World History II Unit IV - Ch 24

Harijans

"children of God"; sometimes called the "untouchables"; the poorest, lowest class (caste) in India, peasants who Gandhi identified with (he dressed like them, lived like them, etc.)

Gandhi's vision for India

"I want you to adopt non-violence as a matter of policy". He wanted freedom, peace and no violence. Live in a community.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Satyagraha

(holding fast to the truth) "Truth force," a term used by Gandhi to describe peaceful boycotts, strikes, noncooperation, and mass demonstrations to promote Indian independence.

Qajar Dynasty

- Ruling dynasty of Persia from 1794-1925 -Persian; succeeded by the Pahlavi Dynasty; defunct, because it relied too much on foreign influence

1911 Chinese Revolution

-1911-1912 revolution that overthrew the Qing (Manchu Dynasty) because Cixi died and Puyi was a child and couldn't lead -Nationalist party led by Chiang Kai-shek ruled from 1928-49 when the communists took over,

INC

-Indian National Congress -Most popular Indian political party - wanted freedom from Britian -Originally used force, but Gandhi reformed it to use Satyagraha -Gandhi elected President of INC in 1921 -Reformed party

Balfour Declaration

-Made Palestine into a national home for Jews, recreated the state of Isreal assuming that the Palestinians and Jews would coexist without conflict. -British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

Turkey's Independence from Ottoman Impire

-Musafa Kemal led Turkish NATIONALISTS in fighting the GREEK and BRITISH backers overthrew OTTOMAN SULTAN

Why did Indian leadership of Indian Independence movement have problems?

-Traditional values -not being modernized -reform -didn't know how to control independence -Muslims apposed

Sun Yat-sen

-came in after Cixi died, didn't last long Chinese physician and political leader who aimed to transform China with patriotic, democratic, and economically progressive reforms.

Mahatma Gandhi

-wanted democracy -wanted to unify all Indians -wanted home rule and independence from Great Britian 3 major campaigns led by Gandhi for independence * noncooperation 1919-1922 * civil disobedience (1930-1931) salt march * Quit India Movement (1940-42) Get out of India -great revolutionary who led India to independence from Great Britain through passive resistance and civil disobedience based upon Henry David Thoreau's doctrines

CHINA

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LATIN AMERICA

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MIDDLE EAST

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4 Principles (Gandhi)

1 - live simple 2 - be tolerant 3 - spend life in service 4 - battle injustices

Amritsar Massacre

1919 -To protest the Rowlatt Act, Indians gathered in Amritsar, where British troops fired on the crowd killing several hundred. This sparked further protests -Muslims and Hindu's protesting -people were vassilating between British rule and Indian Independence, because British reform had changed peoples lives and they weren't sure who to believe

Salt March

1930 - Led by Gandhi to resist Britian's Salt Tax. Salt was necessary to survive in hot climate. Led men to the sea to produce salt. Many were jailed after that. Peak of Gandhi's influence.

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. (p. 663)

Palestine

Also called Holy Land. Biblical name, Canaan. an ancient country in SW Asia, on the E coast of the Mediterranean.

Reza Khan

An ambitious army officer -> overthrew the shah, sets up own PAHLAVI DYNASTY. rused to modernize (builds factories roads and railroads and strengthens the army, adopts western alphabet, clothes, schools)

Chang Kai-Shek

Chinese president who drove the communists out of Shanghai; leader during WWII, When Mao Zedong won the Chinese civil war in 1949, this leader of nationalist Chinese republicans withdrew to the island of Taiwan - leader of the Nationalists after Sun Yat-sen, he tried to destroy the Communists

Government of India Act 1921

Gandhi's efforts paid off when Parliament passed this act. It was the last pre-independence constitution of the British Raj. India was granted self-government and limited elections. The right to vote was increased from 7 million to 35 million. Additionally, it was a major step toward Indian independence which would come in 1947. Also fueled tensions between Muslims and Hindus as both groups vied for power.

General Yuan Shikai

Imperial Army general sent to stop the rebellion at the Industrial Center. He later abandoned the Manchus and agreed to serve as president of the Republic of China., -president of the Chinese Republic because he could control the army (because he was a general); did not modernize, wanted to reinstate Confucian beliefs; clashed with Nationalists -no centralized power after he died

Iran

Independent from England and Russia Formerly the Persian Impire

Jawaharlal Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).

Zionists

Jews that wanted to return to their homeland (Israel) and make it their independent homeland

Rowlatt Act

Laws passed in 1919 that allowed the British government in India to jail anti-British protesters without trial for as long as two years

treaty of serves

put into place in 1920.Called for the surrender of the Ottoman Balkan and Arab provinces. Also the occupation of eastern and southern Anatolia by foreign powers. Accepted by Mohammed VI (sultan)

Chinese Communist Party

Party formed in 1923 when Sun Yat-Sen merged the Third Communist International and the KMT to create the first of many liberation fronts. This front was completely anticonservative and anti-imperialist, but not fully communist. Eventually it would separate from and defeat the KMT under Mao Zedong in 1927.

Communist International (Comintern)

The Soviet government announced the formation of the Communist International, or Comintern, in 1919, whose purpose was to export revolutions around the world.

Nanjing Republic

The government of China 1928-1945; founded by Chiang Kai-Shek; wanted to reunify China with a combo of military operations and offers to various northern warlords to join his movement.

Pahlavi Dynasty

The name of the dynasty that ruled Iran between 1921 and 1979. Reza Pahlavi (1921-41) the founder of the monarchy and the initiator of Iran's development during the twentieth century. Muhammad Pahlavi second ruler (1941-79).

Nationalist Party

The party of Chiang Kai-shek. They ruled China from 1928 until the victory of the Communists in 1949. This party led a revolution against the emperor 1911. They also tried to establish a democracy. When they were defeated by the communists they fled to Taiwan. They still rule Taiwan today.

Secular Republic

Under Ataturk, Turkey became a secular Republic - free to practice any religion, law's not dictated by religion

Ibn Saud

a reform leader who united Arabs in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula in the early 1920s (the name "Saudi Arabia" was inspired by his name...he established the country.)

Muslim League

an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations

Republic of Turkey

established by Kemal Ataturk. he wanted to westernize the country making reforms.

Musafa Kemel Ataturk

father of the Republic of Turkey who seized power in 1922 and initiated a sweeping series of political, economic, and cultural reforms

New Cultural Movement

intellectual revolution, save china from foreign imperialism and domestic disorder