World Music 3600 Midterm 2

Gaito Hembre (female)

(female) has five holes and is slightly longer. made from cactus

Gaito Macho (male)

(male) has two holes. made from cactus

Samba-cancao

A popular samba song style that dominated the recording industry and radio in the 1930's and 40's. The songs are slow with romantic lyrics Accompanied by guitar and light percussion and occasional flutes, clarinets, saxophones, and string orchestra.

Ernesto Nazareth

A well-known composer and folk player of polkas, waltzes, tangos, and maxixes (masheeshees)(a polka derived dance) Virtuoso pianist who made a living playing in local cafés and early movie theatres in Rio de Janeiro

Pifanos

bamboo flutes

Zabumba

bass drum

Ray Barretto

born in NY, parents from Puerto Rico, Joined Fania label in 1967 eventually becoming its musical director

El Barrio

refers to the area of Spanish Harlem where this developed.

Rumba and instruments of Rumba

African influenced tradition from Cuba. Rumba developed in this atmosphere performed for community/family members/friends. Often performed in the streets, but laws existed to keep it from being performed in certain neighborhoods. Seen as backward/primitive, before 1960. 70's ministry of culture in Cuba supported it through recordings & promotions & finds places for performance on a regular basis. Instruments: Claves- short wooden sticks for rumba "clave" rhythm, Resonant boxes/other percussion, Drums play a cascara-shell pattern "sticks hitting shell of drum." Rumba sounds African-derived but shows European influences. Sung in Spanish, 1st section is strophic w/ changing lyrics over a constant melody. Spanish poetic forms used, including the decima. Rumba lyrics touch on love, politics famous rumba players of the past. Rumba is in a single key and does not modulate. Begins with a brief improvised melody or diana over percussion rhythms, sung by the lead singer.

Mario Bauza

Began playing swing in New York Brought his brother in law to New York to play with him -Machito(played maracas/sang). Created Big Band - Jazz Fusion Album called Machito and his Afro-Cubans Became the house band at La Conga Club in Manhattan and related to white audiences Bauza brought in Candido Camero - Congo Drum Player - creating a new fusion in jazz and supported by Dizzy Gilespie Dizzy looked to Bauza for a congo player for his band and Bauza recommended- Chano Pozo who wrote "Manteca" - one of the band's biggest hits

Coboclos

Descendants of Europeans and indigenous Brazilians

Samba

Each samba school chooses a theme (entredo) a plot that unfolds during the parade and sponsors the composition of a new samba song called samba-enredo It narrates a story or theme

Nuevo Cancio

"New Song" - common term for it is the protest song or political song First emerged in Argentina but caught on in the Caribbean and developed a loyal following there Early enthusiasts tended to be young adults, primarily college-educated and performed in coffee houses, on campuses small theatres or political rallies Took local repertoire and combined it with international genres like rock, blues, and the bolero lyrics look at political injustice or romance in fresh unconventional ways. Pablo Milanes and Silvio Rodriguez are early neuvo cancion artists

Polo Sucrense

"from the state of Sucre" consists of 4 sections that alternate between major and minor. Uses a 3/4 or 6/8 meter. Polo is a song form that uses a cuatro.

Cuban Son

Fusion of African and European influences Spanish lyrics with some African terminology incorporated at times •Instruments: string instruments from Spain and percussion instruments from Africa. Incorporates European harmonies but combines them with ostinatos (looped, repeated rhythmic or melodic patterns) in an African style. The dance style is also a mix of European couple dancing but with added hip and shoulder movements inherited from West Africa. Salsa began as boogaloo

Trios Electricos

Huge trucks along the carnival parade onto which amplifiers, loudspeakers are mounted to offer music to up to 20,000 people. The people dance to the music in the streets

Form of Cuban Son

Hybrid form - combines a strophic verse section and call and response montuno Dance - hybridized with choreography derived from European style couple dancing adding hip and shoulder movements from West Africa

Controversia

Improvised poetic duel, Pulse slows down and speeds up at various points, Musicians perform slowly and out of time in the background as singers improvise new verses, When a line ends, the musician can jump in in a lively tempo, play repeated stock phrases in variation until one of the singers begins again, Second singer can "steal" the composition with a different line than the opponent was planning, as long as it still rhymes with the decima

Boi-bumba

In Parintins - a city on the Amazon river the celebration of the ox is called boi-bumbá.

Hispanic Caribbean - what countries make up the Hispanic Caribbean

Includes Cuba, Puerto Rico, & the Dominican Republic. Mestizaje in local languages, cuisines, religious expressions & music. Spain controlled from 1492-mid1600s, when Columbus landed thought DR was Asia. British took Jamaica 1650. France took Haiti 1664. Trinidad & Tobago passed between British, French & Dutch. African influence- slave trade went up due to sugar demand in Europe. 3-4 million slaves lived in Caribbean.

Bossa nova (new style)

João Gilberto (1931) started the trend by singing in an intimate low tone and using the picking of guitar chords to emulate samba percussion Gilbert was joined by poets and musicians such as composer Antônio Carlos Jobim and poet Vinicius de Moraes. Associated with the city of Rio de Janeiro and the lifestyle of its elite neighborhoods, dreamlike beaches, and upper-class life Best known famous song "A garota de Ipenema" (The Girl from Ipenema) Tells the story of the poet's frustrated love for a beautiful woman living in the idyllic city of Rio de Janeiro Typical bossa nova theme

Montuno

MONTUNO - ending section where the lead singer improvises short vocal lines in alternation with the chorus, much like the batá The tempo speeds up and the dancers begin to dance, and the lead conga player improvises more aggressively. This spontaneous final jam can last as long as the participants feel inspired, any where from a few minutes to a half hour or longer. The montuno structure is cyclic, based on repeating loops of rhythms, and interlocking sounds its open-end performance style derives from traditional West African aesthetics

Heitor Villa-Lobos

One composer Heitor Villa-Lobos - born in Rio de Janeiro - shows the influence of late nineteenth century French music - but sought to represent Brazil musically so he wed French music impressionism with Brazilian traditional and popular music Composed more than 8,000 works He included bird songs, and Indian and Afro-Brazilian instruments, and sounds from the forest, plus tone clusters and polytonality.

Form of Rumba

Opening melody sets the key. Following by two major sections, the strophic verse and a final section - a fast and improvisatory called the montuno

Ruben Blades

Panamanian musician who wrote Salsa songs w/ political associations •Became a way of creating solidarity with current conflict and frustration in areas throughout Latin America His return hit was a cover of "La rosa de los vientos" by songwriter Romulo Castro Castro composed & performed politically oriented music Blades ran for president in '94 but lost & later served as Minister of Culture from '04-'09

choroes

Performers of these dances are called chorões (Shahorees) likely because of their low guitar notes as countermelodies and melodic improvisations that was described as chorar - to cry or lament Accompanied with Bandolim Guitar Cavaquinho

Reggaeton

Popular form of music from Hispanic Caribbean today emerged in 1990's among younger listeners Roots in modern dance music of Jamaica Uses Jamaican rhythm of "Dem Bow" Lyrics on partying and romance, but also reference issues of pan-Latin American and Latino pride, racial consciousness and other social concerns. Reggaeton blends musical influences of Jamaican dancehall and Trinidadian soca with salsa, hip hop, and electronica Vocals can include rap and hip hop styles Lyrics can be vulgar Tego Calderon well known reggaeton singer

Merengue

Popular music of the Dominican Republic Variant of the ballroom genres brought from Europe such as the Polka Rejected by the elite classes, but embraced by working classes Intimate dance styles and African drumming. Instruments: Button accordion, metal scraper (guira), a bass instrument possibly a thumb piano - from Africa - a double headed drum called a tambora and singers Tambora players place the drum across their lap and play one head with a stick and the other with their hand. Merengue Form: Similar form to salsa where they begin with an instrumental introduction, followed by a verse and finally a call and response section, and are interspersed with horn interludes Horn lines in later sections often overlap like in salsa

Quatro

Puerto rican instrument, a folk guitar w/ 4 or 5 doubled strings

Llaneros (Musica Llanera)

The Llaneros' occupation is cattle raising and ranching. Music of the "plains." Similar to country music in the U.S. The music is from the joropo llanera genre. A male tradition, but recently females are greater participants

Know about Brazil

The only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas •Over 180 Amerindian languages still spoken •Afro-Brazilian religious ceremonies in the Northeast keep West African dialects •Japanese spoken due to the large Japanese population in Brazil •Similar political structure to the U.S. with 26 states and one district capital •5th largest country in the world •Three time zones •Several climate regions •4600 miles of Atlantic coastline •Amazon forest and Andes Mountains hinder cultural exchanges with Latin American neighbors •Portuguese arrived in 1500, and ruled until 1822 •Portugal favored commerce and trade over settlement, so colonial Brazil didn't harbor strong European elite cultural and musical institutions •Brasilidade (Brazilianness) shapes much of the music production

Celia Cruz

The voice of salsa She was known on the radio in the 1940's in Cuba American tourists loved her in the night clubs in Havana She joined Fania's record label in the 1970's

Conjunto de Gaitos (band of flutes)

Traditional ensemble that accompanies cumbia. Includes a maraca player - maracas are filled with seeds from dried gourds - these are large maracas •Two drums - tambor llamador - single head which keeps a consistent rhythm and tambor alegre (happy drum) - two feet long in a cone shape much like a conga drum. •Sometimes a third drum Tambora - double headed bass drum

Ernesto Lecouna

Well-known classical composer Reflects strong Cuban traditions in classical piano performance Grew up in Havana and was a child prodigy in music. Best known work - Andalucian Suite for piano - it consists of: Cordoba, Andalucia, Alhambra, Gitanerias, Guadalquivir, and Malaguena - most famous song from the suite is Malaguena his compositions are diverse - from Spanish dance music to blues songs

Yoruba

Yorubu derived tradition associated with Santeria -worship of saints or deities (African or Catholic and often ancestors who have passed on). Yoruba derived traditions are strongly represented in Cuba/Brazil

Axe

a Yoruba word meaning "good vibrations" or "power" - it becomes a catch-all term for dance like music that mixes Afro-Brazilian and Afro-Caribbean musics with the sounds of trios eléctricos.

Tres

a cuban instrument similar to the guitar but smaller, has 3 double sets of metal strings

Cuculambe

a festival where musica guajira is performed.

Capoeira

a fight/game/dance w/ movements similar to martial arts. During slavery it concealed fighting among African groups by disguising fights as dances. shows physical strength & agility. Atabaques, pandeiros and berimbaus are the instruments used for the music

Puxador

a leader who sings from a microphone accompanied by a cavaquinho - ukulele-like, four string instrument

Sombodromo

a mile-long street with bleachers on either side holding 80,000 spectators for carnival in Rio de Janeiro

Berimbau

a musical bow made out of wood in the shape of an arc; it is strung w/ a steel wire and is played by striking the wire w/ a small stick. A dried gourd is attached at the bottom of the bow and serves as a resonator

Bossatronica

a new movement which is bossa nova with electronic instrumentation

Bumbodroma

a stadium in the center of Parintins constructed in the shape of an ox

Bumba-meu-boi

a tradition dating back to colonial days by metaphorically re-creating the agrarian cycle by enacting with music and dance the kidnapping, death, and resurrection of an ox. Christian and indigenous

Furro (Friction Drum)

a wooden stick protrudes from the drumhead that the musician moves to produce a deep, resonant "grunting" sound. Used in the genre: gaita

Escolas de samba (Samba schools)

carnival celebration rehearsals and meetings transformed into neighborhood associations where people rehearse for the parade

Silvio Rodriguez

cuban singer-songwriter, early neuvo cancion artist. bob Dylan/beatles were inspiration. wrote about social issues, the country's political leadership, or as a critique of Cuba itself.

Baiao

fast-paced dance played on the accordion in a march-like rhythm with the zabumba playing a syncopated rhythm and the triangles playing the off-beats

Pandeiros

frame drum (like a tambourine)

Daisy Gutierrez

from east Venezuela, Daisy Gutierrez and her husband produced an album which included the song "Los dos titanes" (The Two Titans) - sings of Simon Bolivar and Jose Antonio Sucre •Los dos titanes includes flute, mandolin, acoustic bass guitar, and Daisy Gutierrez on vocals. •It alternates between verses in major and in minor

Joropo llanero trio

is a conjunto llanero (llanero band) - it consists of a cuatro, maracas, and an arpa llanera (harp).

Cumbia

is a dance-oriented music genre. •The dance that goes with Cumbia is easy to master and well-loved and danced also in Mexico, Central America, and Peru (where it is called chicha). •The dance is performed by couples standing in a circle around musicians •Women hold bundles of candles to illuminate the dance at night. influenced by African drumming

Gaita

is a long end blown flute

Bandolim

is almost exclusively a melody instrument. The mandolin has a long and rich tradition in Brazilian folk music (bandolim in Portuguese), especially in the style called choro. The mandolin came into Brazil by way of Portugal. The mandolin's popularity has risen and fallen with instrumental folk music styles, especially choro. The flat-backed mandolin uses thin sheets of wood for the body, braced on the inside for strength in a similar manner to a guitar.

Forro

means "party" or gathering and also a type of folk music with dance choreographies done at these gatherings. lyrics describe the harsh migratory experiences of low-income groups who move south each year in search of jobs in large cities.

Salsa

mix of: Cuban music, Jazz, Rock. started in el barrio. Became a part type of cultural identity to Latino immigrants living in East Harlem, El Barrio, (the Spanish Harlem Neighborhood) and the Bronx. •Popular form of social dance that originated in New York •Heavily influenced by Cuban and Puerto Rican rhythms and song styles •The dance movements are influenced by the Cuban Son, the Cha Cha Cha, and the Mambo

Orichas

most powerful deities (considered ancestors) -represent wisdom, motherhood, beauty, skill in warfare, aspects of nature, etc.

Grupo Mina

named after the mina drum, consists of singer Miguel Urbina and Alfredo Naranjo - the name of the group is also an homage to Francisco Mina who led a community of escaped slaves until he was killed in 1771 - fuse Salsa with Barlovento rhythms.

Bata Music

see Yorubu/Orichas. Music and dance are fundamental to this worship - each deity has specific songs and dances. Bata Drumming- Most sacred, takes place in homes of worshippers, used for initiation or on particular saint's days. Instruments: 3 hr-glass shaped, double headed drums called batas played together - said to create a divine force to aid communication w/ orichas. lead singer and chorus. •Vocalists sing praise songs in a fragmented, two-hundred year old form of Yoruba as brought by slaves to the island in the nineteenth century • Drumming can begin hours before guests arrive to purify the space • A second kind of drumming begins for dancers during the main event. • During the second half of the piece, the major orichas are listed in order (20 of them) after this the singer can choose to invoke a particular oricha repeatedly. • Ceremonies can last for hours.

Willie Colon

started Fania record label w/ Jerry Masucci

Jerry Masucci

started Fania record label w/ Willie Colon

Toadas

strophic songs with refrain- are sung and accompanied by: Zabumba- bass drum Pandeiros- frame drum (like a tambourine) Maracas Pifanos- bamboo flutes Guitar Sanfano - accordion And in the Northeast a pandeirão - 20-30 in. frame drum

Musica guajira

traditional music associated w/ the rural farmers(esp. tobacco farmers). for entertainment as well as annual competitions such as the festival Cuculambe. Predominately string instruments: tres/cuatro. Major key/triple meter/emphasizes sung poetry. Pre-existing chord progressions and pre-composed melodies are used rather than creating new ones. Lyrics are improvised, use quatrain: line 1 & 4 rhyme, lines 2 & 3 rhyme. uses Decima

Cavaquinho

ukulele-like, four string instrument

Boogaloo

was the pre-curser to salsa, mix of rock and roll, latin music

Decima

when this poetry contains 10 lines - the rhyming scheme for this in Puerto Rico is ABBAACCDDC

Santeria

worship of saints or deities (African or Catholic and often ancestors who have passed on)

Leo Brouwer

•Best known experimental composer •Renowned guitarist, conductor, and arranger •Came from a musical family -his great uncle is Ernesto Lecouna •Studied classical guitar and went to Julliard and Hartt school of music in West Hartford, Connecticut •Composes anything from references to traditional or popular music from the Caribbean to extreme avant-garde timbres and unusual sonorities •Developed an interest in world music including Indian Ragas and tries to develop the sounds and timbres of the guitar -including pizzicato playing including bowing of the guitar

Michael Camilo

•Dominican musician whose work crosses into classical music, popular music, and jazz •Studied piano and percussion in Santo Domingo at the National Conservatory •Studied in the U.S. at Julliard and Mannes College in New York •Took over as conductor of Dominican National Symphony •Interest in both jazz and Caribbean traditional music •Played in Montreal Jazz Festival as a member of Tito Puente's band •Won a Grammy award in 1983 for "Why Not"

El Sistema (the system)

•Nationalist composers Vincent Emilio Sojo and Juan Bautista Plaza became well known nationalist composers in Venezuela •Sojo's student, Jose Antonio Abreu (b. 1939) established El Sistema - a network of youth orchestras based in working-class communities •Abreu talked businessmen into donating in an effort to bring Euro-classical music into impoverished neighborhoods in Caracas and elsewhere. In recent years, the government has increased its support. •One of the star conductors, Gustavo Dudamel (b. 1981) is now the director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic. •Musically, El Sistema has caused an urban traditional music revival •Many ensembles are combining traditional instruments, such as the cuatro with string bass and symphony instruments.

Fania

•The record label that began promoting Boogaloo and then Salsa •Izzie Sanabria -Emcee and Designer

Vallenato (born in valley)

•Vallenato music is a popular dance form that developed in the rural northeast region •Vallenato bands include button accordion, caja (small box drum), gaucharaca (a scraper), and more recently added electric bass. •They play all types of Colombian music including cumbia •The fast waltz-like folk dance style of this is called Bambuco is in 6/8 or ¾ time or the •Style - paseo - in 4/4 meter •Known as a vallenato paseo - one example is "Cadenas" (Chains) by Rosendo Romero Ospino