whipple final
A correlation between self esteem and annual income of -.75 would indicate that
'Higher' levels of annual income are associated with 'lower' levels of self esteem.
:What is considered the normal range of body mass index (BMI) for adults?
.18.5-24.9
The results of the Human Genome Project concluded that the human genome has approximately _________________ genes.
20,000
The DSM-5 includes _________ clusters of personality disorders.
3
To be classified as a specific phobia, a fear must be significant enough to disrupt everyday life and have lasted for at least _____ months.
6
What percentage of manic episodes are followed by a major depressive episode?
60%
Which two brain regions are involved in the experience of fear and anxiety and appear to play a significant role in most anxiety disorders?
Amygdala and insula
Brandi loved the smell of chocolate chip cookies because it reminded her of her grandmother. Brandi learned that smell can evoke vivid memories because it is directly related to which brain structures?
Amygdala; hippocampus
What was the unintended consequence of the deinstitutionalization movement of the 20th century?
An increase in the population of prisons and jails
Which part of the ear carries the message to the brain?
Auditory nerve
Dr. Frantz studies the linkages between 'hormone levels' and 'sexual motivation'. which perspective is most relevant in Dr. Frantz's research?
Biopsychological
Diane, who has had difficulty making friends, finally has a best friend. She wants to do everything with her friend Kate. She constantly texts her and calls her late at night and makes all her plans around Kate. When Kate finally tells Diane she feels overwhelmed and needs a break from the friendship, Diane cuts her wrists and writes Kate a letter in blood. This behavior pattern most closely resembles which personality disorder?
Borderline
Most perception involves which type of processing?
Both bottom-up and top-down processing
A person who steps outside first thing in the morning to smell the air, feel the breeze on their face, and see the rays of light as the sun rises would be doing which type of processing?
Bottom-up processing
Marissa's boyfriend broke up with her, and she failed her chemistry test the same day. Marissa feels depressed and worried. Which foods is she most likely to eat in response to her stress?
Brownies and ice cream
According to the visual cliff experiment, when can most humans judge depth?
By the time they can crawl
A written agreement between the therapist and the client that specifies the goals for behavioral change is called ___________________.
Contingency management
Which structure of the eye first makes contact with light?
Cornea
What is the leading cause of death in North America?
Coronary heart disease
What is the name for the band of axons that connects the right hemisphere of the brain to the left hemisphere?
Corpus callosum
During the Middle Ages, what was considered the cause of mental illness?
Demonic possession
Which two disorders are diagnosed more frequently in women?
Depression and anxiety disorders
Meg is a 13-year-old girl who wears a super hero cape to school each day. Even though other students laugh at her, Meg continues to wear the cape. Meg's behavior fits with which of the 4 D's of abnormal behavior?
Deviance
_______ is the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences.
Evidence-based practice
What is the most effective treatment for phobias?
Exposure-based treatments
What are some of the positive physical health outcomes associated with being religiously active?
Healthier diet, more physical activity, improved immune system functioning
Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor was involved in an accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental(dispositional) attribution may lead her to conclude:
Her friends recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble
Sophie has entered her first spelling bee. In addition to studying from a long list of words, she spends time planning how to psyche out her competitors on the big day. Which lobe of her brain would she primarily be using during these activities?
Frontal
Danny has terrible migraines that interfere with his ability to complete his work. He just learned from his psychology class that the migraines could be caused by an overabundance of which neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
_________ therapy gives clients the chance to observe others, practice social skills, and change their thinking and behaviors based on other people's influence and input.
Group
Quincy is imagining himself lying on a beach. He tries to feel the cool ocean breezes against his skin, hear the quiet lap of the ocean, and see the swaying of the palm trees. He is using which technique to reduce stress?
Guided imagery
social intuitionist
Haidt's theory that we have an instant gut reaction to moral situations, which precedes moral reasoning
What are the names of the three small bones in the middle ear?
Hammer, anvil, and stirrup
Hank, who just turned 50, believes he will enjoy his middle and older years and has a positive outlook on the aging process. What implications can this have for the rest of his life?
Hank will live longer than his less optimistic friends.
Helga was diagnosed with breast cancer and is anxious and worried about the outcome. Her friends have rallied around her, spending time watching funny movies or taking her to comedy clubs. Helga's friends are engaging in which type of coping?
Emotion-focused coping
Brain scans reveal people with schizophrenia have structural abnormalities in their brain. Which of the following is one of those abnormal features?
Enlarged ventricles
What is one negative consequence of the stigma associated with mental illness?
Lowered self-esteem in the individual with the mental illness
A doctor wants detailed pictures of the structures in a patient's brain but doesn't want to expose the patient to any radiation. What would be the best method of assessment for the doctor to use?
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
What is it called when a person experiences a period of euphoria (excessive happiness), elevated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, enhanced energy, and a decreased need for sleep?
Mania
Which psychological treatment has been shown to reduce anxiety and depression among cancer patients?
Mindfulness-based therapy
Which group is most likely to drop out of mental health treatment prematurely?
Minorities
Which part of the neuron improves the speed of the neural impulse?
Myelin sheath
What are the three components of Beck's cognitive triad?
Negative thinking about the self, the world, and the future
Which disorder responds to bilateral anterior capsulotomy with promising results?
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
Nathan has a father who yells and tells him he is stupid. His father beats him when he doesn't do his chores quickly enough. Nathan believes he is stupid and that he will never be able to escape his situation at home. What is Nathan experiencing?
Learned helplessness
A person with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder is going to be treated with which type of treatment first?
Medications
How is mental illness viewed among some Asian cultures?
Mental illness is shameful and caused by evil spirits.
For most people, language is processed in which hemisphere of the brain?
Left
Olivia will have months of severe depression in which she struggles to complete daily tasks and has overwhelming feelings of sadness. She also experiences periods of euphoria for a week in which she doesn't sleep, has racing thoughts, and thinks she will be the next major movie star even though she never has acted in a movie. The doctor she consulted wants her to try the mood-stabilizing drug __________.
Lithium
after suffering damage to the hippocampus(memory) a person would probably:
Lose all the ability to store new facts
Andre suffered brain damage from an accident at work. Since his accident, he seems to be unaware of his own body parts and at times unable to feel pain. Which lobe of his brain is likely to have incurred damage?
Parietal
Which of the following is a guideline for doing research with people?
Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation
What explanation does the cognitive model give for depression?
People engage in negative, self-defeating thoughts, which causes their mood to become depressed.
How does social networking vary between individualistic and collectivistic cultures?
People from individualistic cultures spend more time and have more friends with social networking than those from collectivistic cultures.
Which disorder requires an exposure to a terrifying or life-threatening event to qualify for the diagnosis?
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
An 80-year-old man may have trouble with reading on the computer because of which condition?
Presbyopia
Arnold so easily remembers his bf's telephone number that he finds it difficult to remember his new bf's number. Arnolds difficulty best illustrates
Proactive interference P- proactive O- old R- reto N- new
TJ was in a car accident and suffered a concussion. After he recovered, he could not remember the accident itself or the morning of the accident. Tj had which type of amnesia?
Retrograde
Rayna considers herself to be a creative person. She creates sculptures out of recycled materials and loves to paint. She also seems to be skilled at reading people's emotional expressions. Which hemisphere of Rayna's brain would be the most active in these situations?
Right hemisphere
When a person drives on a dark road at night, which receptor cells in the retina help detect the low levels of light to navigate the road?
Rods
List the three layers of cells in the correct order that transmit neural signals from the retina to the optic nerve.
Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
Vladimir has a job as the nighttime janitor of a small factory. There is no one around most of the time, but when he does encounter someone, he is rude and cold toward them. His boss has asked him to dinner, but Vladimir turns him down. He hasn't spoken to his family for years and prefers it that way. Which personality disorder would these behavior patterns fit most closely?
Schizoid
In festingers original experiment examining cognitive dissonance, ppl took a boring test and were then paid either $1 or $20 to tell the next person that the task had been interesting. When later asked how to evaluate how truly interesting the task had been, who rated the task as most enjoyable?
The people who were paid $1( not motivated by $$)
What is psychopathology?
The scientific study of mental/psychological disorders
A group of preschoolers are taken on a field trip and given matching hats to wear. The teacher is making use of what Gestalt principle to easily identify the children?
Similarity
Lilly is 18 years old and terrified of speaking in front of people. She assumes people will laugh at her, notice her crooked tooth, and think she is ugly. She has felt like this since she was 15 years old, but the symptoms have worsened in the past year since she started college. What is a potential diagnosis for Lilly?
Social anxiety disorder
Rosa is afraid of flying but won a free trip to Hawaii. Her therapist instructs Rosa to create a list of things that make her anxious about flying from the least fearful to the most fearful. Rosa and her therapist next work through the list using relaxation techniques to help relieve her anxious responses. What technique is the therapist using?
Systematic desensitization
Family therapy has been shown to be particularly effective for which groups of people?
Substance abusers and adolescents with anorexia nervosa
What are the five basic tastes that humans recognize?
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
Which part of the nervous system directs the fight-or-flight response in times of stress?
Sympathetic
We hear with our ears, but which lobe of our brain is used to understand language?
Temporal lobe
Which perceptual illusion has been shown to vary across cultures and as a result is one of the most well-known and extensively researched perceptual illusions?
The Müller-Lyer illusions
contingency management
a behavior change strategy that typically involves a written agreement between the therapist and patient that specifies the goals for behavioral change, the details regarding the reinforcements that can be earned, and any negative consequences for failing to meet the goal
extinction burst
a burst of responding following the removal of previous reinforcement
nacrotic
a category of drugs used medically in the management of pain
pyschoactive drug
a chemical substance that alters brain function, resulting in changes in consciousness, perception, and/or modd
paraphillic disorders
a class of disorder related to atypical sexual behavior that causes distress to the person, and/or makes the person a serious threat to the mental health or physical well-being of others
selective attention
a concious focus on one stimulus or perception at a given time
complete androgen insensitivity syndrome CAIH
a condition that cause a genetic male fetus to develop extrernal female genitalia because the receptors for androgens fail to function
stage r/rapid eye movement (rem)
a deep stage of sleep consisting of rapid eye movement (REM) typically associated with dreaming; someties referred to as paradoxical sleep
rapid eye movement REM/stage r
a deep stage of sleep consisting of rapid eye movements (REM) typically associated with dreaming; sometimes referred to as paradoxical sleep
marijuana
a drug containing tetrahydrocannabinol THC can produce altered sensations, feelings of well-being and changes in cognition
stimulants
a drug that excites or increases the functioning of the central nervous system
stranger anxiety
a fear of strangers that is a survival strategy that enables babies to perceive unfamiliar faces as potentially threatening
mullerian system
a female reproductive system
fraternal birth-order effect
a finding related to sexual orientation showing that each additional older brother that a male has increases the odds that the male will be gay by 33 percent
support groups
a form of group therapy in which people learn to pair tates of deep relaxtion while being exposed to anxiety-provoking situations using a fear hierarchy
family therapy
a form of group therapy that focuses on the unique interactions of the family unit
client-centered therapy/person-centered therapy
a form of humanistic psychotherapy in which the therapeutic process focuses on the patient's abilities and insights while the therapist takes a nondirective and supportive role
deep brain stimulation
a form of medical therapy in which surgeons implant a thin wire electrode in the patient's brain that when activated can stimulate neurons lying near it
tolerance
a form of physiological dependence where the body becomes used to a druge, resulting in an increased need for the drug to achieve the same effects
cognitive therapy
a form of psychotherapy developed by Aaron Beck based on the theory that people's psychological problems can be traced to their own illogical or dysfunctional beliefs and thoughts
eclectic psychotherapy
a form of psychotherapy which draws ideas and techniques from a variety of therapeutic approaches
psychodynamic therapy
a form of psychotherapy which views the symptoms of a disorder as side effects of a deeper, underlying problem that needs to be resolved
change blindness
a form of selective inattention where large changes in the envoirnment are overlooked resulting from a break in the visual field or lack of attention
group therapy
a form of therapy in which one or more therapists treat a small number of people in a group setting
Cohorts
a group of people who share a common temporal life experience
zone of proximal development
a key component of Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development that highlights the difference between what a child can do alone versus what a child can do together with a more competent person
active listening
a key component of person-centered therapy in which a therapist echoes, restates, and seeks clarification of patients' statements to convey an interest in understanding what the patient is saying
accurate empathy
a key component of person-centered therapy in which a therapist is able to accurately infer the thoughts and feelings of the patient
genuineness
a key component of person-centered therapy in which the therapist must be genuine and willing to express their true feelings
unconditional positive regard
a key component of person-centered therapy in which therapists must accept and support the patient regardless of what the person says or does
fear hierarchy
a list of increasingly anxiety-inducing situations associated with the patient's specific fear that is used in exposure therapy
wolffian system
a male reproductive system
developmental age
a measure of a child's development using age norms
chaining
a method of shaping complex behavior by rewarding a combination of series of responses performed in a particular
discontinuous model
a model of developmental suggesting that development occurs in distinct steps or stages
heroin
a nacrotic that activate specific opoid receptors that stimulates dopamine in the reward centers of the brain causing feelings of intense pleasure
sleep terrors
a parasomnia charcterized by scary dreams and increased autonomic nervous system activity; typically occurs during NREM sleep and therefore can be accompained by movement
sleepwalking
a parasomnia that occurs during NREM sleep in response to an abnormal transition from deep sleep (eg stage n3) to REM or a lighter stage of sleep
emerging adulthood
a period of time between adolescence and adulthood in primarily Western cultures during which emotional ties with parents loosen, but dependence on parents for financial and emotional support remains
lobotomies
a procedure that disconnects the frontal lobe from the rest of the brain
synaptic pruning
a process in which excess synapses are gradually reduced during childhood
Dementia
a progressive loss of cognitive functioning in areas such as memory, reasoning, planning, decision making, and social functioning
transference
a psychodynamic term referring to a patient's unconscious feelings about a significant person in his or her life that are instead directed toward the therapist
resistance
a psychodynamic term that refers to a patient's attempts to avoid engaging in the therapeutic process
free association
a psychodynamic therapy technique in which the therapist encourages the patient to relax his or her mind and begin reporting every image or idea that enters their conscious awareness
dream analysis
a psychodynamic therapy technique which focuses on discovering repressed conflicts or memories that often surface symbolically in dreams
substance use disorder
a psychological disorder characterized by a pattern of drug use leading to distress or significant impairment in functioning
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a psychological disorder that develop in response to a traumatic event; symptoms must be present for mroe than one month and include the development of fear, anxiety, and other reexperiencing symptoms in response to the traumatic experience
in real life, information that has just entered iconic memory will be pushed out very quickly by new information. Research suggest that after ________, old information is replaced by new information.
a quarter of a second
erectile disorders
a recurrent inability to achieve or maintain an adequate erection during partnered sexual activities
y chromosomes
a sex chromosome that is normally present only in male cells, which are designated XY
X chromosome
a sex chromosome two of which are normally present in female cells (designated XX) and only one in males celss (designated XY)
female orgasmic disorder
a significant delat, reduction of intensity, or cessation of ability to achieve orgasm in females
delayed reinforcement
a significant delay in time between the dired response of an organism and the delivery of a reinforcer
Zygote
a single fertilized cell
insomnia
a sleep disorder characterized by dissatisfaction with the duration or quality of sleep
nacrolepsy
a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and periodic, uncontrollable sleep attakcs
sleep apnea
a sleep disorder involving regular interruption of breathing during sleep
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
a small part of the hypothlamus that controls the circadian clock
randomized controlled trial
a specific and rigorous research design including random assignment, a control group, and quantifiable results that allows for evaluation of the placebo effect and issues related to spontaneous recovery
hypnosis
a state consciousness involving focused attention and reduced awareness of surroundings, accompanied by an enhanced state of suggestibility
neutral stimulus
a stimulus that doesnt naturally elicit the reflexive/desired response in classical conditioning
Authoritative
a style of parenting in which parents are warm and affectionate but also sensitive and responsive to their children's behavior and needs
Permissive
a style of parenting in which parents are warm and very involved in the lives of their children but they place very few limits on behavior
Authoritarian
a style of parenting in which parents exert high levels of control over their children, expect unquestioning obedience, and are very punitive
neglectful/uninvolved
a style of parenting in which parents make few demands on their children and they are also unresponsive to their children's needs or behavior
A contemporary definition of stress includes ____________.
a subjective discrepancy between a situation and a person's ability to cope with the situation
bilateral anterior capsulotomy
a surgery that serves to disconnect the circuitry in the orbitofrontal cortex which has been implicated as playing a role in OCD
social learning theory
a theory of gender development stating that children learn gended behavior by observing and imitating adults and responding to rewards and punishments
gender schema theory
a theory of gender deveolpment stating that children develop schemas for what is male and what is female through the process of social and cognitive learning
couples therapy
a treatment option for people involved in relationships who are experiencing distress
exposure therapy
a type of behavioral therapy in which people are repeatedly exposed to what they fear until they become so accustomed to it that they no longer experience the same level of fear or anxiety
all-or-nothing thinking
a type of cognitive distortion in which a person sees things in absolute, black or white, terms that leave little room for middle ground
overgeneralization
a type of cognitive distortion that occurs when a person draws broad negative conclusions on the basis of a single event
mental filter
a type of cognitive distortion that occurs when someone focuses only on the negative aspects of a situation and ignores or "filters" out any positive aspects
aversive conditioning
a type of conditioning in which the goal is to replace a positive response to a harmful stimulus, such as alcohol, with a negative response
systematic desensitization
a type of exposure therapy in which people learn to pair states of deep relaxation while being exposed to anxiety-provoking situations using a fear hierarchy
sexual selection
a type of natural selection in which the preference by one sex for certain characteristics of the other sex or competitive advantage of certain traits leads the sexes to evolve in different forms
psychoanalysis
a type of psychotherapy that utilizes Freudian concepts with an emphasis on the influence of the unconscious
behavior therapy
a type of psychotherapy which attempts to change behaviors associated with psychological distress using the principles of learning
interpersonal psychotherapy
a type of psychotherapy which focuses on helping patients improve their relationships as a means to resolving their psychological problems
cognitive-behavior therapy (cbt)
a type of psychotherapy which focuses on the interrelated nature of our thoughts, feelings, and behavior
longitudinal study
a type of study in which the same individuals are observed over a period of time to track changes over time
cross-sequential study
a type of study which includes a combination of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs by examining several different cohorts over time
Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. He did so without any expectation of reward or getting anything in return for his actions. This is an example of:
altruism
The presence of others heavily influences helping behavior when a situation is:
ambiguous
working memory
an active system that processes the information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way
meditation
an altered state of consciousness that may involve focused and regulated breathing, specific body positions, minimization of external distractions, mental imagery, and/or mental clarity
classical conditioning
an automativ or reflexive type of learning that occurs by making associations between different events and stimuli
heritability estimates
an estimation of how much variability in a trait is due to genetics
cognitive restructuring
an important part of most cognitive therapies in which therapists teach patients to identify their negative automatic thoughts, evaluate or test the accuracy of their thoughts, and replace them with more realistic thoughts
Gerontology
an interdisciplinary field that studies the process of aging and the aging population
biological preparedness
an organism's predispostion to develop associatins between certain types of stimuli and responses based on evolutionary survival
A person who is significantly underweight, has an intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image could be considered to have ____________.
anorexia nervosa
with Alzheimer's disease, the primary memory problem, at least in the beginning, is....
anterograde amnesia
Rainey worries constantly, has trouble sleeping, and complains of racing and panicky thoughts at times. Louis has experienced depressed mood, low appetite, and insomnia for months. Rainey is prescribed a(n) ____________ medication, while Louis is prescribed a(n) __________ medication.
antianxiety; antidepressant
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssris)
antidepressant medications that selectively block the reuptake of serotonin in the brain and have fewer side effects than tricyclics
tricyclics
antidepressant medications that work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine that have been associated with worse side effects than newer medications such as SSRIs
T cells work directly to kill _______ without the help of ______.
antigens; antibodies
typical antipsychotics
antipsychotic drugs discovered in the 1950s that work by blocking receptors in the brain's dopamine pathways which are not particularly effective in treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and are associated with negative side effects
aggresion
any purposeful behavior intended to cause physical or psychological harm
humanistic approach
approach to therapy that addresses psychological problems through a lens of positivity and optimism
John Watson believed that phobias:
are learned through the process of conditioning
in his 1932 book, Sir Frederic Bartlett wrote that he viewed memory:
as a problem-solving activity
The door-in-the-face technique involves:
asking for a large commitment and then, after being refused, asking for a smaller commitment
Temperament
aspects of personality considered innate and not learned
multitasking
attention divided among two or more stimuli or activities
What is an important component to successfully treating people with culturally diverse backgrounds?
The therapist needs to understand the patient's cultural background and adapt the treatment accordingly.
consciousness
awareness of the internal and external environment
according to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and _________.
commitment
_______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together.
companionate
Keisha was brought to the ER with a bump on her head. The doctor ordered a test that consists of a series of x-rays from many different perspectives that will display a two-dimensional image of her brain. This test is called ___________.
computed tomography (CT)
What is the function of the natural killer (NK) cells?
They patrol the body looking for diseased cells and attack them with lethal chemicals.
During periods of stress, the brain releases cortisol and other stress-related hormones. What impact do these stress hormones have on the immune system?
They suppress the disease-fighting activity of the T cells, B cells, and NK cells leaving the person more susceptible to illness.
What is the benefit of atypical antipsychotic medications?
They target the negative symptoms of schizophrenia as well as the positive symptoms.
Dr. Jamison has conducted a great deal of research on autistic disorders. In his latest study, he concluded that one definite cause of autism is the MMR vaccination. Which of the following can be determined based on Dr. Jamison's research findings?
Though Dr. Jamison's findings should be considered, they should not be regarded as true simply because of his acknowledged expertise
Schemas
concepts or frameworks around which we organize and interpret information
Manny is a 15-year-old boy who has been begging his parents to let him try out for his high school football team. Manny's parents are concerned about the risk of a ________ if he plays football.
concussion
Comorbidity
condition where a person is diagnosed with two or more psychology disorders
In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the boy, it was accompanied by a loud noise which eventually led Albert to cry when presented with the rat. In this experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon seeing the rat was a(n) ________ response.
conditioned
What was the purpose of the classic 1970s study conducted by David Rosenhan, in which he had mentally healthy volunteers fake psychological symptoms, such as hearing voices, to get themselves admitted to a psychiatric facility?
To demonstrate that labels such as schizophrenia can be stigmatizing and dehumanizing by emphasizing a person's diagnosis rather than their identity
What is one reason for inpatient treatment for individuals with mental illness?
To ensure the safety and well-being of the person receiving treatment
What is the function of the outer ear?
To funnel sound waves to the ear drum
Researchers who share the same idea as Sigmund Freud regarding aggression believe it is:
a basic human instinct
Johann is competitive, easily angered, impatient, and verbally aggressive toward those around him. Johann is considered to have which personality type?
Type A
Which personality type predicts subsequent physical and/or mental health issues after the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease?
Type D
Which sense originates in the inner ear and can cause you to lose your balance when you have an ear infection?
Vestibular sense
premature ejaculation
ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation before or shortly after penetration and before the person wishes it
the most efficient way of transferring short-term memory into long-term memory is by using:
elaborative rehearsal
electroconvulsive therapy (ect)
electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure in an attempt to reduce psychiatric symptoms such as severe depression
Samson is a client in a sleep lab and is going to have his brain wave activity measured while sleeping. He will have electrodes placed all over his skull so that the test can measure his brain activity. This type of test is called ______.
electroencephalogram (EEG)
The psychological aspect of stress may include feelings of anger. Anger is considered part of the _______________ experience of stress.
emotional
When conducting research, scientists and psychologists gather _____ evidence to ______.
empirical; know
Brenda called Mike while he was in the middle of the meeting to ask him to pick up some milk on his way home from work. When Mike got home, he didn't have the milk, and Brenda was angry. Mike may have experienced:
encoding failure
An action potential occurs when: the inside of the cell becomes ____________ and reaches its threshold, which causes a(n) ______________ reaction.
depolarized; electrical
Under stress, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis releases _____________, whereas the sympathetic nervous system releases ____________ and ______________.
cortisol; epinephrine; norepinephrine
An individual's ___________ should be viewed as an overarching factor that affects other biopsychosocial factors.
culture
Ebbinghaus's _______ shows that forgetting happens quickly, within the first hour, and then tapers off gradually.
curve of forgetting
acute stress disorder
development of fear, anxiety, and other re=experiencing symptoms in response to a traumatic experience; symptoms last between three days and one month after the trauma
DSM-5
diagonstic and statistical manual for mental disorders th edition is the american psychiatric associations official guide for diagnosing mental, or psychological disorders
Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of:
direct contact
Harper was born with severe hearing loss. She received a cochlear implant just after her first birthday and was able to hear clearly for the first time. The cochlear implant helped Harper to hear by ___________________.
directly stimulating her auditory nerve
culture-bound syndromes
disorders that only exist in specific cultural groups
Hannah was attacked in a parking lot. She woke up in the hospital and cannot remember her name or anything about the attack. The MRI scan shows no brain damage. Hannah is most likely experiencing __________.
dissociative amnesia
Cognitive psychologists view the development and/or maintenance of anxiety as a result of ____________.
distorted, negative thoughts
Stress that has a negative impact on people is referred to as __________, whereas the stress that has positive results is called ____________.
distress; eustress
Self-help support groups differ from group therapy in that they ____________.
do not have a professionally trained therapist as their leader
a drug company is determining the effects of a treatment for depression. Neither the researcher nor the participants know who is getting the treatment and who is given the pill. This type of study is:
double-blind
a drug company is determining the effects of a treatment for depression. Neither the researcher nor the participants know who is getting the treatment and who is given the sugar pill. This type of study is:
double-blind
conditioned stimulus (CS)
during classical conditioning, when a previously neutral stimulus comes to produce the conditioned response because of an association with the unconditioned stimulus
Bullimia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and purging behaviors
binge-eating disorder
eating disorder that involves recurrent episodes of binge eating without subsequent compensatory behaviors
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder where an individual purposely loses weight to a point below which is considered healthy
Nurture
environmental influences such as parental styles, physical surroundings, and economic issues
selective inattention/inattentional blindness
environmental stimuli that are screened out or ignored while attention is selectively focused on something else
The study of how the external environment can influence and change gene functions is called ____________.
epigenetics
In response to stress, the sympathetic nervous system releases ____________, whereas the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system releases ___________.
epinephrine; cortisol
after his accident, Bryan had trouble remembering facts and events that were related to his personal history. He was suffering from a loss of ________ memory.
episodic
If a stressor is short term, energizing, and seen as something to be conquered, it will likely be experienced as _____.
eustress
Chen has felt depressed for the last six months and is on an antidepressant. He still struggles with depressed mood and difficulty with his memory. His psychologist suggested getting more ______ because that may increase the volume of the _______ in his brain.
exercise; hippocampus
gender roles
expectations about the way women and men behave on their gender
cognitive triad
explanation for mood disorders that includes negative thinking about themselves, the world, and the future
virtual reality exposure
exposure therapy conducted using computer simulations that help patients learn to be increasingly desensitized to anxiety-inducing situations
catatonic stupor
exteme form of catatonia that involves paralysis
Mental health professionals who view depression from a cognitive-behavioral perspective explain it as an interaction between the individual's ________ environment and their ________ thoughts and beliefs.
external; internal
Helmut is at a crowded park walking his dog. He is looking for a friend and finally sees his friend's face among the crowd. He is using his ______________ neurons to detect faces.
feature detector
Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate?
fixed ratio
when asked where hew as when the Twin Towers were hit in 2001, Lamont could vividly remember ten years later detailed related to the time, place, and atmosphere of the occurrence. Lamont's memory is an example of:
flashbulb memory
flooding
form of exposure therapy that habituates patients by immediately exposing them to their most feared situation (i.e., the top step of their fear hierarchy)
People can reduce cognitive dissonance by:
forming new cognitions to justify their behavior
The cerebral cortex is divided into ___________ lobes with the ____________ lobe at the back of the head.
four; occipital
dizygotic twins
fraternal twins that develop when two eggs are released and are both fertilized by two different sperm
Being grounded or put in "time out" effectively removes pleasant stimuli (e.g., attention from others) from the individual. This is called________________.
negative punishment
The process by which we detect physical energy from our environment and send the information to our brain is called __________.
sensation
in the information-processing model, the first stage of memory is ______ memory.
sensory
A person may not detect the smell of their house because their olfactory receptors have adapted to the stimuli. This is called ____________.
sensory adaptation
inpatient treatment
services performed while an individual is hospitalized
schizophrenia
severe psychological disorder involving psychosis which is characterized by delusions, hallucianations, disorganized thinking, abnormal movements and lack of motivation and emotional expression
primary sex characteristics
sex-specific reproductive organs
Sasha sat in the preschool classroom and watched the children play, writing down how well they interacted with each other. The children could see that Sasha was watching, so they made an attempt to be extra well-behaved for her. Sasha's research will be impacted by:
observer effect
the idea that memory formation is a simultaneous process is reflected in the
parallel distributed processing model
Maeve spent the day in the Museum of Modern Art enjoying all the paintings and artwork. She was amazed at the fact that her visual system could take in all the motion, color, depth, and form and convert it into an exceptional art appreciation experience in her brain. This is called ____________.
parallel processing
The only lobes of the brain that touch all other lobes are the __________ lobes.
parietal
androgynous
people who have both masculine and feminine traits
Reza's parents are going through a divorce. Reza would like to live with his mother, but where he lives will be decided by a judge. Reza feels stressed, in part, because he lacks ____________.
perceived control
Weber's law states that detectable differences between stimuli involve the ______ difference between them.
percentage
The interpretation of raw stimuli from our senses into meaningful information is called ____________.
perception
Stephan convinced his friend Derek that if he played a Beatles song backward, he would hear it whispering, "Worship Satan." Derek tried it and did hear the words "Worship Satan." Derek's perception of these words was probably influenced by __________.
perceptual set
When viewing an ambiguous picture, we will tend to see an image that is consistent with our own culture and experience. This phenomenon is called __________.
perceptual set
mania
period of euphoria (feeling of excessive happiness) often accompanied by elevated self esteem, increased talkativeness, enhanced energy, and a decreased need for sleep
Puberty
period of physical development when the physical changes that lead to sexual maturation occur
gender dysphoria
persistent feelings of identification with the opposite gender and discomfort with the sex assigned at birth
specific phobia
persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation
borderline personality disorder
personality disorder that involves dramatic and erratic emotions and behaviiors that oftens include self-harming behavior
medical model
perspective that suggests that physical and psychological disorders develop and should be treated, in the same way
a person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through:
persuasion
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (fasd)
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children resulting from a pregnant mother's alcohol intake
Some research suggests that _______ is one of the main factors that influence people's choices for selecting people they want to know better.
physical attractiveness
biomedical therapies
physiological treatments designed to reduce psychological symptoms
Kiley received treatment for depression from someone she thought was a psychologist. She later found out that the person had faked their degree and credentials and had no training in mental health treatment. However, she was puzzled because she felt that her depression was improved significantly during the treatment. This is most likely an example of a(n) _____________.
placebo effect
Mrs. O'Connor participated in a study in which she was told she would try out a new allergy medicine. She was in the group that received a sugar pill, but she believed that the pill did indeed help control her allergy symptoms. This phenomenon is known as:
placebo effect
token economy
providing token (stickers, coins, points) for desired behaviors that can be exchanged for something rewarding
Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. This is an example of which rule of attraction?
proximity
illness anxiety disorder
pscyhological disorder formerly known as hypochondriasis, whcih involves significant health anxiety and anxiety-related checking and avoidance behaviors
withdrawal symptoms
pshysiological symptoms produced by the body when a drug is absent from the system
which of the following psychological professionals is most likely to work with a family in their home to help identify causes of problematic behavior?
psychiatric social worker
Bethany unconsciously avoids talking about her childhood whenever possible. Her friend points out that she always changes the subject when her past is discussed. Surprised, Bethany denied this was true. However, her friend quickly replied "denial is a common way of handling unconscious anxiety—I wonder if there's something in your childhood that was traumatic enough for you to have completely repressed the memory?" Bethany's friend's view is typical of the ____________ approach to psychological symptoms.
psychodynamic
Mary is a psychologist who focuses on the role of the conscious and unconscious minds. To which perspective does Mary subscribe?
psychodynamic
A person who is considered religiously active is likely to experience _____________ compared to people who are not religiously active.
psychological and physical advantages
Rami has been experiencing a number of concerning symptoms, so he makes an appointment to see a psychologist. After an assessment, the psychologist assigns a label to Rami's psychological symptoms by identifying and classifying them. Rami has received a ____________.
psychological diagnosis
Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)
psychological disorder characterized by the sudden, temporary loss of a sensory or motor function; symptoms can include blindness, paralysis, deafness, or numbness of particular body parts
major depressive disorder mdd
psychological disorder involving either depressed mood or loss of interest in most activities accommpanied by four other symptoms that last for more than two weeks
social anxiety disorder
psychological disorder involving marked and persistent fears of being scrutinized by others or embarrassed/humiliated in a public setting
premenstrual dysphoric disorder pmdd
psychological disorder involving significant mood symptoms (mood swings, irritability, sadness, anxiety) during the week leading up to the onset of mestruation in women
somatic symptom disorder
psychological disorder involving the combination of the presence of a physical symptom plus abnormal thoughts, feeling, or behaviors in response to the symptom
generalized anxiety disorder GAD
psychological disorder involving uncontrollable worry and other cognitive and physiological symptoms
dissociative identity disorder
psychological disorder where a person experiences two or more sometimes vastly different, personalities
panic disorder
psychological disorder where an individual experiences recurrent panic attacks, some of which are unexpected, followed by feeling of worry or dread about the potential of future panic attacks
bipolar 2 disorder
psychological disorder where individuals experience at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode
bipolar I disorder
psychological disorder where individuals experience at least one manic episode; most indiviuals have recurring mood episodes, alternating between periods of mania and major depression
dissociative amnesia
psychological disoredr that cause sudden, selective memory loss, which is usually precipitated by a traumatic event
developmental psychologists
psychologists who study the physical, cognitive, and social changes that humans experience throughout the lifespans
The interdisciplinary field that emphasizes the interaction of psychological, neurological, and immunological factors in stress and illness is called ____________.
psychoneuroimmunology
Research on conformity suggests that if a _______ response is required, ________ show more conformity than ________.
public;women;men
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
pyschologial disorder involving repeated and uncontrolable thoughts, images, or urges obsessions that are often followed by repetitive and ritualistic behaviors compulsion in an effort to reduce the anxiety brought about by the obsessions
The gold standard for research designs in the area of establishing evidence-based treatments is the _____________.
randomized controlled trial
Strong bright lights will cause sensory neurons to ______ fire while dim low lights will cause sensory neurons to ___________ fire.
rapidly; slowly
When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a ________ schedule.
ratio
The psychological perspective that is associated with William James is:
functionalism
Which early perspective in psychology, associated with William James, focused on how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play?
functionalism
The complete set of instructions for our physical and psychological characteristics is called our
genome
A person's genetic makeup is referred to as ___________, whereas the observable traits that are expressed from genes is referred to as ___________.
genotype; phenotype
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon involves a failure to recall information that seems very close to the surface of conscious. This memory problem:
gets more common as we get older
andropause
gradual sexual changes that occur in aging males includes decline in sperm count, testisterone level, and speed of erection and ejactulation
anxiety disorder
group of psychological disorders characterized by prolonged, uncontrollable and sometimes vague feeling of worry or anxiety
dissociative disorders
group of psychological disorders where the normal cognitive processes are fragmented, causeing a sudden loss of memory or change in personality
disorganized thinking and speech
group of symptoms of schizophrenia where individuals may think or speak in ways that are jumbled, illogical, or incoherent
Place theory suggests that people hear differing high-pitched sounds by the activation of different sets of _________ along the cochlea's ___________.
hair cells; basilar membrane
Antipsychotic drugs help treat symptoms such as ______, while mood stabilizers help treat symptoms such as ________.
hallucinations; mania
The group of people who will most likely have the highest life expectancy are those who are __________ and ____________.
high SES; live in an urban area
The place theory of hearing explains _________; the frequency theory explains ____________; and the volley principle explains _____________.
high frequencies; low frequencies; low and moderate frequencies
alpha waves
high frequency, low amplitude brain waves characteristic of a relaxed or drowsy state
Premack Principle
high probibility (or prefered) behaviors can be used to reinforce low probability (or nonprefered) behaviors
delta waves
higher amplitude, lower requency brain waves that appear when sleep deepens; characteristic of sleep stage n3
Marcos and friends watching football on sunday, someone said they knew the Chiefs would win after the game was over.
hindsight bias
Chemical substances in the body that regulate bodily activities such as growth, metabolism, and sexual reproduction are called ____________.
hormones
The neuroendocrine system responsible for releasing cortisol and other stress hormones to defend against stress is called ____________.
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
monozygotic twins
identical twins that develop when one egg is fertilized by one sperm and then the egg splits into half and two fetuses develop with identical genetic makeup
Cognitive restructuring helps clients __________, evaluate the accuracy of their thoughts, and ____________________.
identify their automatic thoughts; replace negative automatic thoughts with more realistic thoughts
Correlation will tell researchers:
if there is a relationship between variables and which direction it's going
Ova
immature eggs contained in the ovaries
memory of how to balance on a bike or tie your shoe
implicit memory
Tamia wants to earn higher scores on her psychology tests. To best accomplish this, Tamia should study:
in the same room in which her psychology tests are administered
indirect aggression
includes acts that do not directly involve the target of the aggression but are used to harm a person's relationships or social standing
physical agression
includes any behavior that threatens or causes physical harm toa nother person
verbal aggression
includes verbal communication that is intended to cause psychological harm rather than physical harm
Socioeconomic status or SES is most often calculated using a combination of _______ and ___________.
income; educational attainment
anxious-ambivalent/resistant attachment
infants whare are insecure and overly emotional in their relations with their caregiver so that they are extremely distressed when their motheres leave the room and difficult to soothe even when their mothers return
disorganized-disoriented attachment
infants who do not have a consistent response to their mother's absence or return, appearing to be confused or hesitant and display contradictory behaviors
anxious-avoidant attachment
infants who do not seek contact with a caregiver when distressed so that they do not appear to be particularly distressed when their mothers leave the room and actively ignore their mothers upon their return
slow-to-warm temperament
infants with generally regular eating/sleeping patterns who can adapt to change with repeated exposure and have mildly negative responses to frustration
difficult temperament
infants with irregular eating/sleeping patterns who are slow to adapt to change and respond negatively to frustration
sexually transmitted infections(STIs)
infectioin that are spread primarily through person-to-person sexual contact
Yuna loves to play soccer and is an aggressive player who will head the ball as often as she can. Her parents have noticed that she has been forgetting to turn in assignments and forgetting when she is supposed to hang out with friends. They are concerned because ________________.
recent research has suggested that heading the ball can lead to memory problems.
What did Watson believe about behavior?
it is learned
Kendra likes to listen to soft music while studying. Each time her roommate Layla comes in, Layla turns the music up by one. Kendra doesn't always notice the change, but she does notice it more than 50 percent of the time. This is an example of __________.
just noticeable difference
spontaneous remission
recovery without any treatment
Aerobic exercise has been found to ____________.
reduce stress and symptoms of depression improve cardiovascular health slow down the cellular damage from stress and stimulate new cell growth
sexual orientation
refers to the pattern of a person's sexual attractions
postive symptoms of schizophrenia
reflect a pathological excess or additioons to normal functions, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking and speech
When you touch a hot stove and immediately withdraw your hand, it is called a ________ and is the result of interneurons within the __________.
reflex; spinal cord
variable-interval schedules
reinforcing behavior after variable periods of time; genrally produce slow and steady behaviora responses
variable-ratio schedules
reinforcing behavior after varying and unpredictable numbers of responses; have high repsonse rates and produce behavior that is difficult to extinguish
Crowds
larger, mixed-sex groups who tend to get together socially on weekends
Major depressive disorder is characterized by either depressed mood or __________ in activities and accompanied by ________ other symptoms that last for more than 2 weeks.
loss of interest; 4
beta waves
low amplitude, high frequency and irregular brain waves present during active wakefulness
On the way to the grocery store, James repeats to himself --- "bread, milk, butter. bread, milk, butter." James is using:
maintenance rehearsal
Mary has missed the last 3 weeks of classes because she can't get out of bed. She also turns down invitations to go out with friends, hasn't showered in 3 days, and feels like her life is worthless. Mary is likely experiencing ___________.
major depressive disorder (MDD)
Testes
male gonads
Sperm
male sex cells
androgens
male sex hormones
nightmares
scary dreams, which almost always occurr during rem sleep
plateau phase
second phase of the sexual response cycle whch includes the period of sexual excitement prior to orgasm
hypomania
milder form of mania that causes less sever mood elevations and does not interfere with normal daily functioning
The three lymphocytes that play a role in health and disease are ____________.
natural killer cells (NK), B lymphocytes (B cells), and T lymphocytes (T cells)
a researcher wants to describe a children's normal behavior on the playground. The best method for this research is to use:
naturalistic observation
primary reinforcer
naturally reinforcing stimuli because they satify a basic biological need such as hunger or thirst
cross-sectional studies
studies that observe different individuals of different ages at one point in time to track differences related to age
which of the following is a reason researchers prefer to use animals in experiments instead of humans?
studying long-term effects is much easier
Research has determined that our brain is capable of sensing stimuli without conscious awareness of that stimuli. This is called ____________.
subliminal perception
Most parents can pick up their own baby's cry out of a large, noisy group such as a room full of children. This is an example of ____________.
signal detection theory
A drug company conducts a study in which the experimenter gives half of the participants the drug being tested and the other half a placebo. This is an example of:
single-blind study
Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. Marco is using an example of:
situational cause
As Gina's boyfriend Omar walks toward her, the image on Gina's retina will change the closer he gets. However, Gina's perception of Omar's size does not change. She does not perceive him as growing bigger or taller because of _____________.
size constancy
Cliques
small, same-sex groups of three to nine members who share intimate secrets and see themselves as best friends
Mitch was raised in foster care and has no real family to rely on when life becomes overwhelming. He also has difficulty making friends because he does not trust that people won't leave him. Mitch does not have good _______, which can increase the impact of stressors.
social support
The cell body that contains the nucleus, which includes DNA and other structures that support the neuron, is called the ___________.
soma
The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because:
some people knew the shuttle was NOT OK to launch, but they did not speak up and thereby disrupt group cohesion
secondary reinforcer
something that becomes satisfying or pleasurable through its association with a primary reinforcer
positive reinforcers
something that strengthens or increases a response by adding a pleasurable consequence
Every week, Jade spends her allowance on ½-pound of sour lemon gummy candies, even though they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the________________.
sour lemon gummy candy
Alicia suffered from anxiety for months before she sought treatment. She was put on a waitlist at a clinic, but by the time she attended her first appointment, her anxiety was already significantly reduced. This is called ____________.
spontaneous remission
germinal stage
stage of development that the zygote enters after fertilization that lasts two weeks and culminates with the implantation into the female's uterus
embryonic stage
stage of prenatal development that occurs after implantation into the female uterus around two weeks after conception and continues until eight weeks of gestation
fetal stage
stage of prenatal development that occurs from around eight weeks of gestation until birth
unconditioned stimulus ucs
stimuli that elicit a natural or reflexive response without prior experience
negative reinforcers
strengthening or increasing a response by removing an unpleasant consequence
An event that is perceived as threatening or challenging is known as a ______.
stressor
A hurricane and an hour daily commute are both considered:
stressors.
benevolent sexism
the acceptance of postive stereotypes that propagates unfairness and inequalities based on gender
amyloid plaques
the accumulation of protein freagments between nerve cells which is oten found in people with alzheimers diease
manifest content
the actual, remembered content of a dream, including the storyling, characters, and specific details
in order to study some effects of alcohol consumption, Dr. Chu tested the physical coordination skills of 21 year old men who were first assigned to drink a beverage with either 4, 2, or 0 ounces of alcohol. In this study, the independent variable consisted of
the amount of alcohol consumed(manipulated)
chronological age
the amount of time someone has been alive
spontaneous recovery
the brief reappearance of a previously extinguished response
sleep
the daily, natural loss of consciousness controlled by the brain
what is the main advantage of laboratory observation?
the degree of control it gives the researcher
erotic plasticity
the degree to which sexual attraction tends to be fluid
stability versus change
the degree to which traits remain stable and unchanging versus malleable over years of growth and maturation
Kenai goes to the grocery store with a list to buy only milk and eggs, but she is also hungry. What Kenai does not know is that the grocery store is flooding the store with a very faint smell of cookies. Kenai doesn't register the smell consciously, but she does end up buying cookies from the bakery section. This is an example of ____________.
subliminal persuasion
Leander was really hungry before being interviewed about his study habits. Researchers whispered "taco truck" several times during his interview although he didn't hear the words. He was then given the opportunity to eat food from a taco truck or from the cafeteria. Leander would most likely choose the taco truck. He was subjected to what researchers call ____________.
subliminal priming
Mixing objects (such as paint) is referred to as _____________ color mixing; whereas, mixing colors of light is called ___________ color mixing.
subtractive; additive
panic attack
sudden episode of intense fear accompanied with physiological symptoms such as tightening of the chest and shortness of breath, which often occurs unexpectedly
activity theory of aging
suggests that elderly people are happiest when they sty active and involved in the community
Anita has a severe reaction to chili peppers—they actually cause her pain—and she finds kale and broccoli too bitter to eat, while oranges are too sweet. Anita may have many more taste buds than the average person, which would make her a ____________.
supertaster
Which of the following statements about surveys is true?
survey questions can be written in such a way that the desired answer becomes obvious
catatonia
symptom of schizophrenia involving abnormal motor (movement) behavior
A study with London taxi cab drivers found that the hippocampus of their brains had greater volume, which was presumed to mean more neural connections, as a result of learning and driving new routes around the city. This finding demonstrates the concept of _________________.
synaptic plasticity
Tomas has been playing the piano since age 5. Throughout his adolescence, he also taught himself to play guitar, bass, and the drums. Due to his practice with musical instruments, Tomas's brain would show improved ________.
synaptic plasticity
In the process of neurotransmission, the action potential causes neurotransmitters to be released from the ______________ into the _______________.
synaptic vesicles; synapse
preventive care
taking measures to prevent people from developing mental health problems in the first place by addressing the conditions thought to cause or contribute to them
Women's emotional response to stress typically involves nurturing behaviors that have been called ___________________.
tend and befriend
learned helplessness
tendency to remain in a punishing situation because of a history of repeated failures to escape in the past
The structures that extend out from the axon and release chemicals into the space between neurons are called ___________.
terminal buttons
empathy
the ability of the therapist to understand the patient's point of view
Reason
the ability to organize information and beliefs into a series of steps leading to a conclusion
extinction
the disapperance of a learned behovior when the behavior is no longer reinforced or no llonger assoiciated with the unconditioned stimulus
monoamine oxidase (mao) inhibitors
the earliest antidepressants, which work by inhibiting MAO (an enzyme that metabolizes norepinephrine), also have negative side effects and are often used as a last resort
motor development
the emergent ability to execute physical actions
attachment
the emotional bond newborns share with their caregivers
psychological dependence
the emotional or motivational symptoms associated with repated drug use such as intense cravings, inability to concentrate on other nondrug-relat4ed activites, and/or feelings restless when not taking the drug
Menopause
the end of the menstrual cycle and ability to bear children in women
n2
the second stage of sleep characteried by increased relaxation and a period of light sleep
concordance rate
the probability that one twin develops a condition if the other twin has it
Scaffolding
the process of providing appropriate assistance to a learner which is removed gradually as the learner becomes more independent
accommodation
the process through which we adjut and refine our schemas to incorporate new information
assimilations
the process through which we incorporate new experiences in terms of existing schemas
social connectedness
the quality and number of meaningful relationships an indiviual may have among firends, family, and the community
therapeutic alliance
the quality of the relationship between a therapist and patient
pscyhopathology
the scientific study of mental/psychological disorders
dreams
the sequences of images, feelings, ideas, and impressions that occur during sleep
gender
the set of behaviors and characteristics that define the degree to which someone is masculine or feminine
secondary sex characteristics
the sexual organ and traits that develop at puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction
socials norms
the spoken and unspoken rules about what behavior is considered appropriate in a given society
If a researcher is observing a third grade classroom in full view of the students and finds that all the students are extremely quiet, polite, and attentive, what would the researcher most likely conclude?
the students' behavior is due to the observer effect
psychopharmacology
the study of how drugs affect the mind and behavior
cephalocaudal rule
the tendency for motor skills and physical growth to emerge in sequence from top to bottom
proximodistal rule
the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from inside to outside
n3
the third stage of sleep consisting of deep sleep characterized by higher, amplitude delta waves
orgasm phase
the third state of the sexual response cycle when climax occurs
in a negative correlation:
the two variables have an inverse relationship
latent content
the unconscious or symbolic meaning of a dream
latent content
the underlying meaning of a dream where the unconscious, repressed wishes, and drives of the dreamer are expressed
sudden infant death syndrome (sids)
the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy infant
shaping
the use of reinforcement and successive approximation of a desired end behavior
manifest content
the way a dream is experienced and remembered by the dreamer
biopsychosocial approach
theoretical orientation that considers biological, pyschological and sociocultural factors when explaining causes for psychological disorders
activation-synthesis hypothesis
theory of dreaming that dreams are the result of the brains attempt to make sense of random neural activity
social role theory of gender
theory proposed by alic eagly stating that inherent physcial differences between men and women lead to the formation of gender roles in the division of labor in the home and at work
disengagement theory of aging
theory that elderly people gradually and willingly withdraw themselves from the world around them in preparation for death
socioemotional selectivity theory of aging
theory that suggests that as people grow older and realize that the time they have left is limited, they focus on enjoying the present rather than looking to the future
Research on the effectiveness of different therapeutic techniques suggests that ____________.
there is no single therapeutic strategy uniquely effective in treating all people across all disorders
atypical antidepressants
these include newer medication that affect neurotransmitters (including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) in specific combinations to reduce symptoms of depression
which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to attitude?
they are learned through experiences as we live and work with others
In the Latane and Darley smoke-filled room study, participants were most likely to report the smoke when:
they were the only ones in the room
partial hospitalization
treatment which occurs when an individual still resides in his/her own home but spends up to seven days a week in treatment at a mental health center or hospital
Clayton incurred a spinal cord injury, and the doctors wanted to enroll him in a clinical trial that used stem cells in the treatment. Stem cells are special because they can
turn into other specialized cells in the body
neurofibrillary tangles
twisted strands of protein within neurons often seen in individuals with Alzheimer's disease
Dissociative identity disorder involves _______________, whereas schizophrenia primarily involves _______________.
two or more personality states; psychotic symptoms
focus attention meditation
type of meditiation that invloves directing attention toward an object for the entire meditation session
open monitoring meditation
type of meditiation that involves nonjudgemental observation of all aspects of experience (eg thoughts, emotions, sounds)
transgender
umbrella term used to describe a person whose gender identity is different from hat whih was assigned at birth
Spencer is telling his therapist how he bullied another student at school by posting pictures of the student in the locker room on Instagram. Spencer keeps looking at the therapist to see if she is mad or disgusted with him. Spencer is likely in need of ________________ from his therapist.
unconditional positive regard
Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(an) ________.
unconditioned response
cultural relativism
undertanding that any individuals behavior or psychological symptom must be evaluated in the context of their own culture
Some stress researchers have proposed we restrict the definition of stress to situations that involve ____________.
unpredictability and lack of control
Borderline personality disorder is characterized by poor self-image, _______ moods, stormy and intense personal relationships, and impulsive behaviors.
unstable
Dr. Edwards wants to show a causal relationship between tobacco smoking and cancer. Dr. Edwards should:
use animal testing
Which of the following illustrates psychology's goal of control?
using rewards to help a smoker give up cigarettes
which of the following illustrates psychology's goal of control?
using rewards to help a smoker give up cigarettes
applied behavior analysis ABA
using the principles of operant psychology to address problems and issues of social importantce to people
Sheri's coworker, Stephanie, is very afraid of spiders and screams every time she sees one in the warehouse. After a few weeks of working closely with Stephanie in the warehouse, Sheri is afraid of spiders too. This is an example of:
vicarious conditioning
to remember the night before
visual sketchpad
the Tower of Hanoi study found that people with anterograde amnesia:
were able to form new nondeclarative memories
Elizabeth Loftus' research deterimined that:
what people see and hear about an event after the fact can easily affect the accuracy of their memories of that event
fixed-interval schedules
when a behavior is reinforced after a fixed time period; fixed-interval schedules produce rapid responses at the expected time of reward and slower responses outside of those times
fixed-ratio schedules
when a behavior is reinforced after a set number of responses; fixed rate schedules produce high rates of responding with only a brief pause following reinforcement
higher-order conditioning
when a conditioned stimulus eventually acts as an unconditioned stimulus in a second round of conditioning
continuous reinforcement
when a desired response is reinforced every time it occurs this schedule results in rapid learning but if the reinforcement stops, extinction also occurs rapidly
psychotherapy
when a trained therapist interacts with someone suffering from a psychological problem with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem
genitopelvic pain/penetration disorder
when females experience an involuntary contraction of the pelvic floor muscles around the vagina resulting in an inability to penetrate
sexual interest/arousal disorder
when females experience either a complete lack of or significant reduction in sexual interest/arousal
male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
when males experience either a complete lack of or significant reduction in sexual interest/arousal
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
when respnses are only occasionally reinforced this produces slower initial learning but the learning is more resistant to extinction
intersex
when someone is born with ambiguous genitalia
immediate reinforcement
when the desired behavior and the delivery of a reinforcer occur very close in tim
gender stereotypes
widely held concepts about a person or group of people that are based only on gender
_____________ are more likely to attempt suicide, while ___________ are more likely to die as a result of their suicide attempt.
women; men
Beck's cognitive triad consists of negative automatic thoughts about the _______, the self, and ____________.
world; the future
Which structure of the limbic system is considered the center of our emotions?
Amygdala
Emily insists that her bf's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of:
A dispositional attribution(internal)
A cognitive appraisal of a stressful situation involves two steps. What are they?
A primary appraisal and a secondary appraisal
Which of the following situations should produce the greatest cognitive dissonance?
A student volunteers to debate an issue, taking the side he personally disagrees with.(influenced beliefs)
Trenton has been experiencing depression for several months. He felt hopeful when he discovered a research study that was testing the effectiveness of a new type of drug. Unbeknownst to Trenton, he was assigned to the control group. If the drug manufacturer wanted to show that the medication was better than a placebo, what should the control group receive?
A sugar pill
Jaselyn has a pair of heterozygous genes for a "widow's peak" hairline. What kind of hairline will she inherit?
A widow's peak hairline
What is the term for the minimum amount of energy needed for a person to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time?
Absolute threshold
Houmam moved from Syria to England 8 months ago. He is struggling to communicate in English and fit in with his new friends in school. What kind of stress is Houmam experiencing?
Acculturative
What is the brief electrical impulse that travels down the axon called?
Action potential
Amir is hearing voices telling him to deliver packages to the neighbors because he has a special mission to save the planet. He also believes he is from the planet Krypton and has x-ray vision. This has been ongoing for six months, and he lost his job because of the symptoms. Amir is in which phase of schizophrenia?
Active
What part of the brain allows us to detect danger even below the level of conscious awareness?
Amygdala
Which of the following is a good example of a physiological illusion?
Afterimages
What factors can influence the functioning of your immune system?
Age, genetics, and nutrition
Which characteristic of a soundwave represents its volume?
Amplitude
Neurofeedback has been used to teach individuals with depression and anxiety how to self-regulate which response?
Amygdala
Angelo has been in and out of prison three times for battery and assault. He recently broke into an elderly woman's home where he robbed and severely beat her. He showed no feelings of remorse or regret about his actions. Which personality disorder would be the most appropriate for Angelo?
Antisocial
_______ were established during the 18th century to treat mental illness but ended up leading to _________ of the mentally ill.
Asylums; mistreatment
Where are the olfactory receptor sites located?
At the top of the nasal cavity
What does research suggest about the effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous as treatment for substance abuse?
Attendance at AA meetings increases abstinence rates.
Which structure in the limbic system is responsible for voluntary movement and coordination?
Basal ganglia
What are some of the environmental factors that play a part in the development of borderline personality disorder?
Childhood physical, sexual, and/or emotional abuse
Which type of therapy was developed by Carl Rogers?
Client-centered
When a person is shown a series of disconnected curved lines in a circular pattern, the brain will interpret it as a circle. Which Gestalt principle is this example illustrating?
Closure
Dependent personality disorder is part of which cluster of personality disorders?
Cluster C: Anxious or fearful
Dr. Waung investigates how a person's interpretation(personal justification) of a situation affects his/her reaction. Evidently the Dr is working from the_________ perspective.
Cognitive
Isabella fears she will have a panic attack in the grocery store and not be able to escape. She thinks every time her heart beats fast she is having a heart attack. Dr. Meyer believes Isabella negatively interprets her bodily symptoms and overestimates the danger in public situations. Dr. Meyer subscribes to which psychological approach to understanding Isabella's anxiety symptoms?
Cognitive
Leesa is excited and nervous to go on her first overseas vacation. She has been thinking about how much the trip will cost and wonders if she is independent enough to manage on her own. Leesa is experiencing which aspect of psychological stress?
Cognitive
Matias is having many negative thoughts about his performance at work. He thinks he is a loser and his boss is out to get him. He believes that only bad things happen to him. He has been feeling extremely depressed lately. Which approach would explain Matias's symptoms by focusing on his negative thought patterns?
Cognitive
Which approach focuses on a person's maladaptive beliefs and negative thoughts to explain psychological disorders?
Cognitive
Which disorder has produced controversy within the field of psychology to where some psychologists don't believe it is a real disorder?
Dissociative identity disorder
Joanne has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder characterized by the existence of two or more personalities, marked with periods of memory impairment, and amnesia for certain events. Joanne has the symptoms of which disorder?
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
How is ECT administered differently now than it was in the past?
Doctors use muscle relaxers to prevent strong convulsions.
Muhammad Ali had trouble controlling his motor movements in the last decades of his life. He had tremors in his muscles, which made it difficult for him to walk and talk. He was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, which means he had low levels of which neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
Researchers believe that emotional eating and obesity use similar brain pathways as substance use and addiction. Which neurotransmitter is associated with these pathways?
Dopamine
Brad is a 45-year-old man who was in a car accident and injured his lower spine area. As a result of the damage, he has lost feeling and movement in what parts of his body?
Hips and legs
Ricky has blue eyes. Both of his parents have brown eyes. How is this possible?
His parents both had recessive genes for blue eyes.
Which structure is considered part of the endocrine system and the nervous system?
Hypothalamus
Javier has been complaining of being fatigued, cold, and depressed lately. His doctor decides to run some tests on his endocrine system. What condition might the doctor test for given his symptoms?
Hypothyroidism
Henry is always checking his temperature because he worries he may be coming down with something. He has the WebMD app on his phone so he can monitor his symptoms. He worries most of the day about getting sick, despite the fact that he has been very healthy over the course of his life. Henry may be experiencing which disorder?
Illness anxiety disorder
What concept explains how a person can perceive lines in a diagram, even though distinct lines are not actually part of the diagram?
Illusory contour
Which of the following is a component of successful couples therapy?
Improving communication
What is an effective way to reduce the stigma against mental illness?
Increase contact with people who are mentally ill.
What are some of the physiological changes that make up the fight-or-flight response?
Increased heart rate, increased respiration, sweating, decreased digestive function
What are the 3 I's in borderline personality disorder symptoms?
Instability in relationships, identity disturbance, and impulsive behaviors
What does the term Gestalt mean for psychological purposes?
It refers to how we naturally group objects together and perceive whole shapes instead of individual parts.
postconventional morality
Kohlberg's highest level of moral reasoning in which moral reasoning is based on abstract principles such as justice, liberty, and equality
preconventional morality
Kohlberg's lowest level of moral reasoning in which behavior that is rewarded is viewed as right, while behavior that is punished is viewed as wrong
conventional morality
Kohlberg's second level of moral development in which morality is defined by convention—caring for others and conforming to social laws is right simply because they are the rules within society
Which theory of color vision states that we have three special receptor cells to process color that work in an opposing manner?
Opponent process theory
There is a debate about whether psychotherapy or medication is the most effective form of treatment. What do surveys suggest?
Outcomes are generally similar among all groups.
____________ care is the most common form of treatment for mental illness.
Outpatient
Richard overate during one meal and thought, "I'm going to end up overweight for the rest of my life." This is an example of which cognitive distortion?
Overgeneralization
If psychologists discovered that people who live at the poverty level have more aggressive children than do deathly ppl, this would clearly indicate that
People's economic status and the aggressiveness of their children are negatively correlated
The endocrine system consists of many glands that release hormones for different functions. Which gland is considered the "master gland" that communicates with all the other glands?
Pituitary gland
This type of brain scan provides a functional assessment of the brain.
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Stuart's car breaks down his first week of college. He has just started a new job and needs his car to get to work. He calls around to mechanics to get an estimate of the cost of repairs and compares that to the money he has saved up in the bank. He decides to call his parents and ask if he can borrow half the money needed for the repair. Which strategy is Stuart using to cope with this stress?
Problem-focused coping
Nikki has a high-pressure sales job. She experiences physiological and psychological stress on a daily basis. Nikki is learning how to systematically tense and relax her muscles to relieve the tension in her body. What is this technique called?
Progressive muscle relaxation
Bernie is arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol after being caught speeding. A psychologists from which perspective would regard Bernie's behavioral as a result o fan unconscious desire to be caught?
Psychodynamic - unconscious mind
This type of therapy views symptoms as side effects of deeper underlying problems rooted in childhood or past experiences.
Psychodynamic therapy
The effectiveness of therapy has been extensively studied. What conclusion can be reached?
Psychotherapy is more effective for the treatment of mental illness than no treatment at all.
Anna consumed two cheeseburgers, two orders of fries, a 32-ounce Diet Coke, and a chocolate milkshake. She consumed all of this in less than 2 hours. She then went to the bathroom to throw up and has been at the gym on the treadmill for an hour and a half. Her behaviors of throwing up and excessive exercise are considered what?
Purging
Marcus loves to listen to music, podcasts, and radio talk shows. He usually falls asleep while listening to something on the Internet and has his earphones in almost 5-6 hours a day. He has noticed lately that he seems to be asking his wife to repeat what she said several times before he can hear it. What type of hearing loss may Marcus be experiencing?
Sensorineural hearing loss
Which neurotransmitters do most antidepressants affect?
Serotonin and norepinephrine
How is stress related to cancer?
Stress can make a person's body more hospitable to cancer.
What is the relationship between stress, cortisol, the immune system's functioning, and the risk of illness?
Stress leads to increased cortisol and decreased functioning of the immune system, which increases the risk of illness or infection.
As Makelah does squats and lunges to warm her body up to play basketball, she realizes she is using which part of her peripheral nervous system?
Somatic nervous system
This disorder involves the presence of physical symptoms combined with abnormal thoughts, feelings, or behaviors in response to those symptoms.
Somatic symptom disorder
Martha trains her cat Whiskers to salivate to the sound of a bell. She rings the bell every 15 minutes and doesn't follow it with food for Whiskers. Whiskers salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at the sound of the ringing bell. A week later, she finds Whiskers salivating to the sound of a ringing bell. Which of the following terms explains this response?
Spontaneous recovery
___________ must be ruled out when determining the effectiveness of a particular therapy.
Spontaneous remission
Ava has had her corpus callosum severed and is referred to as a "split brain patient." When her doctor presents an apple in her left visual field she claims she doesn't see anything. Why is this?
The left visual field is processed by the right side of the brain, which is not associated with language.
How is Facebook related to social support?
The number of Facebook friends is positively related to perceived social support.
After having the same phone # for years, you move and get a new # that is similar. Retroactive interference would be demonstrated by your difficulty in remembering
The old phone number - new stops old
Why has the Müller-Lyer Illusion intrigued psychological researchers for years?
There are reliable cultural differences in perception of the illusion, but no consensus regarding why the differences exist.
What is one of the challenges people face when seeking mental health treatment under the current mental health parity law?
There is a shortage of qualified mental health professionals.
Grady was adopted shortly after birth into a loving home. Neither of his adopted parents drank alcohol or did any drugs. Throughout his adolescence and into adulthood, Grady struggled with substance abuse. He eventually found out that his biological mother was an alcoholic for her entire life. What does this scenario suggest?
There is likely a strong genetic explanation for Grady's substance abuse.
Which theory of color vision states that we have three different cone receptors that are sensitive to varying wavelengths of light?
Trichromatic theory of color vision
Increased cortisol production has been linked to what negative outcomes?
Weight gain and memory impairment
The three stages of the general adaptation syndrome are:
alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
cocktail party phenomenon
ability to selectively tune into particular messages while filtering out others in a crowded, noisy or chaotic envoirnment
In 1792, Philippe Pinel argued that mentally ill patients should be ____________.
able to move around freely and exercise outdoors
parasomnias
abnormal behavioral, experimental, or physiological events that occur in conjunction with sleep
Daryn was struggling with motivation to complete homework and attend classes. She met with a therapist and expressed her frustration with herself and her lack of drive. Daryn asked for tips on how to solve the problem, but the therapist responded with, "It sounds like you are really frustrated with yourself and can't figure out what to do." The therapist has expressed ____________.
accurate empathy
A key component of Roger's person-centered therapy is a technique that involves echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of a client's statement. This technique is called ________.
active listening
in explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational rather than personal attributions. Such a phenomenon is known as:
actor-observer bias
positive punishment
adding something undesirable after a behavior with the intention of devreasing the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future
Teratogens
agents that can negatively impact the development of an embryo or fetus
Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. Karen is engaging in:
aggression
direct aggression
aggressive acts that directly target an individual
A drug like nicotine that produces a biological response in the brain is called a(n) ______________.
agonist
The three "common ingredients" of effective psychotherapy are ____________.
allegiance effects, therapeutic alliance, and empathy
Anna is 45 years old and is suffering from hot flashes and extreme moodiness. From a(n) _______ perspective, Anna's symptoms might be attributed to menopause.
biopsychological
Dr. Banini is a health psychologist. When she conducts assessments of new patients, she is sure to ask about their medical history, family history of illness, any psychological symptoms, and current stressors in their life (e.g., family, work, home environment). Dr. Banini is practicing from a __________ perspective.
biopsychosocial
Natassia believes that boys learn to be more aggressive primarily because boys are more frequently opposed to external pressures to fight and are more often reinforced(conditioning) for aggressive behavior. Natassia's belief most directly exemplifies the _________ perspective.
behavioral
When people feel stressed, they often start eating unhealthy food and stop exercising. These ____________ aspects of stress can lead to more stress in the future.
behavioral
One of the foundational assumptions of behavioral therapy is ____________.
behaviors associated with mental illness are learned and maintained through reinforcement others are The maladaptive behaviors associated with psychological problems should be the focus of treatment and do not represent underlying conflicts or repressed impulses. Like all behaviors, the behaviors associated with psychological problems are learned, and they are maintained through the process of reinforcement.
sexual objectification
being viewed primarily as an object of sexual desire
The new eating disorder in the DSM-5 that involves recurrent episodes of binge eating without any subsequent compensatory behaviors is called ______.
binge-eating disorder
A person may inherit the predisposition for heart disease but not experience the symptoms of heart disease until he loses his job and gets a divorce in the same year. The genetic predisposition is considered a _____ factor in the biopsychosocial model.
biological
cricadian rhythm
biological clock that regulates various bodily functions on approximately a 24-hour cycle
The type of multidisciplinary approach to understanding psychological symptoms is referred to as ___________________.
biopsychosocial
SSRIs work by ________ the _______ of serotonin in the brain.
blocking; reuptake
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-5th Edition (DSM-5) is the first edition to include ____________.
both categorical and dimensional information
Discrimination, generalization, and extinction can occur in ________________.
both operant and classical conditioning
gender typed
boys and men who show traditionally masculine traits and behaviors and girls and women who show traditionally feminine traits and behaviors
theta waves
brain waves associated with the transition to sleep; may be present in n1 and n2 stages of sleep
All of the following are considered psychological responses to stress EXCEPT
bullying
treatments for Alzheimer's:
can slow but not halt or reverse the course of the disease
A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. Despite the seriousness of his message, the police officer jokes and laughs with the employees. Jane nevertheless takes what she learned seriously and beings to pay more attention to her safety. Jane used _______ when receiving the officer's message.
central-route processing
An antagonist can be described as a:
chemical that blocks the effects of a substance or neurotransmitter.
An action potential becomes a(n) ______________ event once the _______________ is/are released into the synapse.
chemical; neurotransmitter
secure attachment
children who are upset when their mother leaves but are soon comforted by parental contact upon their mother's return
persistent depressive disoredr
chronically depressed condition that lasts for at least two years for adults and one year for children
hallucinogens
class of drugs that can produce unusual sensations, distortions in the perception of reality, and intense emotional mood swings
depressants
class of drugs that depress or slow down the central nervous system and other bodily functions
mental disorder
clinically significant disturbance in a person's thoughts, emotions, or behavior that reflects dysfunction in mental functioning
In the past, thunder has made you flinch because the loud noise scares you. Lightning always comes before the thunder and after time, you begin to flinch as soon as the lightning strikes. In this scenario, lightning can be interpreted as a(n) ________.
conditioned stimulus
The neutral stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes a(n) ________ in classical conditioning.
conditioned stimulus
Dr. Edwards wants to show a causal relationship between tobacco smoking and cancer. Dr. Edwards should:
conduct an experiment using animal participants
which research method will allow researchers to determine the cause of a behavior?
conducting an experiment
punishment
consequences for behavior that decrease the probability of that behavior occuring again
when a memory is being formed, several changes take place in the brain in a process called:
consolidation
Mrs. Lewis participated in a study in which she was given no treatment for her condition. Mrs. Lewis was in the _______ group.
control
The inward movement of our eyes when we look at something close up is called __________.
convergence
The procedure in which surgeons implant a thin wire electrode into the brain to stimulate neurons is called ___________.
deep brain stimulation
At the end of her experiment, Dr. Roe informed all of her participants that not everyone received the pill that was being tested for its effect on hunger. Some people, in fact, received a sugar pill that should have had no effect. Relaying this information to the study's participants after completing the experiment is known as:
debriefing
At the end of her experiment, Dr. Roe informed all of the participants that not everyone received the pill that was being tested for its effect on hunger. Some people, in fact, received a sugar pill that should have had no effect. Relaying this information to the study's participants after completing the experiment is known as:
debriefing
In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
extinction
The ability to see in 3D comes from the brain, which receives two slightly different images from each ____________ and puts those together with cues from the ___________ to construct the world in three dimensions.
eye; environment
precipitating causes
factor in explaining the development of psychological disorders that docuses on the events and experiences in daily life that may intiate the onset of a particular disorder
perpetuating causes
factor in explaining the development of psychological disorders that focuses on the consequences of a disorder that helps maintain psychological symptoms
predisposing cause
factor in explaining the development of psychological disorders that focuses on the existing underlying factors that increase the susceptibility of developing a particular disorder
in their original study, which explored how information is stored in long-term memory, Collins and Quillian (1969) asked participants to respond "true" or "false" as quickly as possible to sentences such as "a canary is a bird" and "a canary is an animal". This results of this study suggest that:
information exists in a kind of network, with nodes of related information linked to each other in a kind of hierarchy
The 3 stages of memory(sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory) as well as the processes of 'encoding, storage, and retrieval' are all part of which model of memory?
information processing model
Nature
inherited characteristics that influence personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions
According to Irvin Yalom, two of the reasons group therapy is effective include ____________ and ____________.
installation of hope; socialization techniques
agoraphobia
intense fear of being in a situation from which escape is difficult or impossible
Strategies for overcoming prejudice include:
intergroup and equal status contact
in order to assess the influence on interpersonal attraction, researchers either insulted or complimented college students about their physical appearance just before they went on a blind date. the dependant variable consisted of:
interpersonal attraction(depends on self esteem)
Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of:
intimacy and commitment
Reflexes
involuntary responses
Biofeedback is designed to help people control their _____ bodily functions as a way to _____ stress.
involuntary; reduce
The ______ is the colored muscle of the eye that dilates and constricts according to the amount of light.
iris
Randy has a recurring dream about falling from a building. His therapist suggests that the dream might be a red flag from his subconscious that something in his life is not on track. The therapist's interpretation is related to the ___________ content of the dream while Randy's description of the action in the dream is related to the __________ content of the dream.
latent; manifest
________ is the rule of thumb stating that if there are two explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest explanation is more often the best one.
law of parsimony
mental-health parity law
law passed in October 2008 that forces insurance companies who provide mental health benefits to make the coverage equivalent to coverage for other medical problems
A behavioral approach to explain a person's fear of flying would focus on _______ patterns of behavior and experiences.
learned
Giada has an irrational fear of dogs. A behavioral psychologist would believe her anxious behavior was ______.
learned
Natalia is in an abusive relationship with her boyfriend. He has hit her several times. She has tried to leave numerous times, but he always finds her and convinces her that she would never make it without him. Natalia's pattern of behavior is similar to what Seligman studied and called ____________.
learned helplessness
operant conditioning
learning related to voluntary behavior that occurs through the application of consequences after a particular behavior is performed
When Eddie studies her psych terms, she tries to tie each concept to something she already knows. She thinks about 'the meaning of the concept' rather than just saying the words over and over. Which model of memory would best explain his approach to encoding memories?
levels of processing model
personality disorders
long-standing, rigid, and maladaptive patterns of behavior that make it difficult for individuals to sustain healthy social relationships
the fact that everyone remembers George Washington was the first president points to the primacy effect's impact on:
long-term storage
retrograde amnesia is like:
losing a document in a computer due to a power outage
According to psychodynamic dream analysis, the actual remembered event in a dream is called the ____________ while the symbolic unconscious meaning of dreams is called the _________.
manifest content; latent content
mood-stabilizing medications
medications such as lithium that are prescribed when people experience the drastic mood changes typical of bipolar disorder
anti-anxiety medications
medications that can provide relief for some people suffering from anxiety disorders, often by targeting the physiological symptoms associated with anxiety
atypical antipsychotics
medications that reduce symptoms of psychosis that are newer and have fewer negative side effects compared to the typical antipsychotics
antidepressants
medications that work to alleviate symptoms of depression
antipsychotic drugs
medications used to treat disorders in which psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations, paranoia, and delusions, predominate
Brett was up to bat and the pitcher threw a wild pitch hitting Brett in the back of the head. Luckily, Brett's batting helmet covered his neck protecting his ______________, which controls breathing and heartbeat.
medulla
which of the following best describes Sir Frederic Bartlett's view of memory?
memory is more like making up a story than it is like reading a book
episodic memory
memory of specific events or experiences
outpatient treatment
mental health treatment which occurs in a variety of outpatient settings (e.g., hospital-based clinics, counseling centers, private practice offices) and are most appropriate for people who are medically stable and able to function independently between appointments
An eyewitness was asked to testify in court about her memory of a crime that took place on her street. Prior to her testimony, an attorney provoked her with a written statement from another neighbor who had also viewed the crime. As a result of reading her neighbor's statement, which was different from her own, the accuracy of her memory was altered, which eventually affected her testimony. This is an example of:
misinformation effect
diathesis-stress model
model for explaining schizophrenia that suggest that the disorder develops froma genetic predispostion that interacts with emotional or environmental stress
continuous model
model of development suggesting that human development occurs as a gradual but consistent process over time
Muslim Arabs who are ___________ are more likely to experience acculturative stress when trying to adjust to the United States.
more religious
Compared to a collectivistic culture, a person from an individualistic culture is likely going to have __________ friends and be ___________ likely to seek out social support.
more; more
You listened to your psychology instructor talk about the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and you wondered if you qualified for that diagnosis. You recognize that you tend to worry about things, such as passing your classes and what to wear to the party. As you think more about it, you realize you don't experience the three additional symptoms required for the diagnosis. Those three additional symptoms could include ____________
muscle tension, fatigue, and lack of sleep
the ______ can be used to explain how rapidly the points on the semantic network can be accessed.
parallel distributed processing model
testosterone
the principal male sex hormone
Greg and Jose have both been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Greg's primary symptoms include lack of motivation and long periods of time where he doesn't speak. Jose's primary symptoms include hearing a voice that makes negative comments about him and a strong belief that the government is responsible for implanting the voice into his head. Greg's symptoms can be categorized as _____________, and Jose's symptoms are considered ___________.
negative; positive
At its resting state, the inside of a neuron is more ______________ than the outside.
negatively charged
Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is ________.
negatively reinforced; he is rewarded by his anxiety going down
Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is being ________.
negatively reinforced; he is rewarded by his anxiety going down
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by the adrenal glands and are both _____________ when used in the nervous system and _________ when used in the endocrine system.
neurotransmitters; hormones
easy temperament
nfants with regular eating/sleeping patterns who adapt easily to change and can tolerate frustration
Our sense of pain is experienced by ___________________, which can detect harmful pressure, chemicals, or temperatures.
nociceptors
secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive traits that develop during puberty such as breasts and hips in girls, facial hair and deeper voices in boys, and pubic and underarm hair for both boys and girls
A person demanding ________ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change.
obedience
Ethan has watched his brother receive praise and attention for his running achievements. Ethan has decided that he also would like to receive that type of praise and attention, so he has started to work out and run with his brother. Ethan has learned through ____________.
observational learning
Researchers who allow their expectations about what they will see affect the results of their observation studies are suffering from:
observer bias
Stefan is a bank executive who has intrusive thoughts throughout the day about germs and contamination. He constantly worries he will become sick and die from the germs. He has to interrupt important business meetings to wash his hands and refuses to shake hands with anyone. The thoughts have been a persistent problem for him for 10 years. Stefan's thoughts would be considered ____________.
obsessions
self objectification
occurs when a person focuses more on how his/her body is perceived by other than his/her own internal perception of his/her body
conditioned response (CR)
occurs when previously neutral stimulus leads to the response orginally associated with the unconditioned stimulus
sexual dysfunctions
ongoing problems with sexual functioning that cause distress and impairment for individuals and relationships
Jamal stared at a green screen for a long time and then looked at a white piece of paper. The __________________ theory of color vision would predict that Jamal would see the color ___________ when he looked at the white paper.
opponent process; red
sex
our biological classification as male or female based on the sex chromosomes contained in our dna, our reproductive organs, and our anatomical features
gender indentity
our self-indentifaction as male or female, a blend of both, or neither
Identity
our sense of self
Sayla has had to monitor her blood sugar levels since she was a child to make sure she doesn't get sick. Although she would like to be able to eat sweets, she understands she can't because her ______ does not produce enough _________.
pancreas; insulin
in the __________ model, memory is seen as a 'simultaneous process', with the creation and storage of memories taking place across a series of networks "stretch" across the brain.
parallel distributed processing (PDP) model
___________________ reinforcement occurs when something pleasant follows a behavior.
positive
if a researcher finds that people's shoe sizes increase as their height increases, then shoe size and height have a(n):
positive correlation
Kyla wants to make sure her dog Axel does not beg for food from the table. Every time Axel begs, Kyla says, "no" in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in. Kyla is using ________.
positive punishment
delusions
positive symptom of schizophrenia involving fixed and rigid, flase beliefs
hallucinations
positive symptoms of schizophrenia tht involves false sensory perceptions
At its resting state, the outside of a neuron is more ______________ than the inside of the neuron.
positively charged
If college graduates typically earn more money than hs grads, this would indicate that the level of education and income are
positively correlated
An action potential occurs when the inside of a cell becomes more __________ charged and the ___________ charge moves down the axon.
positively; electrical
The psychodynamic approach to understanding anxiety disorders suggests anxiety is the result of ________.
powerful, repressed id urges attempting to surface
evidence-based practice (ebp)
practicing therapy in a way that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences
Dr. Jones wanted to determine what would happen if rats were given food every time they completed the maze. He believed they would learn to complete the maze faster. This is called
prediction
Certain underlying factors can make a person susceptible to a mental disorder. These can include genetics, birth defects, and certain toxins such as alcohol or viruses. These factors are called _______ causes.
predisposing
Phineas Gage became a famous case study demonstrating how damage to the ________________ can lead to significant personality changes.
prefrontal cortex
ageism
prejudice against people based upon their age
sexism
prejudice and discrimination based on gender
_______is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _______ is the behavior that can result from that attitude.
prejudice; discrimination
The neuron that secretes neurotransmitters into the synapse is called the _________, and the neuron that receives the signal is called the ________.
presynaptic neuron; postsynaptic neuron
In recent years, the focus in mental health care has shifted toward ______________.
preventive care
Marcia dated David for several years. They recently broke up and Marcia went out on a date with a man named Oliver. While on the date, Marcia mistakenly called him Davio. This is an example of:
proactive interference
if you move from the United States to England and have trouble adjusting to driving on the left side of the road, you are experiencing:
proactive interference
physiological dependence
process in which the body becomes physically dependent or reliant on the drug typically involves tolerance and/or withdrawal
Specialized nerve cells in our muscles, tendons, and joints called __________, provide a constant stream of information from our body parts through our spinal cords and into the cortex of the parietal lobe.
proprioceptors
prospective memory
remembering to perform a specific action such as calling someone back or bringing lunch to the office
negative punishment
removing something desirable or enjoyable after a behavior with the intention of decreasing the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future
negative symptoms
represent a pathological deficit, or the absenceof emotions or behaviors that are typically present in a psychologically healthy individual
primary sex characteristics
reproductive organs and external genitalia
delayed ejactulation
requiring a prolonged period of sexual stimulation before being able to ejaculate
normative investigations
research studies performed with healthy ("normative") participants to establish normal behavior or average performance in a population
Behavioral geneticists use twin and adoption studies to examine the role of genetics. In general, adopted individuals have traits that _______________________.
resemble their biological parents
Suki has been attending weekly sessions with her therapist who believes that Suki's childhood experiences have led to her avoidance of relationships. Once the therapist asks questions about Suki's relationship with her mother, Suki begins to miss appointments. In the psychodynamic theory, missing appointments would be considered a sign of ___________.
resistance
stimulus generalization
responding to stimuli similar to but distinct from the original stimulus
stimulus discrimination
responding to the origional stimulus only without responding to other stimuli
The __________ is comprised of multilayered tissue at the back of the eye and is responsible for visual transduction.
retina
Humans receive images on their retinas from two slightly different angles. This binocular cue is referred to as ___________.
retinal disparity
Twin sisters Leah and Lily know they have the genetics for heart disease. Both sisters like to exercise, but Lily also has a high-stress job and only sleeps four hours a night. Leah is a yoga instructor and eats a mostly vegetarian diet. The field of epigenetics would suggest
the environment has the ability to change gene expression, so both women can change their risk of developing heart disease.
acculturation
the extent to which a member of one cultural group addopts the beliefs and behaviors of another group
Ovaries
the female reproductive organ where ova are produced and released
excitement phase
the first phase of the sexual response cycle when arousal occurs
n1
the first stage of sleep where alpha wave activity decreases and larger. slower theta wave activity increases
resolution phase
the fourth phase of the sexual response cycle during which there is a return to normal functioning
adrenal androgen
the hormone that increases during puberty and plays an important role in the development of sexual interest
Cognition
the mental activities associated with sensation and perception, thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating, to find answers
alzheimers disease
the most common form of dementia characterized by progressive and irreversible declines in memory thinking and language
unconditioned response Ucr
the naturally occuring or reflexive response to unconditioned stimulus
Menarche
the onset of menstruation in girls
external genitalia
the penis and scrotum in males and the labia, clitoris, and external vagina in females
acquisition phase
the period of time during classical conditioning when the neutral stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned response
adolescence
the period of transition from childhood to adulthood that usually occurs around age 10-12 and continues until age 18-21
intensive outpatient treatment
treatment which allows people to maintain their work and/or school obligations while still receiving more intensive treatment multiple days a week
automatic thoughts
thoughts that automatically come to mind and can be negative and/or biased which can lead to depressed mood according to the cognitive model of therapy
People with lower socioeconomic status (SES) are ____ more likely to die at a younger age than their higher SES counterparts.
three times
In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter:
told them that they had to continue
Processing that relies heavily on previous knowledge and is influenced by our beliefs, expectations, and experiences is called __________.
top-down processing
You are attending a lecture with your friend but can't quite hear what the presenter is saying. Once your friend tells you the title of the lecture is "Psychology in Oscar-Winning Movies," you are able to understand much more of what was being said. This is an example of ____________.
top-down processing
Preterm infants have been found to thrive when their sense of _________ is stimulated by their mother.
touch
Sensory neurons carry information ________________ the central nervous system, and motor neurons carry information ______________ the central nervous system.
toward; away from
expressive traits
traditionally feminine traits and behaviors
instrumental traits
traditionally masculine traits and behaviors
Julius gets up in the middle of the night and turns on the bathroom light to get a drink of water. The process by which his receptor cells take the light from the environment and convert it into electrical signals is referred to as ___________.
transduction
Paul had an abusive coach for many years as a child. Later in therapy, he began to direct his unresolved anger for his coach toward his therapist in a process known as _________.
transference
As Carly became more comfortable with her therapist, she began reacting to the therapist in the same way that she often reacted to her father. This is an example of ____________.
transference.
continuous positive airway pressure
treatment for sleep apnea which involve wearing a mask that uses air pressure to keep the airway open during sleep
residential treatment
treatment provided through a live-in facility where patients receive intense and structured treatment
