western civ review
René Descartes is MOST known for his work, _____.
Discourse on Method
An armada of little ships made a miraculous rescue of more than 300,000 allied soldiers from this French port city in May 1940.
Dunkirk
The Boers were ___.
Dutch settlers in South Africa
According to the Peace of Augsburg, ____
Each region's religion would be determined by the local ruler.
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
1572
Edict of Nantes
1598
Treaty of Westphalia
1648
Abolition of the English monarchy
1649
Restoration of the Stuart Dynasty
1660
The dates of World War I are ____.
1914-1918
What was the Manhattan Project?
America's top secret effort to develop atomic weapons
Between 1520 and 1550 three main forms of Protestantism developed in Switzerland: Calvinism, Zwinglianism, and __________.
Anabaptism
Which best describes America's attitude in the interwar years?
Antiwar sentiment was fervent and broadly held.
Renaissance humanists helped lay the foundation for the scientific revolution by recovering the works of Greek philosophers, such as ___________, who argued that the world operated according to mechanical forces best understood through mathematics.
Archimedes
Europeans believed, generally, in the geocentric theory of the universe, even though this model had been contradicted by empirical evidence discovered and proposed several hundred years B.C. by __________.
Aristarchus
The Turkish government blamed their poor showing in early combat on this minority population, against whom they launched a brutal genocidal campaign.
Armenians
Captain James Cook lead the way for British colonial expansion in __
Australia
Queen Marie Antoinette was originally from ____.
Austria
The Ausgleich refers to an understanding or compromise settlement between what two nations?
Austria and Hungary
Bosnia and Herzegovina were under the protection of this great power, which increased international tensions by going a step further and actually annexing the territories in 1908.
Austria-Hungary
Between 1787 and 1789, the unemployment rate in many French cities may have been as high as ____ percent.
Between 1787 and 1789, the unemployment rate in many French cities may have been as high as ____ percent.
Perhaps the two MOST influential religious texts of the sixteenth century were Loyola's Spiritual Exercises and
Calvin's Institutes
Clement VII did not permit King Henry VIII of England to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn because
Catherine's nephew, Emperor Charles V, controlled Rome and disapproved of Henry's request for a divorce.
He was the Prime Minister of South Africa and the greatest advocate of British colonial ambitions on that continent.
Cecil Rhodes
During World War I Germany and her allies were known as the ___
Central Powers
Whose writings focused primarily on reform of the criminal justice system?
Cesare Beccaria
This king was beheaded in 1649 during the English Civil War
Charles I
Which English monarch was beheaded during the civil war?
Charles I
Prior to his abdication 1556, he ruled the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, the Netherlands and much of the New World
Charles V
He was the pro-American, nationalistic Chinese leader during World War II.
Chiang Kai-shek
The word "Sino" in the Sino-Japanese War refers to ___.
China
Which of the following nations was not represented at the Munich Conference?
Czechoslovakia
Britain's ill-fated Gallipoli campaign hoped to secure the ___.
Dardanelles Strait
Proposed evolutionary theory in Origins of the Species
Darwin
What best explains Britain's tremendous population growth during the 19th century?
improvements in agriculture increased the food supply
Deists believed ___.
in a divinely created universe
One significant result of the Great Depression in Germany was that it ___.
increased popular support for the Nazis
Protestants generally believed that people were
innately bad
Which of the following best characterizes the U.S. declaration of war on Japan?
it failed initially and passed only after Roosevelt made an impassioned personal appeal before Congress
By the late Middle Ages, perhaps the most serious problem with the Ptolemaic system was that
it presented serious difficulties with the calendar.
Switzerland became a breeding ground for multiple forms of Protestant dissent largely because
it was ruled by neither kings nor territorial princes.
In 1505, Martin Luther defied and disappointed his father when he
joined the Augustinian order.
Proposed three laws of planetary motion and suggested God reveals himself through the language of mathematics
kepler
The Cash and Carry Program was intended to ____.
limit sale of U.S. weapons and military equipment to nations whose war aims we supported
What was the Catholic Church's "Index"?
list of banned books
Said government exists to protect man's life, liberty and property and should be overthrown if it fails in this responsibility
locke
The Boxer Rebellion can most accurately be described as ___
manifestation of extreme anti-foreign sentiment
Luther's scathing denunciations of the papacy gained popular support because
many German peoples were dissatisfied with the corruption of the papacy.
Johannes Kepler believed that _________ was God's language.
mathematics
Locke's idea of the tabula rasa is best characterized as the belief that ____.
men are born morally neutral
Navvies were _____.
men who worked in railway construction
Of the Terror, it can be stated that
more of its victims were peasants and laborers than were aristocrats.
He launched a successful coup in Rome in 1922
musolini
One could acquire noble status in France through purchase of an ennobling office; between 1700 and 1789,
nearly 50,000 new nobles were created through this mechanism.
Imperialism was caused in part by all but which one of the following factors?
need to import cheap colonial labor into European factories
Author of Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, he proposed the theory of gravity and laws of motion and invented the reflecting telescope and integral calculus
newton
he French financial system, already in shambles by the end of Louis XVI's government, ended up breaking down completely because of his
participation in the American Revolution.
Established London's first professional police force
peel
French collaborator who headed the Vichy Regime
petain
In July 1940, Roosevelt established a licensing and quota system to limit the export of ____ to Japan.
petroleum and scrap metal
Galileo helped redefine the science of __________.
physics
Economic reformers, known as ______, called for taxing the land held by aristocrats.
physiocrats
In comparison to Lutheranism, Calvinism
placed greater emphasis on personal conduct and morality.
The Thermidorean Reaction is most accurately understood as the revolutionary phase during which ____.
political moderates regained control of the government
During the 1670s, England's powerful elites divided into two factions. One was the Tories, who were
political supporters of Charles II and the monarchy.
Francis Bacon maintained that the three mechanical inventions that had the greatest effect on humankind up to the seventeenth century were
printing, firearms, and the compass
Guglielmo Marconi was instrumental in the development of the ____.
radio
At the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church
reaffirmed almost all of the doctrines that Protestants criticized.
During the first half of the seventeenth century, European populations were even more prone to migration to find sustenance and security because of
recurring heavy flooding of the continent's rivers.
According to Jean-Baptiste Colbert, a fundamental tenet of mercantilism was the
reduction of imports and an increase in exports.
It was Isaac Newton's invention of the ___________ that earned him election to the Royal Society in 1672.
reflecting telescope
As a result of the scientific revolution,
science became a distinct branch of knowledge unto itself.
The Neoplatonists contributed to the progress of the scientific revolution by
searching for the ideal structures in nature that would indicate God's plan and design.
The goal of Peter the Great's foreign policy was to
secure year-round ports for Russia
What best explains Catherine the Great's failure to implement substantial political reforms in Russia?
she became more reactionary after the peasant uprising led by Pugachev
Which is truce concerning Queen Victoria?
she was the popular embodiment of middle class values, such as personal morality, duty, and hard work
He is considered the father of the scientific method and said experimentation is the best means of acquiring knowledge
sir Francis bacon
The evolution of science and the scientific revolution were promoted and sustained by
societies and institutions dedicated to science
Leader of the Bolshevik Revolution
stalin
Soviet leader after Lenin's death
stalin
Luddites hated _____
technology
The manufacture of ____ was the first industry transformed by industrial technology.
textiles
The relatively peaceful transfer of power to William and Mary and the establishment of a mixed monarchy are often referred to as
the "Glorious Revolution."
You should associate T. E. Lawrence with ____.
the Arabs' revolt against Ottoman Turkey
Why did Americans react more negatively to the German blockade than to the British blockade?
the British paid for cargo they seized while Germany torpedoed ships
Bismarck's kulturkampf refers to his campaign against ____.
the Catholic Church
President Wilson called for the establishment of this international body to maintain global peace after World War I.
the League of Nations
Shortly after the outbreak of WWI, Germany's initial westward advance was stopped at this 'miraculous' engagement, during which taxis ferried thousands of French troops from Paris to the battlefield.
the Marne
Operation Barbarossa was the codename given to the invasion of ___.
the Soviet Union
Which nation suffered the greatest casualties during World War II?
the Soviet Union
Who initiated the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928?
the U.S. and France
Francis Bacon was convinced that
the authority of the ancients should not restrain the work of modern thinkers.
Which event provoked the Glorious Revolution?
the birth of a son to James II
The events that galvanized opposition to the increasingly pro-Catholic James II in England included the prosecution of seven English bishops who refused to read James's decree of religious toleration and
the birth of the "warming-pan baby."
In most cases, ____________ were the immediate opponents of Bourbon absolutism.
the clergy
Sir Robert Peel is best remembered for his efforts to improve city life via ____.
the creation of a profession police force
Which idea would be embraced by Jean Jacques Rousseau?
the essential goodness of human nature
By 1688 a significant development in English politics was ___
the establishment of Parliamentary supremacy
One of the unanticipated long-term results of the Glorious Revolution in England was
the growth of a politically powerful commercial class.
As a result of the Enclosure Movement _____.
the population of urban, industrial labor grew
In the Netherlands, a steward known as the stadtholderassisted the government. This office commonly was held by
the princes of the House of Orang
Zwingli's theology mainly differed from Luther's in their views of
the sacrament of the Eucharist.
What group contributed most significantly to changing public attitudes prior to the revolution?
the thinkers of the Enlightenment
Luther's act of nailing his ninety-five theses to a church door on All Hallows' Eve was
the usual way of announcing a scholarly disputation.
The humanists of the late Renaissance disseminated ancient texts that encouraged study and debate. This dispersal was facilitated by
the widespread use of the printing press
Colbert's mercantilist policies were designed to
tighten the process of tax collection
In 1867 Japan's samurai, angry with the shogun's concessions to western powers, rebelled and restored the emperor as head of the government. This is knowns as the Meiji Restoration and marks the beginning of Japan's emergence as a modern world power.
true
Many of the leading intellectuals of the Scientific Revolution- such as Copernicus, Brahe and Newton- were profoundly religious.
true
The first air bombing of civilians occurred during the Battle of Liege and was carried out by German Zeppelins.
true
The trial and conviction of army officer (and accused spy) Alfred Dreyfus revealed widespread antisemitism in France's Third Republic.
true
President who authorized the use of atomic bombs against Japan
truman
The first, relatively peaceful, stage of the French Revolution
was a struggle to try to create a constitutional monarchy in France.
The increasingly absolutist administration of France under Louis XIV
was conducted by thirty-three royal intendants.
His improvements made the steam engine a commercially viable invention
watt
It was fashionable for Parisian radicals to show support for the Revolution by _____.
wearing long pants like laborers
The wars of Louis XIV
were an enormous drain on the treasury of France.
he scientific revolution itself and its results
were slow in being popularly understood and accepted.
U.S. President during the Great War and the Paris Peace Conference
wilson
The Maginot Line was intended to protect what country?
France
Which nation was not a member of the Grand Alliance?
France
The Entente Cordiale represented a cooperative agreement between ____.
France and Britain
Condemned at the Diet of Worms, Luther escaped punishment because he was protected by _______________.
Frederick the Wise.
Which best explains Germany's response to Francis Ferdinand's assassination?
Germany promised Austria-Hungary assistance in punishing the perpetrators.
Which was an outcome of the Dawes Plan?
Germany's reparations were reduced
This Protestant nobleman founded France's Bourbon Dynasty after winning a war against Catholics. He then converted to Catholicism as a means of consolidating support for his rule.
Henry IV
He brought the Protestant Reformation to England as a means of ending his first marriage
Henry VIII
____ was the author of Social Statistics and the chief proponent of Social Darwinism.
Herbert Spencer
Divine Japanese Emperor during World War II
Hirohito
Divine emperor of Japan
Hirohito
What was the outcome of the Beer Hall Putsch?
Hitler was jailed in Bavaria
In Leviathan ____ argued in favor of a poweful state to control man's wicked nature.
Hobbes
Which of the following best characterizes diplomatic attitudes in the first decade after the Great War?
Horrified by their shared Great War tragedy, most countries were committed to maintaining the peace through diplomacy and arms limits.
Louis Kossuth was a patriot rebel who fought unsuccessfully for the independence of ____.
Hungary
The Sepoy Rebellion should be associated with which part of the British Empire?
India
He established a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland. His followers in England were called Puritans, in Scotland they were Presbyterians, and in France they were known as Huguenots.
John Calvin
Which of the following names should not be associated primarily with the development of the modern steel industry?
John D. Rockefeller
The commander of America's World War I Expeditionary Force was ____.
John Pershing
After seizing control of the German city of Munster, ____ and his followers embraced such radical ideas as polygamy and the rejection of private property before the movement was violently suppressed.
John of Leyden
_________ made the first challenge to the Ptolemaic conception of the universe.
Nicolaus Copernicus
This philosopher proclaimed "God is dead" and advocated the dominance of Supermen over the weak.
Nietzsche
In 1935 Hitler announced a series of anti-Semitic laws which, among other things, stripped German Jews of their citizenship rights and forbade them from working in education or medicine. These were known as the ____ Laws.
Nuremberg
The balance of power in eastern Europe was realigned in 1721 with the Peace of _________.
Nystad
He took the title Lord Protectorate after leading Parliament's Puritans to victory in the English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell
At the close of the 19th century Germany described itself a 'satisfied power.' Which of the following most accurately reflects the meaning of this label?
Other nations had nothing to fear from Germany because she had all the territory she desired.
Where was the peace conference that ended World War I held?
Paris
This Romanov monarch was committed to the rapid westernization and modernization of Russia and waged war against Sweden in pursuit of an ice-free port
Peter the great
In 1588 he launched a failed naval invasion of England
Phillip II
The term Phony War refers to the period immediately after Germany's conquest of ___.
Poland
Which of these countries was conquered by the Nazis first?
Poland
Oliver Cromwell was a/an ____.
Puritan
Bismarck's fear of a two-front war led him to adopt the Reinsurance treaty with _____.
Russia
The Winter War was fought by ___.
Russia and Finland
The Winter War was fought by _____.
Russia and Finland
Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated in this city.
Sarajevo
The Balkan nation posing the greatest threat to Austria-Hungary was ____.
Serbia
After the assassination of Francis Ferdinand "the Ultimatum" was presented to __ by ___.
Serbia, Austria-Hungary
The Boer War was fought in ___.
South Africa
The seven provinces of the Dutch Republic gained their independence from ____.
Spain
The Mahdi or "Rightly Guided One" led a jihadist nationalistic rebellion in ___
Sudan
When the Third Estate renamed itself the National Assembly and was locked out of the Estates General meeting hall at Versailles, it and sympathetic members of the First and Second Estates met at another site at Versailles. The National Assembly swore what was later known as the _________, vowing not to separate until a constitution for France had been drafted.
Tennis Court Oath
The First Industrial Revolution was built on _____.
coal and iron
You should associate Cyrus Field primarily with improvement in what field?
communication
Hitler blamed the Reichstag fire on ___.
communists
Johannes Kepler built on the work of his mentor, Tycho Brahe, to
confirm Copernicus's assumptions about planetary motion.
this Polish clergyman reintroduced Europe to heliocentric theory
copernicus
Eli Whitney invented the _____.
cotton gin
The _____________ marked the beginning of the French Revolution.
creation of the National Assembly
To proceed logically from one certainty to another is to practice
deductive reasoning
Under the Schlieffen Plan strategy Germany's first wartime objective was to ____.
defeat France
The British occupation of Egypt was motivated primarily by ___.
desire for control of the Suez canal
How was marriage changing in the mid-19th century?
economic pressures caused many to delay marriage and postpone childrearing
To bring the Church under state's authority, in July 1789 the National Assembly
enacted the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
By making good use of their proximity to the sea, the Dutch Republic was able for some time to
establish a highly profitable trading empire
One characteristic not shared by communism and fascism is ___.
focus on ethnic identity
Matthew Perry should be associated primarily with ___.
forcing Japan to open itself to foreign commerce
Fascist winner of Spain's 1936-39 Civil War
franco
Founder of psychoanalysis, he rejected the notion that men are rational creatures in control of their behavior
freud
Louis XVI essentially became a prisoner of the National Assembly
fter he was captured trying to flee France.
French colonies in North America were intended to be ____.
fur trading centers and military outposts
Tycho Brahe differed from Copernicus in that
he did not believe the earth orbited the sun
Why did Louis XIV convene the Estates General in 1789?
he needed money
The government of France under Louis XIV would be best described as
highly centralized, with everyone being appointed by and reporting to the king.
WWI war hero and German President who invited Hitler to be Chancellor in 1933
hindren
Which reason best explains the failure of Alexander Kerensky's Provisional Government?
his insistence on continuing Russia's war effort
Which is an accurate statement regarding Galileo?
his invention of the telescope and his popular Italian writings made him the most famous scientific figure of his era.
Leopold II of Denmark is notorious for his brutal economic exploitation of the Congo.
False
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, absolutism was a political theory that was strengthened by
claims of divine right
___________ was the central feature of Calvinist worship.
The sermon
Which country was not a member of the Tripartite Pact?
USSR
One of the key ingredients of science is
a body of knowledge.
Prior to founding the Society of Jesus, Ignatius Loyola had been
a mercenary soldier
According to the Ptolemaic system, __________ put all celestial bodies in motion.
a prime mover
Louis XIV's religious policies included
a relentless war against the Huguenots
Luther believed that works of piety and charity were
a sign of faith but not what saves the soul
Edwin Chadwick _____
advocated urban reforms, such as modern sanitation and pumped water
The Renaissance gave rise to a vogue for ______, which laid more intellectual groundwork for the scientific revolution.
alchemy and astrology
The 1933 Enabling Act ___
allowed Hitler to make laws and treaties without the Reichstag's consent
The 1933 Enabling Act ___.
allowed Hitler to make laws and treaties without the Reichstag's consent
Luther's religious reforms included
allowing priests to marry
Calvin believed and taught that God offers grace
as an undeserved gift to those whom God had already selected for salvation.
Most Frenchmen resented Woodrow Wilson's call for a lenient peace settlement because they believed the United States had not made a significant contribution to the war effort.
False
The Balfour Declaration committed Britain to the establishment of an independent nation for the Irish.
False
The Battle of Sarikamish was a huge victory for the Ottoman Turks over Russia.
False
The conflict between Trotsky and Stalin was caused by Trotsky's support for a partial return to capitalism, since he feared communism would result in dangerous military shortages.
False
The majority of workers in England's textile mills were young male refugees fleeing the war-ravaged Continent.
False
Which statement best characterizes the Nazis' attitude toward family life?
Families were primarily responsible for promoting patriotism and obedience through religious instruction.
Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922
Mussolini
Who was Italy's fascist dictator?
Mussolini
David Ricardo supported a minimum wage law.
False
Initially, the Lend-Lease Program was created to provide immediate material support to
Britain
What two countries fought the Opium Wars?
Britain and China
The Fashoda incident refers to a period of heightened tensions between which two colonial powers?
Britain and France
Naval competition at the turn of the century made special rivals of ____.
Britain and Germany
The nations comprising the Triple Entente were _____, ____, and ____.
Britain, France and Russia
Jacobins were underground priests who refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the government.
False
On June 6, 1944, _____ ordered the D-Day invasion of ____.
Eisenhower; Normandy
Who was Anne Boleyn's child?
Elizabeth I
Britain's economic dominance during the early industrial period is best attributed to ____.
England enjoyed relative peace while the Continent was at war
Menelik II is revered for preserving the independence of ____ when it was invaded by _____.
Ethiopia; Italy
Absolutist rulers such as Louis XIV gained control over the state because
Europeans tended to believe that only absolute rulers could restore order.
____________ is the intellectual and research approach that starts with specific observations and then produces general conclusions.
Inductive reasoning
Which nation experienced the most dramatic population shift as millions of its people starved or fled famine caused by a potato blight?
Ireland
_____________ did some of the MOST groundbreaking work on the nature of optics and white light.
Isaac Newton
Which is true concerning the Vichy Regime?
It was a Nazi puppet government established after France's collapse
The Glorious Revolution resulted in the removal of this English king
James II
What nation was a member of the Tripartite Pact?
Japan
Who was not one of the "Big Four" negotiators of the Treaty of Versailles?
Lenin
World War I ended for Russia when ____.
Lenin led a communist revolution to overthrow the tsar
Which one of the following areas of Africa was not under European control by the early 20th century
Liberia
Versailles was home to ____ and was the most celebrated royal court in Europe.
Louis XIV
One of the factors that contributed to the radicalization of the French Revolution in 1792 was
Louis XIV's weakness as a national leader
Bourbon beheaded during the French Revolution
Louis XVI
The French king who was beheaded during the Revolution was _____.
Louis XVI
The Third Estate separated from the Estates General and declared itself the National Assembly when ____.
Louis XVI granted them double representation but still required a single vote from each order
A famous passenger liner whose sinking in 1915 caused widespread protests in the U.S. and Britain was the ___.
Lusitania
When peasants in much of Germany revolted against their landlords,
Luther initially called for a peaceful resolution but then condemned the revolt and urged the ruthless suppression of the rebels.
He sparked the Protestant Reformation by nailing his "95 Theses" to the church door at Wittenberg
Martin Luther
Author of the Communist Manifesto and advocate of the abolition of private property
Marx
Although he was not responsible for initiating the Reign of Terror, __________ was responsible for enlarging its scope.
Maximilien Robespierre
Americans were outraged by the Zimmerman Telegram, which revealed Germany's goal of fomenting trouble between our nation and ____.
Mexico
The Ney Commission blamed U.S. involvement in World War I on ____.
bankers and arms manufacturers who desired profit from the war
Which of the following best characterizes American troops' experience on the western front during the Great War?
The combat participation of millions of Americans turned the tide in the Allies' favor.
By the end of the 19th century England imported most of the grain it consumed.
True
Publication of Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy is considered the apex of the Scientific Revolution.
True
Tannenberg was Britain's single great victory before the Western Front devolved into the stalemate of the trenches.
True
The National Convention was hostile to religion.
True
The Thirty Years' War was detrimental to the Austrian Habsburgs, whose power as Holy Roman Emperors was significantly curbed.
True
The existence of a large, unfree labor pool in Eastern Europe and the American South discouraged those regions from developing modern industry.
True
The great engagement of the German and British fleets was the Battle of Jutland, which proved to be a British victory despite their heavy losses.
True
The worst day in British military occurred during the opening charge at the Battle of the Somme.
True
World War I military hero and Weimar President Paul von Hindenburg made the fateful decision to invite Hitler to be his Chancellor.
True
By the summer of 1793, the religiously-motivated counterrevolution in the ____________ had become a serious challenge to the government under the Committee of Public Safety.
Vendée
Henri Petain became a French national hero for his heroic defense of ____.
Verdun
According to the Treaty of _____, Germany pledged not to change her eastern boundaries by force.
Versailles
After the Napoleonic Wars, an international conference met in ___ to redraw the European map.
Vienna
What was the centerpiece of Descartes's philosophy?
certainty
British Prime Minister who took the lead in advocating a policy of appeasement towards Hitler
chamberlain
The Open Door Policy applied to ___.
china
The Open Door Policy applied to what country?
china
Germany during the Great War
Wilhelm II
Germany during the years 1888-1918 was ruled by ______.
Wilhelm II
Protestant Dutch nobleman who led a revolt against Catholic Spanish rule
William the silent
Military dictator who gave the order to bomb Pearl Harbor
Yamamoto
Which of the following most accurately describes Gavrilo Princip?
a Serbian-nationalist student
