World History AP 1st Semester REVIEW
Which of the following reasons suggests why common people supported the Lutheran Reformation? Select one: a. Luther's reforms meant that indulgences and other ecclesiastical means of salvation would become less expensive and more readily available to the poor. b. Lutheranism sanctioned money-making and other earthly pursuits more wholeheartedly than did traditional Catholicism. c. Luther advocated the overthrow of the authority of the German princes. d. Luther advocated redistribution of land and property throughout Germany. e. Luther supported the Peasant Revolt that broke out throughout Germany.
b
Which of the following represents a cultural difference between the Incas and Aztecs? Select one: a. Relative isolation b. Lack of a writing system c. Monumental architecture d. Practice of human sacrifice e. Lack of a priest class
b
Which of the following changes associated with treatment of children was associated with the Enlightenment? Select one: a. Parents became more interested in freer movement and greater interaction for young children. b. Childhood became a period of time where the labor of the children was freely available to the family. c. Childhood was no longer perceived as a stage for learning and growth. d. Physical discipline of children to encourage their development became more common. e. Swaddling of infants continued as a means of protecting infants from injury.
a
Which of the following represents a significant difference between the Andean and Mesoamerican civilizations? Select one: a. Kin-based social groups b. Climate and geography c. Tribute systems d. The existence of a nobility e. Sedentary agricultural systems
b
Which of the following statements concerning Aztec religion is most accurate? Select one: a. Aztec deities were numerous and had different forms or manifestations somewhat like the avatars of the Hindu deities. b. There was little or no animism in the religious world of the Aztecs. c. Tonatiuh and Tezcatlipoca became the paramount gods along with Nezhualcoyotl. d. Shortly after establishing their empire, the Aztecs abandoned all gods other than their patron, Huitzilopochtli. e. Aztec deities were normally associated only with male forms.
a
Which of the following did NOT occur as a result of the Aztec rise to power? Select one: a. The emergence of a ruler with supreme powers b. The abandonment of human sacrifice c. A highly urbanized society d. The increasing dominance of the nobility e. The subsequent expansion of power and the boundaries of Aztec control
b
The most powerful of the Andean states between 900 and 1465 following the decline of Tihuanaco and Huari was Select one: a. Chavin. b. Texcoco. c. Titicaca. d. Chimor. e. Chichen Itza.
d
All of the following were typical of 16th century absolute monarchy EXCEPT Select one: a. the destruction of provincial councils. b. a growing bureaucracy. c. the cessation of parliamentary government. d. constant warfare among monarchs. e. a professionalized army.
a
Besides France, where else did absolute monarchy develop during the period 1450 to 1750? Select one: a. Prussia b. The Netherlands c. Italy d. Britain e. Poland
a
How did agriculture change in the late 17th century? Select one: a. New technology and better stock-breeding methods resulted in higher productivity. b. More people worked on farms than ever before due to the higher wages being paid. c. Tomatoes were introduced from the Americas and rapidly became a major food source in western Europe. d. Western Europe continued to rely largely on the methods and techniques characteristic of the Middle Ages. e. The practice of fallowing was introduced to restore fertility of fields.
a
Inflation and commercialization in the West produced a group of people without access to producing property called the Select one: a. proletariat. b. bourgeoisie. c. provenςales. d. gentry. e. sans culottes.
a
One of the most permanent features of Aztec society was its organization into clans or Select one: a. calpulli. b. ayllus. c. chinampas. d. quipus. e. pipiltin.
a
Tambos were Select one: a. way stations along roads in the Inca empire. b. knotted strings used for record keeping. c. labor turns exacted by the Inca authorities. d. the Aztec term for local rulers. e. mountain passes found in the Andes.
a
The central figure of the cult of human sacrifice and the most sacred deity of the Aztecs was Select one: a. Huitzilopochtli. b. Tlaloc. c. Chac. d. Quetzalcoatl. e. Tonatiuh.
a
What was one of the primary differences between the Northern and Italian Renaissances? Select one: a. Northern humanists focused more on religion than their Italian counterparts. b. The Northern Renaissance did not make use of the classical languages typical of the Italian Renaissance. c. The Northern Renaissance occurred a century earlier than the Italian Renaissance. d. There were no major literary figures in the Northern Renaissance. e. Northern kings did not become patrons of the arts.
a
What was the European-style family pattern that emerged in the 15th century? Select one: a. Nuclear families, late marriage ages b. Extended families, early marriage ages c. Extended families, late marriage ages d. Nuclear families, early marriage ages e. Extended families, marriage optional
a
What was the nature of the Aztec economy? Select one: a. The Aztec state redistributed many goods received as tribute and there was a specialized merchant class. b. The Aztecs developed a free-market economy in which all trade was in the hands of specialized merchants. c. The Aztecs failed to develop a merchant class, so all distribution of goods was carried out by the state. d. The Aztec traded the entire length of the inhabited Pacific coast as far south as the Inca empire. e. There was little trade within Aztec society, as almost all communities were self-sufficient.
a
What was the political impact of Calvinism? Select one: a. Calvinists sought the participation of all believers in church administration, which encouraged the idea of a wider access to government. b. Due to the location of the center of Calvinism in Switzerland, most governments that accepted the new religion were city-states. c. Because of the insistence of Calvinism of the acceptance of a single ecclesiastical authority, Calvinism spread rapidly among the absolute monarchies. d. Calvinist doctrine held that kings should appoint bishops and local priests. e. Calvinism was regarded as so potentially revolutionary that it failed to find a foothold outside of Germany.
a
What was the primary difference in the political situation between the Mesoamerican and Andean zones following the breakup of the classical states? Select one: a. In the Andean zones a number of relatively large states continued to be important, rather than the breakdown of power that was typical of Mesoamerica. b. The transition of power that took place in the Andean zone was accomplished by invasion from outside the region. c. The Andean region was more compact and therefore quickly reunited under the leadership of the Inca. d. In Mesoamerica there was no real political decline as new peoples simply took over the institutions of their predecessors. e. The Andean political experience lacked the militaristic overtones that accompanied the breakdown of power in Mesoamerica.
a
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the reason Luther picked up widespread support among the German elite? Select one: a. German princes who turned Protestant could increase their independence from the emperor, seize church lands, and control the church in their territories. b. Luther proposed moving the papacy from Rome to Germany. c. Luther was seen as anti-Muslim and many German princes saw a way to expand their power into eastern Europe. d. Luther's support for a more centralized German government under the control of the Holy Roman emperor struck a responsive chord in German nationalism. e. Luther proposed that indulgences should be collected by the Holy Roman emperor instead of the pope.
a
Which of the following states fell back from European ascendancy following the religious wars? Select one: a. Spain b. Britain c. Italy d. The Netherlands e. France
a
Who is generally credited with initiating the Protestant Reformation in 1517? Select one: a. Martin Luther b. Johann Eck c. Ignatius Loyola d. Jean Calvin e. Henry VIII
a
Adam Smith's economic theory advocated Select one: a. government intervention in order to control the flow of bullion through extensive tariff systems. b. that governments avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces. c. the use of a controlled money supply as a means of limiting inflation. d. the institution of state-controlled guilds to fix standards of production and wages. e. that governments should allocate labor and capital whenever they engaged in warfare.
b
Although later civilizations in Mesoamerica borrowed and built on the previous accomplishments of the Olmecs and Maya, later civilizations (A) were not as war-like as their predecessors had been. (B) rarely surpassed their intellectual predecessors. (C) failed to improve on the political institutions and types of Olmec and Maya states. (D) abandoned polytheism in favor of monotheism. (E) abandoned trade.
b
Because of their level of technological development, Aztec work and production (A) relied heavily on tools and machines. (B) relied heavily on the physical labor of humans. (C) utilized domesticated beasts of burden extensively. (D) richly rewarded intellectual invention and innovation. (E) were performed by slaves and conquered or tributary states.
b
By 1750, the strands of commercial, cultural, and political changes in Europe had combined to create Select one: a. rapid adaptation not found in other civilizations. b. an unusual version of an agricultural civilization. c. proof of the innate superiority of Western civilization. d. a truly socialistic society based on Marxian principles. e. an unstable political environment that would eventually regress backwards.
b
The Aztec awaited the appearance of an eagle landing on a cactus with a serpent in its mouth. When this appeared Select one: a. the sun would not shine. b. their wanderings would end. c. Lake Texcoco would dry up. d. a strong female ruler would emerge. e. their capitol would be destroyed.
b
The average Western peasant or artisan owned about how many times more "things" than his or her counterpart in southeastern Europe? Select one: a. 10 b. Five c. Four d. Three e. Eight
b
What city did the Aztecs establish circa 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco? Select one: a. Chinampa b. Tenochtitlan c. Culhuacan d. Texcoco e. Teotihuacan
b
What was Isaac Newton's work published in 1687 that drew various theories together into a framework of natural laws? Select one: a. Analogica Pedagogica b. Principia Mathematica c. Novum Organum d. Analects e. Ars Mystica
b
What was the Andean principle of inheritance? Select one: a. Everything passing to the monarch b. Parallel descent: women passed rights and property to daughters, men to sons c. Extended family split inheritances evenly d. Matrilineal, inheritance passing in the female line e. Patrilineal, inheritance passing in the male line
b
What was the Inca practice of split inheritance? Select one: a. All power and wealth was inherited by the eldest son but religious leadership fell to the youngest daughter. b. All political power and titles went to the ruler's successor, but his wealth was kept in the hands of the male descendants to support the cult of the dead Inca's mummy. c. On the death of the previous ruler, the family's wealth was equally divided among all male heirs. d. On the death of the previous ruler, the inheritance passed through the family of the senior wife to her oldest brother. e. On the death of the previous ruler, the throne passed to two descendants from the ruler's family.
b
Which of the following statements most accurately describes a change in popular mentality as a result of the Protestant Reformation? Select one: a. Protestants tended to believe what church authorities told them whereas Catholics began to question church doctrines. b. Protestants and Catholics considered the family in more positive terms, not simply as an institution necessary because of human lust. c. Protestants were more likely to credit miracles or divine interruptions in nature's course. d. Religious change tended to discourage the growth of literacy in the era following the Protestant Reformation. e. Protestant churches, as physical structures, were more closely connected to market activities in the cities, encouraging the idea that religion and daily life were related.
b
Which of the following states stood apart from the trend toward absolute monarchy in the 17th century and retained a parliamentary regime? Select one: a. Denmark b. Britain c. Spain d. Austria-Hungary e. France
b
Around what year did the Aztecs migrate to the central valley of Mexico? Select one: a. 1434 b. 1000 c. 1325 d. 932 e. 1150
c
At the time of their migration to the shores of Lake Texcoco, the Aztec numbered about Select one: a. 1,000. b. 150,000 c. 10,000 d. 100,000 e. 50,000
c
By 1500, agriculture was Select one: a. practiced in sedentary communities and by nomadic pastoralists throughout the Americas. b. virtually unknown outside of the Andean and Mesoamerican civilization zones. c. largely diffused throughout the Americas, although not always in sedentary agricultural communities. d. practiced in sedentary communities throughout the Americas. e. practiced sparingly inside Mesoamerica but was used extensively in regions such as the Mississippi.
c
Closely identified with the cult of sacrifice and the military, the Aztec social hierarchy developed a nobility referred to as the Select one: a. calpulli. b. quipus. c. pipiltin. d. pochteca. e. chinampas.
c
How did the Aztecs view the cultural achievements of the Toltecs? Select one: a. As heretics, who practiced a forbidden religion b. As slaves, fit only for conquest c. As the givers of civilization d. As barbarians who lacked culture e. The Toltec culture was unknown to the Aztecs
c
In terms of the integration of a centralized empire, how did the Incas and Aztecs compare? Select one: a. To create their empires both allowed little variation from region to region and city to city. b. Both the Incas and the Aztecs created fully integrated empires complete with central bureaucracies and military administrative units that controlled all conquered regions. c. The Incas attempted to create an over-arching political state and made conscious attempts to integrate their empire as a unit, while the Aztecs did less in this regard. d. The Aztecs were more advanced than the Incas in consolidating their government into an integrated unit. e. The Aztecs and Incas both made little attempt to integrate conquered territories and permitted self-rule in return for loyalty and tribute.
c
Johannes Gutenberg was responsible for Select one: a. the defeat of the Catholic forces during the Thirty Years War. b. the unification of the Holy Roman Empire in 1537. c. the invention of movable type in the West. d. the construction of Wittenberg cathedral during the 15th century. e. the split that occurred in the Catholic church in the late 1500s.
c
One reason offered for the expansion of the Inca state was (A) a need for humans to sacrifice to the state gods. (B) overpopulation and the need for new crop land. (C) each new Inca ruler had to secure new land and wealth for himself. (D) changing environment and climate that drove the Incas from their homeland. (E) superior technologies made it easy for the Incas to conquer other peoples.
c
Religious practices of the Incas included all of these attributes EXCEPT: (A) animism. (B) ancestor worship. (C) monotheism. (D) sun worship. (E) theocratic government.
c
The Inca nobility were Select one: a. drawn from the noble ayllus of the conquered population. b. not distinguished from the commoners by appearance or dress. c. drawn from 10 royal ayllus and the city of Cuzco. d. often commoners who distinguished themselves in battle. e. lower in status to the yanas and the priest class.
c
The Inca ruler associated with the first creation of the Inca empire in 1438 was Select one: a. Moctezuma II. b. Nezhualcoyotl. c. Pachacuti. d. Ahuitzotl. e. Topac Yupanqui.
c
The religious practice most closely associated with the state and the person of the Inca in Andean civilization was the cult of Select one: a. Twantinsuyu. b. Quetzalcoatl. c. the sun. d. human sacrifice. e. the rain god.
c
The religious wars that followed the Protestant Reformation led generally to Select one: a. the establishment of Protestant dominance. b. the end of the involvement of the state in religion. c. a limited acceptance of the idea of religious pluralism. d. the restoration of Catholic unity. e. a monolithic Protestantism in Europe.
c
What do the authors suggest was the principal reason for Inca conquest and expansion? Select one: a. The existence of long-distance trade merchants within the imperial administration b. The absence of irrigation systems within the Inca empire c. The practice of split inheritance d. The cult of the sun e. Their need for human sacrificial victims
c
What monarch is associated with the establishment of enlightened despotism in Prussia in the middle of the 18th century? Select one: a. William III b. Maria Teresa c. Frederick the Great d. Joseph II e. Charles VI
c
What was the relationship between the Toltecs and their predecessors in central Mexico? Select one: a. The former residents of central Mexico were wiped out during the Toltec invasions. b. The Toltec rejected all economic and social practices but did use similar religious practices. c. The Toltecs adopted many cultural features from their predecessors to which they added a strong military ethic and human sacrifice. d. The Toltecs adopted the animistic religion of their predecessors, but failed to develop cities or ceremonial centers. e. The entry of the Toltecs into central Mexico marks an abrupt break in the cultural development of the region.
c
Which of the following accounts in part for the decline of the Italian Renaissance circa 1500? Select one: a. Atlantic trade routes increased the importance of Italian cities and their role in the slave trade. b. Much of Italy was conquered by the Ottoman Turks after the battle of Lepanto. c. French and Spanish monarchs invaded the peninsula, cutting down on political independence. d. The creation of a single nation-state in northern Italy sapped the vitality of artistic patronage. e. Routes through Russia to the East undercut the Italian monopoly of trade.
c
Which of the following descriptions most accurately defines mercantilism? Select one: a. Mercantilism argued that the money supply should be freed from the supply of bullion and based instead on the flow of goods within regional markets. b. Mercantilism was a scientific theory that attempted to limit the growing dominance of merchants within society. c. Mercantilism held that government should promote the internal economy in order to improve tax revenues and to limit imports from other nations. d. Mercantilism was an economic philosophy that argued that natural laws would determine the flow of goods according to supply and demand. e. Mercantilism is the idea that all trade should be international and free of any restraints.
c
Which of the following does NOT represent a characteristic of most Indian societies other than the Andean and Mesoamerican civilizations? Select one: a. Highly urbanized populations b. Important social and political roles for women c. Wealth as the basis of social ranking d. Strongly kin-based societies e. Communal action and ownership of resources
c
Which of the following is NOT true of the Aztec view of marriage and the family? Select one: a. Virginity at marriage was highly regarded for young women. b. Mayeques rarely married into noble families. c. Polygamy was common throughout society. d. Marriages were often arranged between lineages. e. Young girls were often trained by the older women of the calpulli.
c
Which of the following statements concerning Italian humanism is most accurate? Select one: a. Humanists de-emphasized the corporate and communal aspects of human society. b. Humanists rejected scientific explanations in favor of spiritual ones. c. Humanists focused on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor. d. Humanists attacked Christianity as rife with superstition and witchcraft. e. Humanists carved out new literary styles without reference to classical or medieval models.
c
Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the view of Deists? Select one: a. The institutional church has failed Western society, and it is necessary for the reestablishment of the church through new institutions founded by the state. b. The authority of the church is paramount, and all political power is derived from divine sanction. c. While there may be a divinity, its role is only to set natural laws in motion. d. God establishes governments on Earth, and kings are his instruments. e. God can be found in all elements of creation, whether plant, animal, or mineral.
c
Which of the following was NOT a basic principle of the Enlightenment? Select one: a. Human beings are naturally good and can be educated to do better. b. Society's goals should center on improvements in material and social life. c. If people were not controlled, general social decline was inevitable. d. Religions that relied on faith or refused to tolerate diversity were wrong. e. Humans behave according to natural laws based on reason.
c
Which of the following was NOT a religious proposition advanced by Martin Luther? Select one: a. Monasticism was wrong. b. Sale of indulgence, or grants of salvation, for money was wrong. c. Priests should practice celibacy. d. Only faith could gain salvation. e. People should read the Bible in their own language.
c
Which of the following was NOT an impact of the Renaissance on politics and commerce? Select one: a. They experimented with new political forms that did not stress heredity or divine guidance. b. The city-states introduced the regular exchange of ambassadors and the exercise of diplomacy. c. Under humanist influence, wars among Italian city-states became less frequent and violent. d. Renaissance merchants improved banking techniques and became more capitalist. e. City-state leaders experimented with new political forms and functions and justified their authority on the basis of what they could do to advance the general well-being.
c
Which of the following was utilized in the Inca empire, but NOT by the Aztecs? Select one: a. Elaborate road systems b. Use of local rulers in exchange for recognition of sovereignty c. Extensive use of colonization d. Identification of the nobility with the administrative and military functions of the state e. A semi-divine emperor
c
Who used astronomical observation and mathematical calculation to disprove the Hellenistic belief that the Earth was the center of the universe? Select one: a. Francis Bacon b. Galileo c. Copernicus d. Vesalius e. Isaac Newton
c
Around 1500 C.E., membership in Aztec society was hierarchically defined by all of these methods EXCEPT: (A) social classes. (B) gender. (C) clans or tribes. (D) ethnicity. (E) occupational groups.
d
In order to supply food to Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs (A) obtained food through tribute from conquered city-states. (B) relied largely on trade for foodstuffs. (C) used slave labor. (D) built floating agricultural islands on the lake. (E) filled in Lake Texcoco to obtain agricultural lands.
d
In the period shortly after the arrival of the Aztecs in the valley of Mexico, what was the nature of the political organization of the region? Select one: a. A large confederation b. Regional kingdoms c. Hunting and gathering groups d. City-states e. Imperial
d
The Edict of Nantes, issued in France in 1598, Select one: a. decreed the abolition of Protestantism in France. b. led to the Thirty Years War between France and Sweden. c. established Calvinism as the state religion of France. d. granted tolerance to Protestants and helped end the French civil wars of religion. e. declared war against the Lutheran princes of Germany.
d
The Toltec capital was established at Select one: a. Tlotelolco. b. Tenochtitlan. c. Twantinsuyu. d. Tula. e. Teotihuacan.
d
The aftermath of the Scientific Revolution spilled over into a new intellectual movement in the 18th century called the Select one: a. Baroque Era. b. Renaissance. c. Risorgimento. d. Enlightenment. e. Great Awakening.
d
The modern image of the Inca empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole and the state regulated the distribution of resources on the basis of need is referred to as Select one: a. utopian positivism. b. Mesoamerican capitalism. c. Inca despotism. d. Inca socialism. e. Indian utilitarianism.
d
What was the Aztec view of history? Select one: a. Because they lacked a calendar system, the Aztecs had no formal historical viewpoint. b. They believed in a linear view of history dedicated to the premise of Aztec superiority for eternity. c. They believed in a linear history ending with their total destruction at the hands of the people from the East. d. Like other Mesoamerican peoples, the Aztecs believed in a cyclical pattern of repetitive destructions of the world. e. Unlike other Mesoamerican peoples, the Aztecs rejected the cyclical view of history for a more modern historical view based on the history of their empire.
d
What was the church established by Henry VIII in England? Select one: a. Lutheran b. Calvinism c. Jesuit d. Anglican e. Baptist
d
What was the impact of expansion and conquest on the Aztec social system? Select one: a. Conquest opened up Aztec society to incursions by the indigenous peoples who began to form a trained bureaucracy. b. Aztec social institutions became more inclusive leading to a more equalitarian society. c. Aztec society was transformed in the sense that the Mexicans adopted the social patterns of the Maya. d. From a loose association of clans, Aztec society became a highly stratified society. e. Despite the stress of warfare and invasion, the Aztec society remained remarkably unchanged by the process.
d
Which of the following existed in the Aztec empire, but NOT in the Inca empire? Select one: a. A tribute system b. Redistribution of tribute by the state c. Recognition of local groups and leaders d. An extensive merchant class e. Extraction of labor for use on temple projects
d
Which of the following statements about the Renaissance is NOT accurate? Select one: a. The Renaissance challenged medieval intellectual values and styles. b. The Renaissance was largely an artistic movement that began in Italy. c. The Renaissance was built on a more commercialized economy. d. The Renaissance failed to develop any new ideas concerning political organization. e. The Renaissance had a southern and northern phase.
d
Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of American civilizations during the post classical period? Select one: a. Large cities based on elaborate political and economic organization b. Diverse civilizations c. Elaborate cultural systems d. Monotheistic practices e. Highly developed agriculture
d
After the sack of Tula, the center of population and political power in Mexico shifted to Select one: a. Yucatan peninsula. b. Teotihuacan and the area west of the Pacific. c. the southern Pacific coast. d. Chimor. e. the valley of Mexico and the shores of a chain of lakes in that basin.
e
All land in the Inca state (A) belonged to the priests. (B) was owned by merchants and traders. (C) belonged to the oldest woman of the family. (D) was owned by those who worked the land. (E) was owned by the state but assigned and redistributed to others.
e
Demographic evidence of the Aztec Empire around 1500 C.E. indicates (A) a falling population base when the Europeans arrived. (B) decreasing birthrates. (C) women outnumbered men due to the loses during the frequent wars. (D) most Aztecs lived in cities. (E) an extremely high population density
e
During the post classical period, societies in the Americas Select one: a. were united under a single government. b. experienced the initial contacts that led to the European invasion of the New World. c. abandoned Central America and migrated northward. d. failed to develop imperial forms of government similar to European society. e. remained entirely separate from those of the Old World.
e
For the Mesoamericans of the Aztec period, religion (A) was increasingly monotheistic. (B) developed into idealistic philosophies and intellectual discussions. (C) taught that humans should live ethical, moral lives. (D) declined and atheism began to spread widely. (E) was oppressive and made little distinction between the sacred and secular.
e
The Aztec innovation in intensive agriculture in the aquatic environments of the lakes of central Mexico was the development of Select one: a. Pochteca. b. pipiltin. c. quipus. d. calpulli. e. chinampas.
e
The Aztecs rose to power through all of the following means EXCEPT: (A) control of water and irrigation. (B) political alliances with neighboring cities. (C) marriage alliances. (D) warfare. (E) trade.
e
The Toltec empire lasted until about what date? Select one: a. 1236 b. 1521 c. 1000 d. 1434 e. 1150
e
The capital of the Inca empire was Select one: a. Chan Chan. b. Cajamarca. c. Chichen Itza. d. Tihuanaco. e. Cuzco.
e
The northern nomadic peoples who entered central Mexico following the decline of Teotihuacan were the Select one: a. Aztecs. b. Incas. c. Maya. d. Olmecs. e. Toltecs.
e
The people who succeeded the Toltecs as the rulers of central Mexico were the Select one: a. Maya. b. Olmecs. c. Incas. d. Quechua. e. Aztecs.
e
The theological foundation of Jean Calvin's Protestantism was Select one: a. the doctrine of penance. b. the sacraments. c. iconodulism. d. solipsism. e. predestination.
e
What determined the age of marriage for many people in Europe? Select one: a. Local traditions b. The occupation of the husband c. The approval of the church d. Securing license to marry from the government e. Access to real property
e
What was the nature of the Aztec administration of subject territories? Select one: a. All territories conquered by the Aztecs became part of a singular administration run by a trained bureaucracy located in Tenochtitlan, much like the Byzantine Empire. b. Aztecs rarely collected tribute from subject territories but did take hostages for human sacrifice. c. The Aztecs placed members of the Aztec nobility as rulers over subject peoples. d. The Aztecs established a military administration with subject territories controlled by regional generals. e. Conquered territories were often left relatively unchanged under their old rulers as long as they recognized Aztec supremacy and paid tribute.
e
Which of the following areas was NOT successfully defended by the Catholic Reformation? Select one: a. Hungary b. Southern Europe c. Poland d. Iberia e. The Netherlands
e
Which of the following lists the major developments of Western civilization in proper sequence? Select one: a. Absolute monarchy, Renaissance, Enlightenment, Protestant Reformation b. Protestant Reformation, Renaissance, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment c. Absolute monarchy, Enlightenment, Protestant Reformation, Renaissance d. Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Enlightenment, absolute monarchy e. Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment
e
Which of the following statements about the population of the Americas is most true? Select one: a. Most estimates are approximately the same. b. The early 20th-century estimate of 8.4 million still seems the most accurate. c. The population of the Americas is easy to calculate. d. North America was more densely populated than Mesoamerica or the Andes. e. The population estimates of the Americas continue to be revised upward.
e
Which of the following statements concerning mid-18th-century Western society is most accurate? Select one: a. The spread of domestic manufacturing destroyed the traditional habits and family patterns of earlier Europe. b. Radical changes in the nature of government resulted in the creation of essentially new political forms. c. As a result of the Enlightenment, established churches no longer were forces to be reckoned with in Western society. d. Most people believed that population growth was self-regulating due to the occurrence of famines. e. Agricultural changes, commercialism, and manufacturing had combined to produce a rapidly growing population in the West.
e
Which of the following statements concerning the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan is NOT accurate? Select one: a. It was built on an island in the middle of a lake. b. It and Cuzco shared a similar geography in that both cities were located on a lake. c. The city was divided into more than 60 wards controlled by kinship groups. d. By 1519 it probably had a population of about 150,000. e. Unlike other Mesoamerican cities it lacked a temple complex.
e
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of manufacturing in the later 18th century? Select one: a. The factory system was well established since the commercial revolution of the 16th century and continued to develop during this period. b. Large scale mass production was begun in places like France and Germany. c. The lack of new technology caused a bottleneck in the manufacturing processes and led to stagnation in European productivity. d. By the 18th century the economic growth typical of the 16th century had halted, and manufacturing suffered from the withdrawal of capital. e. The 18th century witnessed a rapid spread of household production of textiles and metal products, mostly by rural workers who alternated manufacturing with some agriculture.
e
Which of the following views of the Aztec practice of human sacrifice can be associated with Marvin Harris's interpretation of the "cannibal kingdom"? Select one: a. It was immoral and unnecessary and was a waste of economic resources. b. It was an essentially religious act central to their belief that humans must sacrifice that which was most precious to them in order to receive the sun, rain, and other blessings. c. The incidence of human sacrifice was grossly exaggerated by the Spanish for political purposes. d. It was the intentional manipulation of a traditional practice to terrorize their neighbors and to keep the lower classes subordinate. e. It was a response to the lack of available protein in the form of large mammals.
e
Which of the following was NOT a function of the Aztec kinship groups? Select one: a. Organizing military units for warfare b. Maintaining temples and schools c. Distributing land to household heads d. Organizing labor units for state service e. Assignment of people to cult groups
e
Which of the following was NOT a participant in the 15th-century Italian Renaissance? Select one: a. Niccolo Machiavelli b. Michelangelo c. Donatello d. Leonardo da Vinci e. Giotto
e
Which of the following was NOT one of the major themes or cults of Aztec religion? Select one: a. Creator deities b. Gods of fertility c. The agricultural cycle d. Gods of warfare and sacrifice e. Deities devoted to contemplation and salvation
e
Which of the following was a Western response to the commercial revolution of the 16th century that was proletarian in outlook? Select one: a. A more elaborate family life including greater material wealth b. A more caring attitude toward the problems of the poor c. Greater admiration for the merchant class and the Catholic church d. Greater belief in personal achievement and the demystification of nature e. A wave of popular protests resulting in uprisings caused by social tensions
e
While the position of Aztec women in many ways paralleled that of women in other civilizations at a similar stage of development, what was the significant difference between the lives of women in Mesoamerica and in the Mediterranean world? Select one: a. Women in Mesoamerica participated fully in the military. b. There was no polygamy practiced in Mesoamerica. c. Peasant women were more highly educated in Mesoamerica. d. Aztec women were unable to inherit or to pass property on to heirs. e. Aztec women had to spend many more hours grinding grain for food.
e