What is a pathogen?

What produces endotoxins?

gram negative bacteria only

The more virulent a pathogen is, the more _____ it is

harmful

Hyperactive host immune system to harmful levels Nonprotein

Endotoxin

Relationship in which both benefit

Mutualistic

The ability of an organism to cause disease (depends on genetic makeup, location on the host's body, the effectiveness of the host's immune response)

Pathogenicity

Can be detected by an observer )runny nose, rash)

Sign

The INTENSITY/SEVERITY of infection and disease

Virulence

Type of relationship in which one benefits but one is neither benefitted nor harmed

commensalism

Type of symbiotic relationship? Staphylococcus epidermidis is present on skin, there's no visible benefit or harm to humans but this organism has a place to live.

commensalism

-responsible for scarlet fever -cytotoxin that damages cells of blood capillaries under the skin - blood leaks from capillaries and produces a deep red skin rash

erythrogenic toxin

which type of toxin has a strong antigenicity (antibody production)

exotoxin

Which 2 enzymes allow a pathogen to be more invasive?

hyaluronidase collagenase

Stage of disease in which signs and symptoms are apparent, there is a significant increase in the intensity of the symptoms, the classic, distinguishable symptom(s) is present. Height of disease occurs

illness phase

Where are we most likely to encounter a pathogen?

in a reservoir

Stage of disease in which no symptoms are present (organism begins to grow)

incubation period

A total community of microbes found within a specified environment

microbiome

The normally occurring microbes of a body part or environment habit

microbiota

Type of symbiotic relationship? Bacteria in the colon provide the host with vitamins, aide in digestion and they have a place to live.

mutualistic

affects nerve cells

neurotoxin

A microbe that normally is not pathogenic, but can cause infection or disease in an immunocompromised host organism

opportunist pathogen

Does every pathogen have a virulence factor?

yes

Recovery period

Convalescent phase

Alters host cell function, disrupts immune system, kills the host cell to get nutrients A protein toxin

Exotoxin

What produces exotoxins?

Gram positive and gram negative bacteria

What are two examples of primary pathogens?

HIV cold

Digests keratin on skin and hair

Keratinase

What is the endotoxic part of the LPS?

Lipid A

Relationship in with one benefits and one is harmed

Parasitic

The ABILITY to cause disease

Pathogenicity

Can be felt only by the patient (pain)

Symptom

What are the three types of reservoirs?

animal human nonliving

Endotoxins are stable for up to 1 hour at _____ temp (121 C)

autoclave

Kills host cell or disrupts its normal functions

cytotoxin

Stage of disease in which the number of pathogens decrease and symptoms are less serious

decline phase

which type of toxin produces a fever?

endotoxin

When a pathogen or parasite enters or beings to grow on a host, does not imply an obvious disease, immune defenses often kill the pathogen before symptoms show, pathogen is able to actively multiply inside of us

infection

The amount of pathogen required to cause an infection in the host

infectious dose

What's an example of being defensively compromised where an opportunist pathogen could hurt you?

paper cut

Type of symbiotic relationship? Tapeworms present in the gut have a place to live but they deprive their host of nutrients.

parasitic

Any bacterium, virus, fungus, protozoan, or worm (helminth) that causes disease

pathogen

What 3 things must be met for a pathogen to be established?

portal of entry infectious dose able to attach

disease causing microbe with the means to breach the defenses of a healthy host

primary pathogen

Stage of disease in which there is a slight increase in the intensity of symptoms; the symptoms present are generally mild and unspecific

prodromal period

Relationship between two different organisms

symbiotic relationship

-neurotoxin that binds to nerve cells that control contraction of skeletal muscles - blocks inhibitory nerve impulses preventing relaxation of contracted muscles - results in muscle contractions initially affecting the jaw and throat but with time we see total body spasms

tetanus toxin

A measure of the degree or severity of disease

virulence

Digests the protective coating on mucous membranes

Mucinase

Exotoxins are unstable at temperatures above _____

60

-neurotoxin that acts at neuromuscular junctions to prevent the transmission of impulses from the nerve cell to muscles - blurred double vision occurs, eventually throat paralysis can make a person unable to breath and suffocation can occur

botulinum toxin

What type of patients of we need to be extra cautious about opportunistic pathogens?

burn victims

Cytotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells

diphteria toxin

- enterotoxin that causes the loss of large amount of fluids and electrolytes (ions) from intestinal cell interruption - results in voluminous diarrhea - blood thickens from dehydration and is not circulated to major organs and systems, this is termed "shock" and can lead to death

cholera toxin

Disruption of the normal structure or function of any body part, organ, or system that can be recognized by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs

disease

A toxin produced in or affecting the intestines

enterotoxin