies that they physically overlap each other and in effect form a single atom. Bose-Einstein condensate In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the gluon condensate is a non-perturbative property of the QCD vacuum which could be partly responsible for giving masses to light mesons.

trestle

a supporting tower used to support a bridge

Crumpet

a thick, flat, savory cake with a soft, porous texture, made from a yeast mixture cooked on a griddle and eaten toasted and buttered. legit just an english muffin

mullion

a vertical bar between the panes of glass in a window.

slipstream

an assisting force regarded as drawing something along behind something else. the flow of air that is driven backwards by an aircraft propeller "when the U.S. economy booms, the rest of the world is pulled along in the slipstream"

bogey

an evil spirit

git

an unpleasant or contemptible person. (british) "that mean old git"

skive

avoid work or a duty by staying away or leaving early; shirk.

gangling

awkwardly tall and spindly; lank and loosely built tall and thin and having long slender limbs

offhandedly

casually without previous thought or preparation

rapturously

characterized by, feeling, or expressing great pleasure or enthusiasm in an ecstatic manner

shamrock

clover native to Ireland with yellowish flowers

reverently

deeply respectful Doing something reverently means doing it in a solemn, respectful way. A restless crowd waiting to see the Pope might sit reverently when he finally arrives.

palmistry

divination through the reading of the lines of the palm of the hand A fortune teller who looks closely at the lines on your palm and predicts your future practices palmistry. Palmistry is also called "palm reading."

sherry

dry to sweet amber wine from the Jerez region of southern Spain or similar wines produced elsewhere; usually drunk as an aperitif

waterfowl

ducks, geese, or other large aquatic birds, especially when regarded as game.

prosy

dull lacking wit or imagination

engorgement

eating ravenously or voraciously to satiation

dispiritedly

gloomily, dejectedly; without enthusiasm in a dispirited manner without hope

spatulate

having a broad, rounded end "his thick, spatulate fingers"

disbelievingly

having no faith in an incredulous manner

icily

in a cold and icy manner

rhapsodically

in an ecstatic manner If your mother becomes rhapsodic describing a delicious meal, she is so delighted with her food that she's practically composing poems in praise of the butternut squash soup.

testily

irritably impatient; touchy The adverb testily means angrily, or in an irritated way. When you speak testily, you talk in an impatient, sharp voice.

tankard

large drinking vessel with one handle

sanctimoniously

making a show of being morally superior to others The sanctimonious person sounds like a hypocrite when he preaches to a friend about the evils of drugs, while he drinks one beer after another. excessively or hypocritically pious

mid-declamation

mid-speech Use the verb declaim when someone is speaking very passionately against something, like when you declaim against having to be home by 8 pm

unwelcome

not wanted Things that are unwelcome are unpleasant or objectionable in some way. An unwelcome guest is one you didn't invite and you're not particularly happy to see.

homiletic

of or relating to, or resembling a homily didactic, sermonic; moralistic the art of preaching or writing sermons.

overrule

override; rule against

lumbago

pain of the lumbar region of the spine backache affecting the lumbar region or lower back; can be caused by muscle strain or arthritis or vascular insufficiency or a ruptured intervertebral disc

High-throughput screening

rapid testing process involving a large number of experimental drugs High-throughput screening (HTS) is a method for scientific experimentation especially used in drug discovery and relevant to the fields of biology and chemistry.[1][2] Using robotics, data processing/control software, liquid handling devices, and sensitive detectors, high-throughput screening allows a researcher to quickly conduct millions of chemical, genetic, or pharmacological tests. Through this process one can rapidly identify active compounds, antibodies, or genes that modulate a particular biomolecular pathway. The results of these experiments provide starting points for drug design and for understanding the noninteraction or role of a particular location.

jurisdictional

relating to the territory over which authority is exercised

opaline

resembling opal having a play of lustrous rainbow colors

budgie

small Australian parakeet usually light green with black and yellow markings in the wild but bred in many colors

tippler

someone who drinks liquor repeatedly in small quantities

morale-booster

something that increases the confidence and enthusiasm of a person or a group

hyperspace

space of more than three dimensions.

rhapsody

speech or writing expressing great pleasure or enthusiasm A rhapsody is an impassioned speech or sentiment. Your rhapsody about the desserts at your city's new restaurant has all of your friends drooling and dying to try them.

throughput

the amount of material or items passing through a system or process. "High-throughput computing"

Strombolian eruption

the volcano flings globs of hot lava into the air, where they harden into volcanic bombs; noisy but mild eruptions that occur repeatedly A Strombolian eruption is a type of volcanic eruption with relatively mild blasts, having a volcanic explosivity index of about 1 to 3. Strombolian eruptions consist of ejection of incandescent cinders, lapilli, and lava bombs, to altitudes of tens to a few hundreds of metres. The eruptions are small to medium in volume, with sporadic violence. This type of eruption is named for the Italian volcano Stromboli. The lava flows are more viscous, and therefore shorter and thicker, than the corresponding Hawaiian eruptions; it may or may not be accompanied by production of pyroclastic rock. Instead the gas coalesces into bubbles, called gas slugs, that grow large enough to rise through the magma column, bursting near the top due to the decrease in pressure and throwing magma into the air. Each episode thus releases volcanic gases, sometimes as frequently as a few minutes apart. Gas slugs can form as deep as 3 kilometers, making them difficult to predict.

gloatingly

to do something with great or excessive, often smug or malicious, satisfaction contemplate or dwell on one's own success or another's misfortune with smugness or malignant pleasure.

disaffiliate

to end a connection with to sever ties with something/someone; to end a relationship

twang

to make a sharp, ringing sound

scandalize

to shock or offend (someone) by doing something immoral or illegal strike with disgust or revulsion

oversee

to supervise watch and direct

out of earshot

too far away to hear

unsatisfactory

unacceptable, not good enough not giving satisfaction

mechanically-aptituded

understanding machines

doddery

weak and unable to walk in a normal way, usually because you are old; senile slow and unsteady in movement because of weakness in old age.

tweed

woolen cloth made with two or more colors of yarn

pick-​me-​up

a pick me up is something that cheers a person up, makes him happy or gives him more energy. An example of a pick me up is a cup of coffee when you are tired

phial

a small bottle that contains a drug (especially a sealed sterile container for injection by needle)

myth

a socially powerful traditional story A traditional story about gods, ancestors, or heroes, told to explain the natural world or the customs and beliefs of a society.

islet

a very small island

Coup de grâce

"blow of mercy" is a death blow to end the suffering of a severely wounded person or animal.

matters of consequence

"important stuff"

"I know a planet where there is a certain red-faced gentleman. He has never smelled a flower. He has never looked at a star. He has never loved any one. He has never done anything in his life but add up figures. And all day he says over and over, just like you: 'I am busy with matters of consequence!' And that makes him swell up with pride. But he is not a man--he is a mushroom!"

/

"I only know as much about myself as my mind can work out under its current conditions. And its current conditions are not good."

/

"Then you shall judge yourself," the king answered. "that is the most difficult thing of all. It is much more difficult to judge oneself than to judge others. If you succeed in judging yourself rightly, then you are indeed a man of true wisdom."

/

"What, are you crazy?" "It's a possibility I haven't ruled out yet."

/

"You know," said Arthur, "it's at times like this, when I'm trapped in a Vogon airlock with a man from Betelgeuse, and about to die of asphyxiation in deep space that I really wish I'd listened to what my mother told me when I was young." "Why, what did she tell you?" "I don't know, I didn't listen." "Oh." Ford carried on humming.

/

"You wouldn't need to," said Ford. "They've got as much sex appeal as a road accident. No, don't move," he added as Arthur began to uncurl himself, "you'd better be prepared for the jump into hyperspace. It's unpleasantly like being drunk." "What's so unpleasant about being drunk?" "You ask a glass of water." Arthur thought about this.

/

According to various sources, Epstein, beginning in the early 2000s, showed a strong interest in improving the human race through genetic engineering and artificial intelligence, including using his own sperm. He addressed the scientific community at various events and occasions and communicated his fascination with eugenics.[260] It was reported in August 2019 that Epstein had planned to "seed the human race with his DNA" by impregnating up to 20 women at a time using his New Mexico compound as a "baby ranch", where mothers would give birth to his offspring. He was an advocate of cryonics and his own idiosyncratic version of transhumanism, and had said that he intended to have his penis and head frozen.

/

All definite knowledge—so I should contend—belongs to science; all dogma as to what surpasses definite knowledge belongs to theology.

/

aperitif

an alcoholic drink taken before a meal to stimulate the appetite.

If I try to describe him here, it is to make sure that I shall not forget him. To forget a friend is sad. Not everyone has had a friend. And if I forget him, I may become like the grown-ups who are no longer interested in anything but figures . . .

/

In the beginning the Universe was created. This has made a lot of people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move.

/

It is only with the heart that one can see rightly; what is essential is invisible to the eye.

/

The fact is that I did not know how to understand anything! I ought to have judged by deeds and not by words.

/

Whenever I met one of them who seemed to me at all clear-sighted, I tried the experiment of showing him my Drawing Number One, which I have always kept. I would try to find out, so, if this was a person of true understanding. But, whoever it was, he, or she, would always say: "That is a hat." Then I would never talk to that person about boa constrictors, or primeval forests, or stars. I would bring myself down to his level. I would talk to him about bridge, and golf, and politics, and neckties. And the grown-up would be greatly pleased to have met such a sensible man.

/

his every syllable trembled with rage

/

In layman's terms, what is the Planck length?

A Planck length is the Schwarzschild radius of a black hole whose energy equals that of a photon of the same (Compton) wavelength. Such a black hole has a mass of the Planck mass. Any photon with that wavelength is a black hole of itself, which is every bit as weird as it sounds. That's all it is. It has no significance beyond that, at least not for certain. There are various hypotheses that assign it more meaning, but they're little more than guesses. The main conclusion we can draw is "When you get down that small, clearly both quantum physics and general relativity are significant factors". We tend to work with one or the other, but not both at the same time, because we know that weird things happen to the math when we do. So the Planck length is a signpost for that: "Once you get down here, stop, because the answers aren't going to mean anything." It's not a hard limit; the world doesn't suddenly shift from one to the other. And so it's sometimes expressed as "the limit beyond which our theories don't go", which isn't quite correct but it serves as a rough approximation. It does make a good starting point for theories that try to unify quantum mechanics and relativity. If you had to guess what a "quantum of length" might be, you might as well start there. Even in ordinary physics, if you want a really small number to call "the length" in Natural units, it works out as a convenient place to start. But that's a notational convenience, and lengths are still measured in real numbers, not integers. The reason people keep asking variants of this question is that it doesn't mean anything, but people keep wanting to assign a meaning. You hear about it a lot, but never get a satisfactory answer, because the real answer "Compton wavelength = Schwarzschild radius" is less interesting than "pixels of teh un1vers3!!1!eleven!!".

Dojo

A dōjō is a hall or place for immersive learning or meditation. This is traditionally in the field of martial arts, but has been seen increasingly in other fields, such as meditation and software development. The term literally means "place of the Way" in Japanese.

Oedipus

A mythical Greek king of Thebes. A tragic hero in Greek mythology, Oedipus accidentally fulfilled a prophecy that he would end up killing his father and marrying his mother, thereby bringing disaster to his city and family. In the best known version of the myth, Oedipus was born to King Laius and Queen Jocasta. Laius wished to thwart the prophecy, so he sent a shepherd-servant to leave Oedipus to die on a mountainside. However, the shepherd took pity on the baby and passed him to another shepherd who gave Oedipus to King Polybus and Queen Merope to raise as their own. Oedipus learned from the oracle at Delphi of the prophecy that he would end up killing his father and marrying his mother but, unaware of his true parentage, believed he was fated to murder Polybus and marry Merope, so left for Thebes. On his way he met an older man and killed him in a quarrel. Continuing on to Thebes, he found that the king of the city (Laius) had been recently killed, and that the city was at the mercy of the Sphinx. Oedipus answered the monster's riddle correctly, defeating it and winning the throne of the dead king - and the hand in marriage of the king's widow, who was also (unbeknownst to him) his mother Jocasta. Years later, to end a plague on Thebes, Oedipus searched to find who had killed Laius, and discovered that he himself was responsible. Jocasta, upon realizing that she had married her own son, hanged herself. Oedipus then seized two pins from her dress and blinded himself with them. The legend of Oedipus has been retold in many versions, and was used by Sigmund Freud to name and give mythic precedent to the Oedipus complex.

Gorgon

A mythical creature portrayed in ancient literature. While descriptions of Gorgons vary and occur in the earliest examples of Greek literature, the term commonly refers to any of three sisters who had hair made of living, venomous snakes, as well as a horrifying visage that turned those who beheld her to stone. Traditionally, two of the Gorgons, Stheno and Euryale, were immortal, but their sister Medusa was not and was slain by the demigod and hero Perseus.

Social Credit System

A national reputation system being developed by the Chinese government. The program initiated regional trials in 2009, before launching a national pilot with eight credit scoring firms in 2014. In 2018, these efforts were centralized under the People's Bank of China with participation from the eight firms. By 2020 it is intended to standardize the assessment of citizens' and businesses' economic and social reputation, or 'Social Credit'. The social credit initiative calls for the establishments of unified record system for individuals, businesses and the government to be tracked and evaluated for trustworthiness. Initial reports suggest the system utilizes numerical score as the reward and punishment mechanism;[15][14] recently conducted reports suggest there are in fact multiple different forms of social credit system experimenting at the same time.[16][17] Numerical system has been implemented only in several regional pilot programs, while the nationwide regulatory method has been based primarily on blacklisting and whitelisting. The credit system is closely related to China's mass surveillance systems such as the Skynet[19][20][21], which incorporates facial recognition system, big data analysis technology and AI. Black mirror here we come :)

seance

A seance is a kind of magical ritual that involves summoning ghosts or spirits of people who have died. You and your friends might have a seance in an attempt to speak to Amelia Earhart.

end run

an evasive tactic or maneuver. "an attempt to end-run regulations for fire protection"

Sprocket

A sprocket or sprocket-wheel is a profiled wheel with teeth, or cogs, that mesh with a chain, track or other perforated or indented material. The name 'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel upon which radial projections engage a chain passing over it

autoimmune disease

An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part.[1] There are at least 80 types of autoimmune diseases.[1] Nearly any body part can be involved.[3] Common symptoms include low grade fever and feeling tired.[1] Often symptoms come and go. The cause is generally unknown.[3] Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus run in families, and certain cases may be triggered by infections or other environmental factors.[1] Some common diseases that are generally considered autoimmune include celiac disease, diabetes mellitus type 1, Graves' disease, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.[1][4] The diagnosis can be difficult to determine.

when pineapples evolved

As part of the Bromeliaceae family, the pineapple lineage diverged from the lineage leading to grasses (Poaceae) early in the history of the Poales, about 100 million years ago, offering an outgroup and evolutionary reference for the investigation of cereal genome evolution. Its weird to think of a pineapple not existing, and then one rogue mutation pops it into existence. But I guess the same thing happened to us, and the universe so yea kinda just how it goes round here.

Asceticism

Asceticism is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from sensual pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals. Celibacy; severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.

Baobab

Baobab can reach 23 to 36 feet in diameter (of trunk) and 16 to 98 feet in height. Baobab has red-brown or purple-gray bark. Tree produces numerous short branches that are covered with leaves only during the short period of year. Adansonia is a genus of deciduous trees known as baobabs. They are native to the regions of Madagascar and mainland Africa. The tree has aslo been introduced to other regions such as Australia and Asia. The generic name honours Michel Adanson, the French naturalist and explorer who described Adansonia digitata.

how many particle accelerators are there

Beams of high-energy particles are useful for fundamental and applied research in the sciences, and also in many technical and industrial fields unrelated to fundamental research. It has been estimated that there are approximately 30,000 accelerators worldwide. Of these, only about 1% are research machines with energies above 1 GeV, while about 44% are for radiotherapy, 41% for ion implantation, 9% for industrial processing and research, and 4% for biomedical and other low-energy research.[9] The bar graph shows the breakdown of the number of industrial accelerators according to their applications. The numbers are based on 2012 statistics available from various sources, including production and sales data published in presentations or market surveys, and data provided by a number of manufacturers.[10] The auto industry uses particle accelerators to treat the material for radial tires, eliminating the use of solvents that pollute the environment. image is of different accelerator uses Beams of electrons can help clean water and air by breaking down pollutants into different molecular compounds. Though pilot tests were conducted in the late 1980s, today no facilities in the U.S. treat wastewater or sewage sludge with accelerated electrons. A number of countries in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East are pursuing the technology, however. In one coal power plant in Poland, flue gas is converted into sulfur and nitrogen byproducts that can be used as fertilizer. According to a study out of Daegu, Korea, an electron-beam accelerator inside a textile factory can remove toxic dye from 10,000 cubic meters of wastewater every day. Another study by the Russian Academy of Sciences showed electron beams successfully removed petroleum products, including diesel fuel, motor oil and residual fuel oil, from water. Along with cleaning up waste, particle accelerators help prevent more of it from accumulating on our coffee tables and our roads. Particle accelerators are used to create a paper substance that covers much modern furniture, preventing scratches and stains, and they're used to treat material for radial tires, eliminating the use of solvents that pollute the environment.

Bonnie and Clyde

Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (October 1, 1910 - May 23, 1934) and Clyde Chestnut Barrow (March 24, 1909 - May 23, 1934) were an American criminal couple who traveled the Central United States with their gang during the Great Depression, known for their bank robberies, although they preferred to rob small stores or rural gas stations. Their exploits captured the attention of the American press and its readership during what is occasionally referred to as the "public enemy era" between 1931 and 1934. They are believed to have murdered at least nine police officers and four civilians. They were killed in May 1934 during an ambush by police near Gibsland, Louisiana. Barrow was first arrested in late 1926, at age 17, after running when police confronted him over a rental car that he had failed to return on time. His second arrest was with brother Buck Barrow soon after for possession of stolen turkeys. Barrow had some legitimate jobs during 1927 through 1929, but he also cracked safes, robbed stores, and stole cars. He met 19 year-old Parker through a mutual friend in January 1930, and they spent much time together during the following weeks. Their romance was interrupted when Barrow was arrested and convicted of auto theft. Clyde was sent to Eastham Prison Farm in April 1930 at the age of 21. He escaped the prison farm shortly after his incarceration using a weapon Parker smuggled to him. He was recaptured shortly after and sent back to prison.[19] Barrow was repeatedly sexually assaulted while in prison, and he retaliated by attacking and killing his tormentor with a lead pipe, crushing his skull.[20] This was his first killing. Another inmate, who was already serving a life sentence, claimed responsibility. In order to avoid hard labor in the fields, Barrow purposely had his two toes chopped off by either him or another inmate in late January 1932. Because of this, he walked with a limp for the rest of his life. However, Barrow was set free six days after his intentional injury. Without his knowledge, Barrow's mother had successfully petitioned for his release.[21] He was paroled on February 2, 1932 from Eastham as a hardened and bitter criminal. His sister Marie said, "Something awful sure must have happened to him in prison because he wasn't the same person when he got out."[22] Fellow inmate Ralph Fults said that he watched Clyde "change from a schoolboy to a rattlesnake". In his post-Eastham career, Barrow robbed grocery stores and gas stations at a rate far outpacing the ten or so bank robberies attributed to him and the Barrow Gang. His favorite weapon was the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR).[21] According to John Neal Phillips, Barrow's goal in life was not to gain fame or fortune from robbing banks but to seek revenge against the Texas prison system for the abuses that he suffered while serving time. After Barrow's release from prison in February 1932, he and Fults began a series of robberies, primarily of stores and gas stations;[14] their goal was to collect enough money and firepower to launch a raid against Eastham prison.[24] On April 19, Parker and Fults were captured in a failed hardware store burglary in Kaufman in which they had intended to steal firearms.[28] Parker was released from jail in a few months, after the grand jury failed to indict her; Fults was tried, convicted, and served time. He never rejoined the gang. On August 5, Barrow, Raymond Hamilton, and Ross Dyer were drinking moonshine at a country dance in Stringtown, Oklahoma when Sheriff C.G. Maxwell and Deputy Eugene C. Moore approached them in the parking lot. Barrow and Hamilton opened fire, killing Moore and gravely wounding Maxwell.[31][32] Moore was the first law officer that Barrow and his gang had killed; they eventually murdered nine. On October 11, they allegedly killed Howard Hall at his store during a robbery in Sherman, Texas, though some historians consider this unlikely. W. D. Jones had been a friend of Barrow's family since childhood. He joined Parker and Barrow on Christmas Eve 1932 at the age of 16, and the three left Dallas that night.[34] The next day, Jones and Barrow murdered Doyle Johnson, a young family man, while stealing his car in Temple.[35] Barrow killed Tarrant County Deputy Malcolm Davis on January 6, 1933 when he, Parker, and Jones wandered into a police trap set for another criminal.[36] The gang had murdered five people since April. The police assembled a five-man force in two cars on April 13 to confront what they suspected were bootleggers living in the garage apartment. The Barrow brothers and Jones opened fire, killing Detective Harry L. McGinnis outright and fatally wounding Constable J. W. Harryman.[40][41] Parker opened fire with a BAR as the others fled, forcing Highway Patrol Sergeant G.B. Kahler to duck behind a large oak tree. The .30 caliber bullets from the BAR struck the tree and forced wood splinters into the sergeant's face.[42] Parker got into the car with the others, and they pulled in Blanche from the street where she was pursuing her dog Snow Ball.[43] The surviving officers later testified that they had fired only fourteen rounds in the conflict;[44] one hit Jones on the side, one struck Clyde but was deflected by his suitcoat button, and one grazed Buck after ricocheting off a wall. The group escaped the police at Joplin, but left behind most of their possessions at the apartment, including Buck's parole papers (three weeks old), a large arsenal of weapons, a handwritten poem by Bonnie, and a camera with several rolls of undeveloped film.[45] Police developed the film at The Joplin Globe and found many photos of Barrow, Parker, and Jones posing and pointing weapons at one another.[46] The Globe sent the poem and the photos over the newswire, including a photo of Parker clenching a cigar in her teeth and a pistol in her hand, and the gang of criminals became front-page news throughout America as the Barrow Gang. The group ranged from Texas as far north as Minnesota for the next three months. In May, they tried to rob the bank in Lucerne, Indiana,[48] and robbed the bank in Okabena, Minnesota.[49] They kidnapped Dillard Darby and Sophia Stone at Ruston, Louisiana in the course of stealing Darby's car; this was one of several events between 1932 and 1934 in which they kidnapped police officers or robbery victims.[notes 4] They usually released their hostages far from home, sometimes with money to help them return home. Barrow did not see warning signs at a bridge under construction on June 10, while driving with Jones and Parker near Wellington, Texas, and the car flipped into a ravine.[3][56] Sources disagree on whether there was a gasoline fire[57] or if Parker was doused with acid from the car's battery under the floorboards,[58][notes 7] but she sustained third-degree burns to her right leg, so severe that the muscles contracted and caused the leg to "draw up".[59] Jones observed: "She'd been burned so bad none of us thought she was gonna live. The hide on her right leg was gone, from her hip down to her ankle. I could see the bone at places." Parker could hardly walk; she either hopped on her good leg or was carried by Barrow. They got help from a nearby farm family, then kidnapped two local police officers. The three rendezvoused with Buck and Blanche, and hid in a tourist court near Fort Smith, Arkansas, nursing Parker's burns. Buck and Jones bungled a robbery and murdered Town Marshal Henry D. Humphrey in Alma, Arkansas.[61] The criminals had to flee, despite Parker's grave condition. In July 1933, the gang checked in to the Red Crown Tourist Court[63] south of Platte City, Missouri. It consisted of two brick cabins joined by garages, and the gang rented both.[63] To the south stood the Red Crown Tavern, a popular restaurant among Missouri Highway Patrolmen, and the gang seemed to go out of their way to draw attention.[64] Blanche registered the party as three guests, but owner Neal Houser could see five people getting out of the car. He noted that the driver backed into the garage "gangster style" for a quick getaway.[65] Blanche paid for their cabins with coins rather than bills, and did the same later when buying five dinners and five beers.[66][notes 8] The next day, Houser noticed that his guests had taped newspapers over the windows of their cabin; Blanche again paid for five meals with coins. Her outfit of jodhpur riding breeches[67] also attracted attention; they were not typical attire for women in the area, and eyewitnesses still remembered them forty years later.[65] Houser told Captain William Baxter of the Highway Patrol, a patron of his restaurant, about the group. Barrow and Jones went into town[notes 9] to purchase bandages, crackers, cheese, and atropine sulfate to treat Parker's leg.[68] The druggist contacted Sheriff Holt Coffey, who put the cabins under surveillance. Coffey had been alerted by Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas law enforcement to watch for strangers seeking such supplies. The sheriff contacted Captain Baxter, who called for reinforcements from Kansas City, including an armored car.[63] Sheriff Coffey led a group of officers toward the cabins at 11pm, armed with Thompson submachine guns. In the gunfight which ensued, the .45 caliber Thompsons proved no match for Barrow's .30 caliber BAR, stolen on July 7 from the National Guard armory at Enid, Oklahoma.[70] The gang escaped when a bullet short-circuited the horn on the armored car[notes 10] and the police officers mistook it for a cease-fire signal. They did not pursue the retreating Barrow vehicle. The gang had evaded the law once again, but Buck had sustained a bullet wound that blasted a large hole in his forehead skull bone and exposed his injured brain, and Blanche was nearly blinded by glass fragments in both her eyes. The Barrow Gang camped at Dexfield Park, an abandoned amusement park near Dexter, Iowa, on July 24.[3][72] Buck was sometimes semiconscious, and he even talked and ate, but his massive head wound and loss of blood were so severe that Barrow and Jones dug a grave for him.[73] Local residents noticed their bloody bandages, and officers determined that the campers were the Barrow Gang. Local police officers and approximately 100 spectators surrounded the group, and the Barrows soon came under fire.[72] Barrow, Parker, and Jones escaped on foot.[3][72] Buck was shot in the back, and he and his wife were captured by the officers. Buck died of his head wound and pneumonia after surgery five days later at Kings Daughters Hospital in Perry, Iowa. By early September, the gang risked a run to Dallas to see their families for the first time in four months. Jones parted company with them, continuing to Houston where his mother had moved.[3][72][notes 12] He was arrested there without incident on November 16, and returned to Dallas. Through the autumn, Barrow committed several robberies with small-time local accomplices, while his family and Parker's attended to her considerable medical needs. On November 22, they narrowly evaded arrest while trying to meet with family members near Sowers, Texas. Dallas Sheriff Smoot Schmid, Deputy Bob Alcorn, and Deputy Ted Hinton lay in wait nearby. As Barrow drove up, he sensed a trap and drove past his family's car, at which point Schmid and his deputies stood up and opened fire with machine guns and a BAR. The family members in the crossfire were not hit, but a BAR bullet passed through the car, striking the legs of both Barrow and Parker.[76] They escaped later that night. On November 28, a Dallas grand jury delivered a murder indictment against Parker and Barrow for the killing - in January of that year, nearly ten months earlier - of Tarrant County Deputy Malcolm Davis;[77] it was Parker's first warrant for murder. On January 16, 1934, Barrow orchestrated the escape of Hamilton, Methvin, and several others in the "Eastham Breakout".[24] The brazen raid generated negative publicity for Texas, and Barrow seemed to have achieved what historian Phillips suggests was his overriding goal: revenge on the Texas Department of Corrections. Barrow Gang member Joe Palmer shot Major Joe Crowson during his escape, and Crowson died a few days later in the hospital.[78] This attack attracted the full power of the Texas and federal government to the manhunt for Barrow and Parker. As Crowson struggled for life, prison chief Lee Simmons reportedly promised him that all persons involved in the breakout would be hunted down and killed.[24] All of them eventually were, except for Methvin, who preserved his life by setting up the ambush of Barrow and Parker. The Texas Department of Corrections contacted former Texas Ranger Captain Frank Hamer and persuaded him to hunt down the Barrow Gang. He was retired, but his commission had not expired.[79] He accepted the assignment as a Texas Highway Patrol officer, secondarily assigned to the prison system as a special investigator, and given the specific task of taking down the Barrow Gang. Hamer was tall, burly, and taciturn, unimpressed by authority and driven by an "inflexible adherence to right, or what he thinks is right."[80] For 20 years, he had been feared and admired throughout Texas as "the walking embodiment of the 'One Riot, One Ranger' ethos".[81] He "had acquired a formidable reputation as a result of several spectacular captures and the shooting of a number of Texas criminals".[82] He was officially credited with 53 kills, and suffered seventeen wounds.[83] Prison boss Simmons always said publicly that Hamer had been his first choice, although there is evidence that he first approached two other Rangers, both of whom declined because they were reluctant to shoot a woman.[84] Starting on February 10, Hamer became the constant shadow of Barrow and Parker, living out of his car, just a town or two behind them. Three of Hamer's four brothers were also Texas Rangers; brother Harrison was the best shot of the four, but Frank was considered the most tenacious. During the spring season, the Grapevine killings were recounted in exaggerated detail, affecting public perception; all four Dallas daily papers seized on the story told by the eyewitness, a farmer who claimed to have seen Parker laugh at the way that Murphy's head "bounced like a rubber ball" on the ground as she shot him.[89] The stories claimed that police found a cigar butt "with tiny teeth marks", supposedly those of Parker.[90] Several days later, Murphy's fiancée wore her intended wedding dress to his funeral, attracting photos and newspaper coverage.[91] The eyewitness's ever-changing story was soon discredited, but the massive negative publicity increased the public clamor for the extermination of the Barrow Gang. The outcry galvanized the authorities into action, and Highway Patrol boss L.G. Phares offered a reward of $1,000 for "the dead bodies of the Grapevine slayers" — not their capture, just the bodies.[92] Texas Governor Ma Ferguson added another reward of $500 for each of the two killers, which meant that, for the first time, "there was a specific price on Bonnie's head, since she was so widely believed to have shot H.D. Murphy". Public hostility increased five days later, when Barrow and Methvin murdered 60 year-old Constable William "Cal" Campbell, a widower and father, near Commerce, Oklahoma.[94] They kidnapped Commerce police chief Percy Boyd, crossed the state line into Kansas, and let him go, giving him a clean shirt, a few dollars, and a request from Parker to tell the world that she did not smoke cigars. Boyd identified both Barrow and Parker to authorities, but he never learned Methvin's name. The resultant arrest warrant for the Campbell murder specified "Clyde Barrow, Bonnie Parker and John Doe".[95] Historian Knight writes: "For the first time, Bonnie was seen as a killer, actually pulling the trigger — just like Clyde. Whatever chance she had for clemency had just been reduced."[92] The Dallas Journal ran a cartoon on its editorial page, showing an empty electric chair with a sign on it saying "Reserved", adding the words "Clyde and Bonnie". Barrow and Parker were killed on May 23, 1934, on a rural road in Bienville Parish, Louisiana.[72][97] Texas officers Hamer, Hinton, Alcorn, and B.M. "Maney" Gault, and Louisiana officers Henderson Jordan and Prentiss Morel Oakley formed the posse.[98] Hamer led the posse, and he had begun tracking the gang on February 12. He studied their movements and found that they swung in a circle skirting the edges of five midwestern states, exploiting the "state line" rule which prevented officers from pursuing a fugitive into another jurisdiction. Barrow was consistent in his movements, so Hamer charted his path and predicted where he would go. The gang's itinerary centered on family visits, and they were due to see Methvin's family in Louisiana. On May 21, the four posse members from Texas were in Shreveport when they learned that Barrow and Parker were to go to Bienville Parish that evening with Methvin. Barrow had designated the residence of Methvin's parents as a rendezvous, in case they were separated, and Methvin did get separated from them in Shreveport. The full posse set up an ambush at the rendezvous point along Louisiana State Highway 154 south of Gibsland toward Sailes. Hinton recounted that their group was in place by 9 pm, and waited through the whole of the next day (May 22) with no sign of the perpetrators.[99] Other accounts said that the officers set up on the evening of the May 22. At approximately 9:15 am on May 23, the posse were still concealed in the bushes and almost ready to concede defeat, when they heard Barrow's stolen Ford V8 approaching at a high speed. Their official report had Barrow stopping to speak with Methvin's father, who had been planted there with his truck that morning, to distract Barrow and force him into the lane closer to the posse. The lawmen opened fire, killing Barrow and Parker while shooting about 130 rounds. Oakley fired first, probably before any order to do so.[99][101][102] Barrow was killed instantly by Oakley's head shot, but Hinton reported hearing Parker scream as she realized that Barrow was dead, before the shooting began in her direction.[99] The officers emptied all their weapons at the car.[103] Nearly all of their wounds would have been fatal, yet the two had survived many bullet wounds over the years in their confrontations with the law. Each of us six officers had a shotgun and an automatic rifle and pistols. We opened fire with the automatic rifles. They were emptied before the car got even with us. Then we used shotguns. There was smoke coming from the car, and it looked like it was on fire. After shooting the shotguns, we emptied the pistols at the car, which had passed us and ran into a ditch about 50 yards on down the road. It almost turned over. We kept shooting at the car even after it stopped. We weren't taking any chances. Researchers have said that Barrow and Parker were shot more than 50 times each;[24] others claim closer to 25 each, or 50 in total.[105] Officially, the 1934 report by parish coroner Dr. J. L. Wade, listed seventeen separate entrance wounds on Barrow's body and twenty-six on that of Parker,[106] including several headshots on each, and one that had snapped Barrow's spinal column. Undertaker C.F. "Boots" Bailey had difficulty embalming the bodies because of all the bullet holes. The deafened officers inspected the vehicle and discovered an arsenal of weapons, including stolen automatic rifles, sawed-off semi-automatic shotguns, assorted handguns, and several thousand rounds of ammunition, along with fifteen sets of license plates from various states.[103] Hamer stated: "I hate to bust the cap on a woman, especially when she was sitting down, however if it wouldn't have been her, it would have been us." Word of the deaths quickly got around when Hamer, Jordan, Oakley, and Hinton drove into town to telephone their respective bosses. A crowd soon gathered at the spot. Gault and Alcorn were left to guard the bodies, but they lost control of the jostling, curious throng; one woman cut off bloody locks of Parker's hair and pieces from her dress, which were subsequently sold as souvenirs. Hinton returned to find a man trying to cut off Barrow's trigger finger, and was sickened by what was occurring. Arriving at the scene, the coroner said that he saw the following: Nearly everyone had begun collecting souvenirs such as shell casings, slivers of glass from the shattered car windows, and bloody pieces of clothing from the garments of Bonnie and Clyde. One eager man had opened his pocket knife, and was reaching into the car to cut off Clyde's left ear. The posse towed the Ford, with the dead bodies still inside, to the Conger Furniture Store & Funeral Parlor in downtown Arcadia, Louisiana. Barrow had been shot in the head by a .35 Remington Model 8. Preliminary embalming was done by Bailey in a small preparation room in the back of the furniture store, as it was common for furniture stores and undertakers to share the same space.[110] The population of the northwest Louisiana town reportedly swelled from 2,000 to 12,000 within hours. Curious throngs arrived by train, horseback, buggy, and plane. Beer normally sold for 15 cents a bottle but it jumped to 25 cents, and sandwiches quickly sold out.[111] Henry Barrow identified his son's body, then sat weeping in a rocking chair in the furniture section. H.D. Darby was an undertaker at the McClure Funeral Parlor and Sophia Stone was a home demonstration agent, both from nearby Ruston. Both of them came to Arcadia to identify the bodies[110] because the Barrow gang had kidnapped them[112] in 1933. Parker reportedly had laughed when she discovered that Darby was an undertaker. She remarked that maybe someday he would be working on her;[110] Darby did assist Bailey in the embalming. More than 20,000 attended Parker's funeral, and her family had difficulty reaching her gravesite. The six men of the posse were each to receive a one-sixth share of the reward money, and Dallas Sheriff Schmid had promised Hinton that this would total some $26,000,[118] but most of the organizations that had pledged reward funds suddenly reneged on their pledges. In the end, each lawman earned $200.23 for his efforts and collected memorabilia. The posse never received the promised bounty on the perpetrators, so they were told to take whatever they wanted from the confiscated items in their car. Hamer appropriated the arsenal[132] of stolen guns and ammunition, plus a box of fishing tackle, under the terms of his compensation package with the Texas DOC. Alcorn claimed Barrow's saxophone from the car, but he later donated it to the Barrow family.[134] Posse members also took other personal items, such as Parker's clothing. The Parker family asked for them back but were refused,[103][135] and the items were later sold as souvenirs.

Century egg

Century eggs also known as preserved egg, hundred-year egg, thousand-year egg, thousand-year-old egg, millennium egg, skin egg and black egg, are a Chinese preserved food product and delicacy made by preserving duck, chicken or quail eggs in a mixture of clay, ash, salt, quicklime, and rice hulls for several weeks to several months, depending on the method of processing.[1] Through the process, the yolk becomes a dark green to grey color, with a creamy consistency and strong flavor due to the hydrogen sulfide and ammonia present, while the white becomes a dark brown, translucent jelly with a salty flavor. The transforming agent in the century egg is an alkaline salt, which gradually raises the pH of the egg to around 9-12, during the curing process.[2] This chemical process breaks down some of the complex, flavorless proteins and fats, which produces a variety of smaller flavorful compounds.

Cybernetics

Cybernetics is the study of communication and control systems in living things and machines. A scientist specializing in cybernetics might study human-robot interaction.

distributed work

Distributed work is the term used to explain team members who are not in the same physical location when working on a project. There are many differences, similarities, benefits, and obstacles of these two types of work. Collocated work is the case in which team members are at the same location.

whole brain emulation roadmap

Eutelic organisms >> Invertebrate emulation >> Small mammal >> Large mammal >> Human emulation

Moa

Moa were nine species (in six genera) of now-extinct flightless birds endemic to New Zealand. The two largest species, Dinornis robustus and Dinornis novaezelandiae, reached about 3.6 m (12 ft) in height with neck outstretched, and weighed about 230 kg (510 lb).[5] It is estimated that, when Polynesians settled New Zealand circa 1280, the moa population was about 58,000. Before the arrival of human settlers, the moa's only predator was the massive Haast's eagle. New Zealand had been isolated for 80 million years and had few predators before human arrival, meaning that not only were its ecosystems extremely vulnerable to perturbation by outside species, but also the native species were ill-equipped to cope with human predators. Polynesians arrived sometime before 1300, and all moa genera were soon driven to extinction by hunting, and to a lesser extent, by habitat reduction due to forest clearance. By 1445, all moa had become extinct, along with Haast's eagle, which had relied on them for food. Recent research using carbon-14 dating of middens strongly suggests that the events leading to extinction took less than a hundred years, rather than a period of exploitation lasting several hundred years, which is what had previously been hypothesised.

Preying mantis sex

Female praying mantises have a habit of killing and eating their partners during sex, which sucks for the male. Or does it? A fascinating new study shows this sacrifice is actually giving the males a distinct reproductive advantage. Sexual cannibalism among praying mantises is well documented, but scientists have debated the reasons for it. A new study published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B shows that females who eat their male partners after sex produce more eggs than those who don't. What's more, by eating the male, the widowed female ensures that her man is still providing for their offspring, even though he's dead. In praying mantises, around 25 percent of all sexual encounters result in the death of the male. The female typically begins by biting off her partner's head, and she works down from there. Incredibly, this comprises about 63 percent of the female's diet during the mating season. Scientists have speculated that it's a way for the female to record a quick meal at a critical point in her reproductive life cycle, but this claim has largely remained unproven. To see if this is actually the case, the researchers embedded traceable radioactive amino acids into crickets, which were subsequently fed to a population of male mantises. Each of these males was then paired with a female. Half of them were rescued from their two-faced lovers before cannibalism could take place, while the other half... well you know what happened to the other half. The researchers then set about the task of studying the reproductive success of each female involved. Those females who ate their partners produced more eggs than those who did not. On average, cannibalistic females produced about 88 eggs, whereas those who didn't eat their partners produced about 37. That's a big difference, one that gives cannibalized males a distinct reproductive advantage.

Black widow spider sex

For male widow spiders, mating is an infamously dangerous activity. In these species, which include the black widow and redback, the large females will often devour the smaller males during sex—hence the "widow" in their names. In some cases, the female catches the male while he's trying to escape. But often, the male seems to welcome his fate, actively somersaulting onto his partner's fangs. There's a reason for these suicidal gymnastics. In 1996, Maydianne Andrade found that sexual encounters between redback spiders are longer if the male allows himself to be cannibalized. By sacrificing his life, he can fill his partner with more sperm. The female keeps that sperm in two storage organs, and can control when she uses those stockpiled cells to fertilize her eggs. If she mates again, the second male's sperm might displace those of the first now deceased suitor. But Andrade showed that females that eat their first mate are more likely to reject a subsequent one. So, by committing "copulatory suicide," the males guarantee their future fatherhood. Besides, females aren't common and many males die while searching for one; when the odds of finding more than one partner are low, the costs of giving up your life to your first mate are low.

declamatory

If you say something declamatory, it's full of passion and bluster, like your declamatory speech in debate club about the poor nutritional quality of your school's lunches.

Order of the Solar Temple

In October 1994, Tony Dutoit's infant son (Emmanuel Dutoit), aged three months, was killed at the group's centre in Morin-Heights, Quebec. The baby had been stabbed repeatedly with a wooden stake. It is believed that Di Mambro ordered the murder, because he identified the baby as the Antichrist described in the Bible. He believed that the Antichrist was born into the order to prevent Di Mambro from succeeding in his spiritual aim. A few days later[clarification needed], Di Mambro and twelve followers performed a ritual Last Supper. A few days after the Last Supper[clarification needed], apparent mass suicides and murders were conducted at Cheiry and Salvan, two villages in Western Switzerland, and at Morin Heights—15 inner circle members committed suicide with poison, 30 were killed by bullets or smothering, and 8 others were killed by other causes. In Switzerland, many of the victims were found in a secret underground chapel lined with mirrors and other items of Templar symbolism. The bodies were dressed in the order's ceremonial robes and were in a circle, feet together, heads outward, most with plastic bags tied over their heads; they had each been shot in the head. The plastic bags may have been a symbol of the ecological disaster that would befall the human race after the OTS members moved on to Sirius; it's also possible that these bags were used as part of the OTS rituals, and that members would have voluntarily worn them without being placed under duress. There was also evidence that many of the victims in Switzerland were drugged before they were shot. Other victims were found in three ski chalets; several dead children were lying together. The tragedy was discovered when officers rushed to the sites to fight the fires that had been ignited by remote-control devices. Farewell letters left by the believers stated that they believed they were leaving to escape the "hypocrisies and oppression of this world." A mayor, a journalist, a civil servant, and a sales manager were found among the dead in Switzerland. Records seized by the Quebec police showed that some members had personally donated over C$1 million to Di Mambro. Another attempted mass suicide of the remaining members was thwarted in the late 1990s.[citation needed] All the suicide/murders and attempts occurred around the dates of the equinoxes and solstices in some relation to the beliefs of the group. Another mass-death incident related to the OTS took place during the night between the 15 and 16 December 1995. On 23 December 1995, 16 bodies were discovered in a star-formation in the Vercors mountains of France. It was found later that two of them shot the others and then committed suicide by firearm and immolation. One of the dead included Olympian Edith Bonlieu, who had competed in the women's downhill at the 1956 Winter Olympics. On the morning of 23 March 1997, five members of the OTS took their own lives in Saint-Casimir, Quebec. A small house erupted in flames, leaving behind five charred bodies for the police to pull from the rubble. Three teenagers, aged 13, 14 and 16, the children of one of the couples that died in the fire, were discovered in a shed behind the house, alive but heavily drugged. Michel Tabachnik, an internationally renowned Swiss musician and conductor, was arrested as a leader of the Solar Temple in the late 1990s. He was indicted for "participation in a criminal organization" and murder. He came to trial in Grenoble, France, during the spring of 2001 and was acquitted. French prosecutors appealed against the verdict and an appellate court ordered a second trial[6] beginning October 24, 2006. He was again cleared less than two months later on December 2006.

Little Higgs

In particle physics, little Higgs models are based on the idea that the Higgs boson is a pseudo-Goldstone boson arising from some global symmetry breaking at a TeV energy scale. The goal of little Higgs models is to use the spontaneous breaking of such approximate global symmetries to stabilize the mass of the Higgs boson(s) responsible for electroweak symmetry breaking. The little Higgs models predict a naturally-light Higgs particle. The main idea behind the little Higgs models is that the one-loop contribution to the tachyonic Higgs boson mass coming from the top quark cancels.[a] The simplified reason for that cancellation is that a loop's contribution is proportional to the coupling constant of one of the SU(2) groups. Because of the symmetries in the theory, the contributions cancel until there is a two-loop contribution involving both groups. This restricts the Higgs boson mass for about one order of magnitude, which is good enough to evade many of the precision electroweak constraints.

Black hole production and public safety concerns

In the future, the possibility of a black hole production at the highest energy accelerators may arise if certain predictions of superstring theory are accurate.[33][34] This and other possibilities have led to public safety concerns that have been widely reported in connection with the LHC, which began operation in 2008. The various possible dangerous scenarios have been assessed as presenting "no conceivable danger" in the latest risk assessment produced by the LHC Safety Assessment Group.[35] If black holes are produced, it is theoretically predicted that such small black holes should evaporate extremely quickly via Bekenstein-Hawking radiation, but which is as yet experimentally unconfirmed. If colliders can produce black holes, cosmic rays (and particularly ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, UHECRs) must have been producing them for eons, but they have yet to harm anybody.[36] It has been argued that to conserve energy and momentum, any black holes created in a collision between an UHECR and local matter would necessarily be produced moving at relativistic speed with respect to the Earth, and should escape into space, as their accretion and growth rate should be very slow, while black holes produced in colliders (with components of equal mass) would have some chance of having a velocity less than Earth escape velocity, 11.2 km per sec, and would be liable to capture and subsequent growth. Yet even on such scenarios the collisions of UHECRs with white dwarfs and neutron stars would lead to their rapid destruction, but these bodies are observed to be common astronomical objects. Thus if stable micro black holes should be produced, they must grow far too slowly to cause any noticeable macroscopic effects within the natural lifetime of the solar system.[35]

musketeer

In the old days, a musketeer was a soldier who was armed with a muzzle-loading long gun.

Reversing the pecking order

Let's say we have 5 chickens. Chicken 1 pecks chickens 2-5, chicken 2 pecks chickens 3-5, chicken 3 pecks chickens 4-5, chicken 4 pecks chicken 5, and chicken 5 gets pecked by all the other chicken. Now let's try and reverse the pecking order. We place shock collars on all the chickens. When a chicken tries to peck another chicken we zap it. Now here's the question, is it easier to make chicken 1 chicken 5 or chicken 5 chicken 1? Intuition would say it would be easier to make chicken 5 chicken 1, but that's incorrect. Chicken 1 has been doing the pecking all its life and has never been pecked. All it takes is one peck and chicken 1 becomes chicken 5. This is an analogy of the criminal justice system as to why physical punishment doesn't work. They have been getting pecked their whole life, what's one more peck?

undertaker

a person whose business is preparing dead bodies for burial or cremation and making arrangements for funerals.

What do butterflies eat?

Most adult butterflies drink nectar from flowers through their tongues, which function much like straws. A minority of butterflies almost never visits flowers, instead gaining sustenance from tree sap, rotting animal matter, feces, and other organic material. Butterfly caterpillars almost all eat plant matter. Some butterflies and moths have no mouths. These critters only eat when they are caterpillars.

smallest black hole

NASA scientists have identified the lightest black hole yet, just 3.8 times the mass of the sun, in a binary star system in the Milky Way known as XTE J1650-500. The next smallest black hole, spotted in 1994, weighed in at 6.3 solar masses.

penicillin uses

Penicillin V is an antibiotic in the penicillin group of drugs. It fights bacteria in your body. Penicillin V is used to treat many different types of infections caused by bacteria, such as ear infections. Penicillin (PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics, derived originally from common moulds known as Penicillium moulds; which includes penicillin G (intravenous use), penicillin V (use by mouth), procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin (intramuscular use). The first name for penicillin was "mould juice." Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered the antibiotic in 1928, when he came back from a vacation and found that a green mold called Penicillium notatum had contaminated Petri dishes in his lab.

Proton therapy

Proton therapy is a type of external beam radiotherapy that uses ionizing radiation. In proton therapy, medical personnel use a particle accelerator to target a tumor with a beam of protons.[2][3] These charged particles damage the DNA of cells, ultimately killing them by stopping their reproduction. Cancerous cells are particularly vulnerable to attacks on DNA because of their high rate of division and their reduced abilities to repair DNA damage. Some cancers with specific defects in DNA repair may be more sensitive to proton radiation.[4] Because of their relatively large mass, protons have little lateral side scatter in the tissue; the beam does not broaden much, stays focused on the tumor shape, and delivers only low-dose side effects to surrounding tissue. All protons of a given energy have a certain penetration range; very few protons penetrate beyond that distance.[5] Furthermore, the dose delivered to tissue is maximized only over the last few millimeters of the particle's range; this maximum is called the spread out Bragg peak, often referred to as the SOBP.[6] To treat tumors at greater depths, the proton accelerator must produce a beam with higher energy, typically given in eV (electron volts). Accelerators used for proton therapy typically produce protons with energies in the range of 70 to 250 MeV. Adjusting proton energy during the treatment maximizes the cell damage the proton beam causes within the tumor. Tissue closer to the surface of the body than the tumor receives reduced radiation, and therefore reduced damage. Tissues deeper in the body receive very few protons, so the dosage becomes immeasurably small.[5]

Pseudo-Goldstone bosons

Pseudo-Goldstone bosons arise in a quantum field theory with both spontaneous and explicit symmetry breaking, simultaneously. These two types of symmetry breaking typically occur separately, and at different energy scales, and are not thought to be predicated on each other. In the absence of explicit breaking, spontaneous symmetry breaking would engender massless Nambu-Goldstone bosons for the exact spontaneously broken chira

Do they know they are pushing bankrupt ideas?

Referring to charlatans/

Sanskrit

Sanskrit is an Indo-Aryan language of the ancient Indian subcontinent with a 3,500-year history. It is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism and the predominant language of most works of Hindu philosophy as well as some of the principal texts of Buddhism and Jainism.

"It says: 'Sensational new breakthrough in Improbability Physics. As soon as the ship's drive reaches Infinite Improbability it passes through every point in the Universe. Be the envy of other major governments.' Wow, this is big league stuff."

Schrodinger's Ship.

Spirograph

Spirograph is a geometric drawing device that produces mathematical roulette curves of the variety technically known as hypotrochoids and epitrochoids.

Coma consciousness sniff test

The ability to detect smells predicts recovery and long-term survival in patients who have suffered severe brain injury, a new study has found. A simple, inexpensive 'sniff test' could help doctors to accurately diagnose and determine treatment plans for patients with disorders of consciousness.

Neutrino annihilation

The neutrino and the anti-neutrino can annihilate to create a Z boson. But the mass of the Z boson is around 90 GeV, so in order to create such a boson, the neutrinos need to be high energetic. Theoretically, a Higgs boson could be created as well, but for that an even larger amount of energy is needed, since the Higgs boson is heavier than the Z boson. Moreover, the coupling of the Higgs to the neutrinos is extremely small. The Higgs boson's coupling is proportional to the mass of the neutrinos. Neutrinos are known to have a non-vanishing mass but a very small one. Because of the very low mass, the coupling is also very small. This is not a process that likely is going to be observed in an experiment. On the other hand, the creation of photons is not possible at all. Photons couple to electric charge. Neutrinos are neutral, hence no coupling to photons. Maybe even more interesting than a neutrino-antineutrino annihilation would be the observation of a neutrino-neutrino annihilation. If neutrinos are their own antiparticles, we call them Majorana neutrinos (otherwise they are called Dirac neutrinos). We don't know if neutrinos are Majorana or Dirac. If we would observe a neutrino-neutrino annihilation, it would be a clear sign that neutrinos are Majorana. But neutrino experiments are notoriously difficult to carry out. The only experiment that I know of that is looking for a neutrino-neutrino annihilation, is the neutrinoless double β decay.

track record

The past history of something; with investments, look at the five or ten year record. the previous successes or failures of a product, person, or organization

pan-dimensional

The term Pan Dimensional (across dimensions) Philosophy is a term that is used to cover discussion of all aspects of philosophy in the physical universe which our senses are unable to detect.

enchantress

a female sorcerer or magician

outcry

a loud noise or exclamation, particularly of disapproval An outcry is an outburst or shout — either by one person, or by a group of people. Faced with the outcry of three kids under the age of ten, a frustrated babysitter may give in, letting them stay up past bedtime.

Myxomatosis

an infectious disease in rabbits Myxoma virus is in the genus Leporipoxvirus (family Poxviridae; subfamily Chordopoxvirinae). Like other poxviruses, myxoma viruses are large DNA viruses with linear double-stranded DNA. Virus replication occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. The natural hosts are tapeti (Sylvilagus brasiliensis) in South and Central America, and brush rabbits (Sylvilagus bachmani) in North America. The myxoma virus causes only a mild disease in these species, with symptoms limited to the formation of skin nodules.[1]

hag

an ugly evil-looking old woman witch

nourishment

anything that feeds or helps to make grow literally food; metaphorically, something that sustains someone's spirit or energy

retard

delay or hold back in terms of progress, development, or accomplishment. e.g. "Social justice warriors retard discourse."

Homonym

each of two or more words having the same spelling or pronunciation but different meanings and origins. For example, according to this definition, the words row, row and row are homonyms, as are the words read and reed.

unascertainable

hard to understand not able to be ascertained; resisting discovery. undiscoverable. indeterminable, undeterminable - not capable of being definitely decided or ascertained.

moonlighting

have a second job in addition to one's regular employment. "many instructors moonlight as professional consultants"

paradisiacal

heavenly; paradise; wonderful

midge eggs

midge vs mosquito The most important difference between these two insects is that midges don't have the proboscis to bite. Finally, a midge tends to hold its front legs up in the air while resting, almost like it's waving. Mosquitoes do the opposite; they often hold their back legs up in the air while resting.

Muggle

non-wizard

unapologetic

not acknowledging or expressing regret. If you're unapologetic, you refuse to say you're sorry or to express any regret. You might be unapologetic about missing your horrible cousin's birthday party, for example.

disputant

one who argues; arguing a person who disputes; who is good at or enjoys controversy

bickering

petty, peevish arguing, usually repeated and ongoing a quarrel about petty points

bemusement

puzzlement; confusion resulting from failure to understand

counterfactual

relating to or expressing what has not happened or is not the case an educated guess as to what would have happened had a policy or an event not occurred A claim, hypothesis, or other belief that is contrary to the facts. A hypothetical state of the world, used to assess the impact of an action.

Cetology

study of whales Cetology or whalelore is the branch of marine mammal science that studies the approximately eighty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoise in the scientific order Cetacea.

stridency

the quality or condition of being loud, harsh, grating, or discordant having the timbre of a loud high-pitched sound

empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation In philosophy, empiricism is a theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience. It is one of several views of epistemology, along with rationalism and skepticism. Empiricism emphasises the role of empirical evidence in the formation of ideas, rather than innate ideas or traditions.