What is Life? Chapter 11

According to the fossil record, the first modern humans—Homo sapiens—appeared approximately:

200,000 years

What is the upper surface of the starfish called?

Aboral

No body cavity between the digestive tract and body wall?

Acoelemate

3 defining characteristics of animals?

All animals eat other animals. All animals move. All animal are multicellular.

Cells that absorb some food and distribute it in sponges?

Amoeboid cells

Which of the following is NOT a member of the group of vertebrates that produce amniotic eggs?

Amphibians

What part of the tube foot creates suction to open clams whenever the starfish feeds?

Ampulla

Annelids phylum

Annelida-Earthworms, Leeches

The 2 phylas that show outer body segmentation?

Annelids and Arthropods

First animals to live on land and fly?

Arthropod

80% of all animal species are what?

Arthropods

Most diverse group of all animals?

Arthropods

Why did early naturalists think that sponges were plants and not animals?

Because they didn't move much

Birds are grouped with turtles, lizards, snakes, alligators and crocodiles. Birds, however, have feathers and can generate their own body heat, which other reptiles cannot do. Which of the following likely explains the original evolutionary function of feathers in early reptiles?

Behavioral displays

What type of symmetry does flat worm have?

Bilateral

Symmetry with only one way to split the animal into two equal halves?

Bilateral Symmetry

Birds have scaly feet and lay amniotic eggs. This supports the idea that:

Birds evolved from reptiles

The first opening in an early embryo?

Blastopore

What fish are the most diverse and abundant vertebrates?

Bony Fish

The notochord that characterizes all chordates at some stage in their life cycle provides all of the following functions EXCEPT:

Bony protection for the nerve chord

The concentration of sensory systems and brain in a defined head?

Cephalization

What phylum contains all invertebrates and vertebrates?

Chordata

Animals with radial symmetry?

Cnidaria, and comb jellies

Stinging cells found on the end of cnidarian tentacles?

Cnidocytes

A body cavity is space that separates the digestive tracts from the body wall?

Coelem

Cells sponges use to filter feed as nutrients float past?

Collar Cells

What gives shark's skin their sandpaper feeling?

Denticles

The blastopore becomes the anus?

Deuterostome

What evolutionary change occurred in animal evolution such that animals had a "front" and "back," as well as right and left sides?

Development of Bilateral Symmetry

Developing chord into the brain and spinal cord?

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chord

Leeches are most closely related to:

Earthworms

Only two phylum that are deuterostomes?

Echinodermata, and Chordata

The invertebrate species which is the closest evolutionary relative to the vertebrates (and other chordates) is the?

Echinoderms

Body temperatures that vary with the environment?

Ectotherm

Steps for incomplete metamorphosis?

Egg, Nymph, and Adult

Steps for complete metamorphosis?

Egg, larva, pupa, and adult

Three types of embryonic tissue?

Endoderm, Ectoderm, and Mesoderm

A skeleton on the interior of an animal?

Endoskeleton

Body temperatures that generate enough heat through metabolism that maintain a steady body temperature?

Endotherm

The study of animal behavior?

Ethology

Mammals that fully develop in the womb?

Eutherians

A skeleton on the exterior of an animal?

Exoskeleton

First animal to have bilateral symmetry?

Flatworms

Does the animal have specialized cells that form defined tissues?Does the animal develop with radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry? During gut development, does the mouth or anus form first? Does growth occur by molting or by adding to the animal's body in a continuous manner?

Four key distinctions that divide the animals

Which of the following is NOT a reptile?

Frog

A bag-like body plan has only one opening that functions both as the mouth and anus?

Gastrovascular Cavity

List three defined characteristics of flatworms?

Gastrovascular Cavity, Free Living, Defined Head, and Tail

A feature that only mammals have is:

Hair

What two characteristics are defining mammal characteristics?

Hair and milk production

An animal with both male and female parts?

Hermaphrodite

Where do hydras and cnidarians usually live?

Hydras- Fresh water. Cnidarians- salt water

A tightly fluid filled structure against which muscles contract to move the animal?

Hydrostatic Skeleton

What are not monophyletic, are animals without a backbone, have more species than vertebrates, include arthropods, mollusks, and flatworms among other?

Invertebrates

The two most important evolutionary innovations in vertebrates, which resulted in their eventual domination of the large animal niches, were:

Jaws and amniotic eggs

An animal's movement with relation to a stimilus

Kinesis

A row of microscopic organs sensitive to changes in water pressure that registers vibrations in the water?

Lateral Line

Only two groups that are endotherms?

Mammals and Aves

Mammals with a brief gestation period that finish develop in a pouch?

Marsupial

Free floating form of Cnidarians that lives free floating?

Medusa

Which of the following is NOT an important feature in distinguishing animals from each other?

Method of Locomotion

Mollusk Phylum

Mollusca- Gastropods, Bivalves, Cephalopods

Only living mammals that lay eggs?

Monotremes

Eject poisonous threads that paralyze their prey?

Nematocysts

Roundworm phylum

Nematoda-More than 90,000 species

Trichinella worms sometimes cause the disease known as trichinosis in humans when undercooked pork is eaten. These organisms have long cylindrical bodies but no segmentation. This species is MOST similar to which of the following animals?

Nematodes

Type of nervous system within a hydra?

Nerve Net

Chordata get their name from this structure?

Notochord

Four characteristics of chordates:

Notochord, Dorsal Hollow nerve Chord, Pharyngeal gill slits, Tails.

Protective flap covering the gills?

Operculum

What is the lower surface of the starfish called?

Oral

Consist of 2 or more tissues working together?

Organs

Allow water that enters the mouth to exit without going through the entire digestive system?

Pharyngeal gill slits

What is the name of the tube used for feeding in planaria?

Pharynx

Flatworm phylum

Platyhelminthes-Tapeworms, Flukes

Form of Cnidarians that lives attaches to a solid surface?

Polyp

In the cnidarians, the sessile _________ stage remains attached to a solid surface, while the motile __________ stage is free-swimming.

Polyp; Medusa

Once larvae are old enough they grow in?

Primary hosts

The blastopore becomes the mouth?

Protostome

The body cavity is not completely lined with mesoderm?

Pseudocoelem

What type of symmetry did your starfish have?

Radial

Symmetry built around a central axis?

Radial Symmetry

Mollusks have a file-like mouth part used to tear off and eat food?

Radula

What worm has a body cavity and complete digestive tract?

Round worms

Which of the following is an animal with rigid bones, jaws, and a swim bladder?

Salmon

Organisms that are fastened in placed?

Sessile

The arthropoda class Crustacea includes all of the following kinds of animals EXCEPT:

Snails

Supportive material in sponges?

Spicules

All groups of animals have nervous systems EXCEPT:

Sponges

Only animal with no true tissues?

Sponges

Which animals have no symmetry or tissues?

Sponges

Allows more control over the buoyancy of a fish in water?

Swim Bladder

Used for propulsion in many aquatic species?

Tail

Random animal movement with no relation to a stimulus?

Taxis

In mollusks, the shell is secreted by what structure?

The mantle

The lineage that first separated from the common ancestor of all animals, and retained many of those primitive features to this day, includes which of the following modern organisms?

The sponge

Which of the following is not a characteristic of all animals?

They reproduce sexually at some point in their life cycle.

Which of the following is NOT true about amphibians?

Throughout their lives, amphibians can live in both water and on land.

Group of cells performing a single function?

Tissues

The most ancient branching point in the phylogeny of animals is the one that distinguishes between having:

True tissues or no tissues

Starfish move using what?

Tube Feet

Contains the internal organs of a mollusc?

Visceral Mass

Where do platyhelminthes eggs and larvae grow?

Within an intermediate host

Is an octopus a type of mollusk?

Yes

Which of the following short descriptions best describes the body plan of modern sponges?

an aggregation of cells built around a water canal system

Which of the following is the BEST evidence of organized social groups among early Homo species?

burial sites exhibiting evidence of rituals

Which one of the following characteristics distinguishes all chordates from all other animals?

dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Where do Planarians live?

fresh water

The important characteristics of chordates, such as a notochord and a dorsal hollow nerve cord are found in tunicates:

in their larval stage only

Some general evolutionary change trends in animals include:

larger body size, bilateral symmetry, and an enclosed, fluid-filled body cavity.

An air environment, gravity, and desiccation are three challenges that were addressed in the evolution of reptiles. What three evolutionary innovations addressed these challenges?

lungs, better limb support, and the amniotic egg

Which type of adaptation is most likely to occur over evolutionary time?

one that causes the individuals in a population to more efficiently reproduce in the environment in which they live

Which of these animals is a tetrapod that does NOT produce amniotic eggs?

salamander

Chordate animals get their name from which prominent characteristic?

the presence of a rod of support tissue