What is a pathogen?
What produces endotoxins?
gram negative bacteria only
The more virulent a pathogen is, the more _____ it is
harmful
Hyperactive host immune system to harmful levels Nonprotein
Endotoxin
Relationship in which both benefit
Mutualistic
The ability of an organism to cause disease (depends on genetic makeup, location on the host's body, the effectiveness of the host's immune response)
Pathogenicity
Can be detected by an observer )runny nose, rash)
Sign
The INTENSITY/SEVERITY of infection and disease
Virulence
Type of relationship in which one benefits but one is neither benefitted nor harmed
commensalism
Type of symbiotic relationship? Staphylococcus epidermidis is present on skin, there's no visible benefit or harm to humans but this organism has a place to live.
commensalism
-responsible for scarlet fever -cytotoxin that damages cells of blood capillaries under the skin - blood leaks from capillaries and produces a deep red skin rash
erythrogenic toxin
which type of toxin has a strong antigenicity (antibody production)
exotoxin
Which 2 enzymes allow a pathogen to be more invasive?
hyaluronidase collagenase
Stage of disease in which signs and symptoms are apparent, there is a significant increase in the intensity of the symptoms, the classic, distinguishable symptom(s) is present. Height of disease occurs
illness phase
Where are we most likely to encounter a pathogen?
in a reservoir
Stage of disease in which no symptoms are present (organism begins to grow)
incubation period
A total community of microbes found within a specified environment
microbiome
The normally occurring microbes of a body part or environment habit
microbiota
Type of symbiotic relationship? Bacteria in the colon provide the host with vitamins, aide in digestion and they have a place to live.
mutualistic
affects nerve cells
neurotoxin
A microbe that normally is not pathogenic, but can cause infection or disease in an immunocompromised host organism
opportunist pathogen
Does every pathogen have a virulence factor?
yes
Recovery period
Convalescent phase
Alters host cell function, disrupts immune system, kills the host cell to get nutrients A protein toxin
Exotoxin
What produces exotoxins?
Gram positive and gram negative bacteria
What are two examples of primary pathogens?
HIV cold
Digests keratin on skin and hair
Keratinase
What is the endotoxic part of the LPS?
Lipid A
Relationship in with one benefits and one is harmed
Parasitic
The ABILITY to cause disease
Pathogenicity
Can be felt only by the patient (pain)
Symptom
What are the three types of reservoirs?
animal human nonliving
Endotoxins are stable for up to 1 hour at _____ temp (121 C)
autoclave
Kills host cell or disrupts its normal functions
cytotoxin
Stage of disease in which the number of pathogens decrease and symptoms are less serious
decline phase
which type of toxin produces a fever?
endotoxin
When a pathogen or parasite enters or beings to grow on a host, does not imply an obvious disease, immune defenses often kill the pathogen before symptoms show, pathogen is able to actively multiply inside of us
infection
The amount of pathogen required to cause an infection in the host
infectious dose
What's an example of being defensively compromised where an opportunist pathogen could hurt you?
paper cut
Type of symbiotic relationship? Tapeworms present in the gut have a place to live but they deprive their host of nutrients.
parasitic
Any bacterium, virus, fungus, protozoan, or worm (helminth) that causes disease
pathogen
What 3 things must be met for a pathogen to be established?
portal of entry infectious dose able to attach
disease causing microbe with the means to breach the defenses of a healthy host
primary pathogen
Stage of disease in which there is a slight increase in the intensity of symptoms; the symptoms present are generally mild and unspecific
prodromal period
Relationship between two different organisms
symbiotic relationship
-neurotoxin that binds to nerve cells that control contraction of skeletal muscles - blocks inhibitory nerve impulses preventing relaxation of contracted muscles - results in muscle contractions initially affecting the jaw and throat but with time we see total body spasms
tetanus toxin
A measure of the degree or severity of disease
virulence
Digests the protective coating on mucous membranes
Mucinase
Exotoxins are unstable at temperatures above _____
60
-neurotoxin that acts at neuromuscular junctions to prevent the transmission of impulses from the nerve cell to muscles - blurred double vision occurs, eventually throat paralysis can make a person unable to breath and suffocation can occur
botulinum toxin
What type of patients of we need to be extra cautious about opportunistic pathogens?
burn victims
Cytotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells
diphteria toxin
- enterotoxin that causes the loss of large amount of fluids and electrolytes (ions) from intestinal cell interruption - results in voluminous diarrhea - blood thickens from dehydration and is not circulated to major organs and systems, this is termed "shock" and can lead to death
cholera toxin
Disruption of the normal structure or function of any body part, organ, or system that can be recognized by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs
disease
A toxin produced in or affecting the intestines
enterotoxin