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How long can humans last without water?
3-4 days
Of the 10 largest lakes in the world by surface area, how many Great Lakes are included?
4
1. Successful invasive species tend to
A. produce a lot of offspring B. be very good dispersers C. are dietary specialists
1. By far, the best predictor(s) of the presence of environmental pollutants is/are
A. race
1. The first canal to bridge the Chicago Portage was
A. the Illinois and Michigan Canal
1. When a bighead carp was caught beyond the barrier and just miles from Lake Michigan
B. five states took USACE and Illinois to court
1. An extreme form of wave action in the Great Lakes that is associated with rapid changes in wind and barometric pressure is known as a
B. seiche
1. There were fewer alewives in Lake Erie because, compared to the other upper Lakes, it is
B. shallower C. warmer
1. Which river is one of the worst in-place-pollutant problems in the Great Lakes system?
B. the Detroit
1. One of the hotspots for invasive carp highlighted in the film Silent Invaders is
B. the Illinois River
1. When General John Peabody took charge of the situation for USACE, he
B. turned on the barriers C. kept the voltage to ¼ of capacity
1. The amount of cargo to pass through the Seaway currently
D. could be carried by two freight trains per day
1. The listing of the lake sturgeon as endangered illustrates the point that environmental impacts especially impact species that
D. have a low reproductive rate
1. In addition to agricultural runoff causing algal blooms in Lake Erie, other major contributors include
D. none of the abov
1. In addition to ballast water, round gobies are spreading in the Great Lakes region because
D. they are used as bait to catch larger fish
1. A key commercial use of the Great Lakes from the days of La Salle involves
D. transportation
1. The concept of a food chain is all about what type of relationships?
D. trophic
1. On lands near Lake Erie's western basin, there is a large emphasis in ecological restoration on
D. wetlands
1. The scientific method is initiated
D. with observations
1. The deadliest fire in U.S. history was
D. The Peshtigo Fire
1. The first European to explore the St. Lawrence River was Jacques Cartier, but after 1000 miles he had to turn back because
encountered impassible rapids
1. Rather than a food chain, it's more accurate to think in terms of a food web because
it focuses on trophic relationships as a network
1. The notion of restoring even parts of the Great Lakes region to conditions that existed prior to European settlement is challenging because
of so much environmental degradation
At one point, the Great Lakes were connected to
the Atlantic Ocean
1. The massive die-off in 1967 involved an estimated 20 billion alewives and was caused by
their own physiology
A unique feature of the Great Lakes in summer is the tendency to
warm from the shore out
1. The effects of lead poisoning
A. can last for decades C. are especially pronounced in children
1. In nature, ecosystems are
A. dynamic
1. Of the changes in the Great Lakes associated with climate, recreational boating and tourism are most affected by
A. high water C. low water
1. Which of the following is one of the main focus areas for the Great Lakes Initiative?
A. removal of toxins B. invasive species control C. nonpoint source pollution control D. all the above
1. When relatively large predators are absent in an ecosystem, populations of prey species
B. explode
1. All energy is derived from
C. the sun
1. The zebra mussel could not have 'walked' across the Atlantic Ocean to reach the Great Lakes, even over many generations, because
D. they could not have survived the ocean's salinity or depth
1. At this point, the only mandated strategy for ships sailing from foreign ports into the Great Lakes i
D. to flush all of their ballast tanks mid-ocean
1. Canada is supportive of efforts to close the Seaway to ocean-going freighters.
False
1. Compared to the Europeans, the Woodland Culture was
lacking in some ways but equal or superior in others
An extreme form of wave action in the Great Lakes that is associated with rapid changes in wind and barometric pressure is known as a
seiche
1. For a given set of 100 species introductions, how many on average will become invasive?
1
1. The last glacier withdrew from North America about
12,000 years ago
The last glacier withdrew from North America about
12,000 years ago
1. Currently, the average number of trans-oceanic ships passing through the Seaway each day is
2
How much of the planet s available freshwater is found in the Great Lakes?
20%
How much of the planet's available freshwater is found in the Great Lakes?
20%
All but one of the connections between the Great Lakes and freshwaters beyond the Great Lakes basin dried up by
2500 years ago
1. Cities tended to be constructed
A. adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths C. near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl D. where timber resources were
1. Water levels in the Great Lakes have always varied, but with climate change, this variation is expected to
A. be greater B. be less predictable
1. Botulism-causing bacteria spread up the food chain after
A. being ingested by invasive mussels B. gobies ate toxic mussels C. birds consumed toxic gobies
1. Quagga mussels eventually outnumbered zebra mussels by a huge margin because the former
A. can tolerate much deeper water B. can eat the latter C. have an even higher rate of reproduction D. don't need a hard surface to adhere to
1. Since the Great Lakes have been connected to the Atlantic Ocean, the number of forage fish species has
A. decreased.
1. The diet of the round goby includes
A. eggs of other fish B. young of larger fish C. young zebra and quagga mussels D. zooplankton
1. Asian carp possess several of the key attributes that tend to
A. good dispersers B. all the above C. lack of predators D. extremely high reproduction rate
1. Of the five Great Lakes, Lake Erie
A. has the most fish C. is the deepest D. is the most productive
1. At this point in time, what is the biggest problem facing the Great Lakes?
A. human ignorance
1. The Pacific Northwest is vulnerable to mussel invasion because
A. hundreds of thousands of boats use the lakes and reservoirs there every year B. it's impossible to guard every boat ramp C. no state or water body has been able to stop the mussel from invading D. all the above
1. The second set of barriers funded by Congress
A. included three clusters of electrodes B. were more powerful than the original C. all the above D. was not turned on initially out of fear of detonating barges with flammable cargo
1. Which of the following trends in the Great Lakes is attributed to climate change?
A. increase in water temperature C. increase in the number of heavy rainfall events
1. Phosphorus
A. is required by every living organism B. does not exist naturally in the environment
1. For a trait to be considered to be an adaptation in an evolutionary sense
A. it must be favorable to an organism's survival B. it must be favorable to an organism's ability to reproduce C. it must be heritable D. all the above
1. The lamprey moved slowly through Lake Erie because
A. it was relatively shallow B. it was relatively warm C. it lacked suitable spawning streams D. all the above
1. In 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency agreed to mandate treatment systems for all trans-oceanic ships discharging ballast in U.S. waters, but
A. it's uncertain as to whether all ships will comply B. such systems aren't required until 2021 C. it's not certain that such systems will be effective against all exotic species D. all of the above
1. The alewife is a [note: there may be more than one answer]
A. native of North America, and a D. non-native of the Great Lakes.
1. Water pollution was compounded by the huge size of the Great Lakes because
A. people didn't think they could have much of an impact on such large bodies of water
. In cities, surfaces that are impervious to rainfall tend to
A. result in inputs to rivers and the Lakes that included dirt, refuse, and horse manure B. increase runoff during storm events C. increase in area
1. The St. Lawrence divide
A. runs through southern Canada B. separates the Great Lakes Basin from the Mississippi River Basin C. is generally more of a hill than a mountain D. runs through the western part of Chicago
A key problem with the St. Lawrence Seaway was
A. the 9-month shipping season B. that the locks and channels were too small
1. After the trees were cut in the Great Black Swamp, roads were built and ditches were dug. The latter was greatly facilitated by
A. the Buckeye Traction Ditcher
1. Once the Great Black Swamp was cleared and drained, the people there found
A. the soils were incredibly rich D. they had the most productive land in the country
1. Features of zebra mussels that enabled them to be such successful invaders include
A. their ability to reproduce at a relatively young age B. the ability of females to produce so many eggs C. a lack of native predators in the Great Lakes D. their high filtration rate
1. It was surprising that a year after the zebra mussel was discovered in Lake St. Clair, the species was found at extremely high densities in southern Lake Michigan, surprising because
A. this movement would have been against the Lake's currents
1. A goal in constructing the Erie Canal was
A. to help organize the territories west of the original 13 colonies B. make New York City a port of global significance C. connect the eastern seaboard to the interior of the continent D. all the above
1. Which of the following is not a feature that the Great Lakes share with the oceans?
A. waves B. upwelling C. downdrafts D. currents
1. The early immigrants who encountered the Great Black Swamp and decided to settle in the region
A. were in awe B. lived in harmony with the Native Americans there D. decided to drain it
1. Of the world's port cities, the Great Lakes are directly connected to
B. 12%
1. Annual cargo through the Seaway peaked in the mid-1970s at around 57 million tons; the Seaway was designed to handle
B. 80 million tons
1. Invasive mussels were able to colonize isolated inland lakes by
B. being able to live on a boat outside water for days C. taking refuge in any damp spot on a boat out of water
1. What is the process by which toxins reach higher levels in species that are higher up the food chain?
B. bioaccumulation
1. Since the Great Lakes have been connected to the Atlantic Ocean, the number of forage fish species has
B. decreased.
1. The Clean Water Act
B. focused on point-source pollution C. ignored nonpoint pollution
1. The same process causing massive algal blooms in Lake Erie
B. has created a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico D. has resulted in dead zones around the world
1. Zebra mussels impact native mussels directly
B. inhibiting their ability to open their shells
1. Compared to point-source pollution, nonpoint pollution
B. is harder to track C. is more difficult to regulate
1. As described in Silent Invaders, zebra mussels have an inhalant siphon and an exhalant siphone. What is removed in between?
B. large algae
1. Increases in high precipitation events is a concern in the Great Lakes because a direct results will be
B. more runoff from agricultural fields
1. Native mussels in the Great Lakes helped to maintain water clarity by
B. removing pollutants in the water column C. eating algae
1. In a sense, it could be said that the Clean Water Act had its origins in
B. the Cuyahoga River
According to the film The St. Lawrence Seaway System
B. the Seaway was one of the top 10 public works of the 20th century C. tourists from all over the world sail through the Seaway on luxury cruise ships D. all cargo is tracked as it makes its way through the system
1. One thing that the timber holdings in the upper Midwest and the Great Lakes Fisheries had in common was that
B. they both seemed limitless
1. Predicting which species are likely to become invasive is
B. very difficult to do
1. Turnover of water, or mixing, in lakes is important in terms of maintaining
B. water quality
1. Annual damage to fisheries and recreational activities caused by invasive mussels in the Great Lakes is estimated to cost
C. $200 million
1. The reported annual cost borne by municipalities and industry in the Great Lakes region to keep pipes free from mussels
C. $600 million
1. Cladaphora is a green algae that is native to all the Great Lakes except Superior, and became a nuisance in the 1960s due to
C. adverse impacts of human activities D. excess phosphorus inputs
1. In the scientific method, predictions are generated from hypotheses, then tested with
C. data
1. The Great Lakes region is uniquely positioned to stop future invasions because
C. every overseas freighter must pass through the St. Lambert Lock
1. When a bighead carp was caught beyond the barrier and just miles from Lake Michigan
C. five states took USACE and Illinois to court
1. The round goby is considered a generalist species because
C. it can live in freshwater or saltwater D. it has a diverse diet
1. Compared to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts, North America's 4th seacoast is unique in that
C. it has a single entry point for foreign freighters
1. Most foreign freighters sail out of the Great Lakes carrying grain, totaling what percentage of total grain exports for the U.S. and Canada?
C. less than 2
1. A fundamental principle of environmental justice is that
C. minority groups should not be disproportionately burdened by environmental harm D. people should have a voice in decisions that affect them
1. Once water samples tested positive for carp beyond the electrical barriers, General Peabody
C. refused to close the locks
1. Bighead and silver carp are able to take over aquatic ecosystems because they
C. starve their competitors by eating plankton
1. Alewife populations crashed because
C. the invasive mussels took up so much plankton. D. there was so much predation pressure from salmon.
Whitefish were ultimately able to switch to invasive mussels as a good source because
C. their stomach muscles began to enlarge
1. Successful invasive species often lack predators in their new environment, and also tend to be
D. habitat generalists
1. Which of the following is a Native American tribe that the French did not encounter in the Great Lakes region?
D. the Sioux
1. The drought in California is a national problem
D. they grow 90% of the nation's produce
1. Fisheries managers were surprised to learn that chinook salmon
D. were reproducing in the wild in prodigious numbers
1. What is the shallowest of the Great Lakes?
Erie
1. The exorbitantly high cost of pumping water thousands of miles is the thing that prevents it from happening
False
1. The exorbitantly high cost of pumping water thousands of miles is the thing that prevents it from happening.
False
What prevented water-bound organisms from migrating from the ocean to the upper Great Lakes?
Niagara Falls
In the U.S., the coastline of the Great Lakes is longer than the Atlantic coastline, the coast on the Gulf of Mexico, or the Pacific coast (not counting Alaska and Hawaii).
True
The film clip "The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes" describes a number of geologic phenomena that have changed the lakes over time. One of these has to do with the transition from a northerly outflow of Great Lakes water to a southerly course. This transition was caused by
a steep drop in temperature at northern latitudes
1. Compared to the Erie Canal, the Welland Canal
accommodated longer and wider ships
The concept of a food chain is
an oversimplification
Which of the following is not a feature that the Great Lakes share with the oceans?
currents
1. Since the mid-1970s, the amount of cargo passing through the Seaway annually has
declined
1. The Paleo Indians are thought to have played a role in
driving the mastodon to extinction
1. In recent decades, what is the primary factor has led to an exponential increase in the movement of invasive species
global connectivity
At this point in time, what is the biggest problem facing the Great Lakes?
human ignorance
1. Most invasive species are introduced
humans
1. Collectively, western states in the U.S. have spent how much to monitor and control invasive mussels?
hundreds of millions of dollars
1. Zebra mussels impact native mussels directly
inhibiting their ability to open their shells
1. A key difference between non-native (or exotic) species and invasive species is that
invasives tend to cause negative environmental consequences
1. According to the film, the battle to control lampreys
is never-ending
Rather than a food chain, it's more accurate to think in terms of a food web because
it focuses on trophic relationships as a network
1. The round goby is a highly successful invasive species because
it is very aggressive
1. Ballast serves a key function on freighters because
it provides stability to an empty ship it is heavy, readily available, and basically free
Who eats who in lakes is not necessarily linear, as exemplified by the lake sturgeon because
it s quite large yet eats small prey items
1. When federal funding was halted for the carp-controlling-sewage experiment, Arkansas Game and Fish
let some of them go
1. Some strategies for getting rid of carp include
making fertilizer from them making pet food from them making fish cakes from them all the above
1. For four of the five Great Lakes, the estimated impact of invasion by Asian carp is
moderate to high
1. Invasive species are harmful because
of where they are
1. Rain, snow, and surface runoff from streams and rivers add water to the Great Lakes, but this is offset by
outflow
1. The alewife came to dominate native fish in the Great Lakes by [mark all that are correct]
preying on their young outcompeting them for food
1. The sea lamprey is anadromous, meaning that they
spawn in freshwater but live in the ocean as adults
All energy is derived from
sun
1. A key question in ecological restoration globally, and especially applicable to the Great Lakes has to do with
target conditions
1. On an annual basis, the Soo Locks handle more ships and more tonnage
than the Panama and Suez Canals combined
Detractors of the St. Lawrence Seaway believed
that it would ruin the business of U.S. ports on the eastern seaboard
1. Detractors of the St. Lawrence Seaway believed
that it would ruin the business of U.S. ports on the eastern seaboard
1. At one point, the Great Lakes were connected to
the Atlantic Ocean
1. There were two water features that had to be addressed to achieve connectivity for shipping across all five Lakes. One was Niagra Falls. The other was
the Falls of St. Mary
1. There have been a number of unintended environmental consequences that have adversely affected the Lakes once they were connected to one another and to the Atlantic Ocean. The reason is that
the Lakes are relatively young
1. In the film Silent Invaders - Lamprey, a key target for controlling lampreys was
the St. Mary's River
1. The film clip "The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes" describes a number of geologic phenomena that have changed the lakes over time. One of these has to do with the transition from a northerly outflow of Great Lakes water to a southerly course. This transition was caused by
the Wisconsin Glacier
What feature makes Lake Ontario somewhat separate from the other lakes in terms of connectivity?
the height of Niagra Falls
1. Historical racism was reported to contribute to the use of Flint River water for drinking because
the residents were mostly poor and African American the residents were not viewed as credible the complaints of the residents were not taken seriously all the above
1. Which of the following does not serve as an example of the dynamic nature of the Great Lakes over geographic time?
the salt concentration of Lake Michigan has been steadily increasing over the last 1000 years
Which of the following does not serve as an example of the dynamic nature of the Great Lakes over geographic time?
the salt concentration of Lake Michigan has been steadily increasing over the last 1000 years
1. According to the film "What's So Great About the Great Lakes", of the five lakes, Superior is not
the stormiest
According to the film "What's So Great About the Great Lakes", of the five lakes, Superior is not
the stormiest
1. Which of the following factors contributes to the uniqueness of the Great Lakes?
they are geographically concentrated connectivity
1. There was a mistake made in naming Lakes Michigan and Huron. What was it
they re actually one lake
There was a mistake made in naming Lakes Michigan and Huron. What was it
they re actually one lake
1. Invasive mussels were able to virtually take over Lake Mead's bed and canyon walls below the waterline in only two years because
they were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate
1. It's thought that lampreys first entered Lake Ontario
through the Erie Canal
1. The primary mission of the early French explorers of the Great Lakes was
to find a passage to the Great South Sea and Cathay
1. A key commercial use of the Great Lakes from the days of La Salle involves
transportation
Applegate discovered the first lampricide by
trial and error
The concept of a food chain is all about what type of relationships?
trophic
1. If ballast control systems are installed on all freighters entering the Great Lakes, the probability of more invasive species showing up there is
very high
Turnover of water, or mixing, in lakes is important in terms of maintaining
water quality
1. A key difference between exploitation of the environment by Europeans and Native Americans was that the latter
were relatively few in number
1. Fisheries managers were surprised to learn that chinook salmon
were reproducing in the wild in prodigious numbers
1. On lands near Lake Erie's western basin, there is a large emphasis in ecological restoration on
wetlands
1. Of the world's port cities, what percentage are within two stops of a Great Lakes port?
A. 99%
1. Once the salmon and alewife were gone in Lake Huron
A. a number of native fish species began to increase in number B. fishing towns in Michigan along the Huron coast lost a lot of revenue C. the round goby proved to be a key food source for some native fish species D. all the above
1. Eventually, the round goby
A. became the dominant forage fish B. helped to keep mussel populations in check C. depressed populations of sculpins and darters D. all the above
1. The Welland Canal was constructed to
A. circumvent Niagra Falls B. enable Canada to compete with the Erie Canal C. enable ships rather than barges to reach the Great Lakes D. all the above
1. Unlike the algal blooms in the late 1960s, the blooms in Lake Erie in the mid-1990s were caused by
A. cyanobacteria B. blue-green algae C. microcystis
1. In the scientific method, predictions are generated from hypotheses, then tested with
A. data
1. To help reduce a $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint
A. decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River C. decided to build its own water pipeline
1. Dead zones in the Great Lakes are created by
A. decomposition of algal cells C. excessive nutrient inputs D. run-away algal growth
1. One problem with mid-ocean flushing of ballast tanks is that
A. effectiveness is difficult to assess due to the lag time in detection of exotic species B. it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there
1. One problem with mid-ocean flushing of ballast tanks is that
A. effectiveness is difficult to assess due to the lag time in detection of exotic species B. it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there
1. The west-to-east flow of the Great Lakes is due to differences in
A. elevation
1. According to the film Great Lakes Water Level Changes, the three major factors in the Great Lakes water budget include
A. evaporation from the Lakes B. precipitation directly on the Lakes D. runoff into the Lakes
1. The EPA exempted the discharge of ballast water from the Clean Water Act
A. even though they did not have Congressional approval to do so B. because doing so would reduce administrative costs D. because they thought it was relatively harmless
1. In the film Saving the Great Lakes from Toxic Algae, Jeff Reutters from the Stone Lab recommends that if we are going to the possibility of poisoned drinking water in the Lake Erie region, we should first
A. focus on water treatment plants
1. Alewives became the primary food source of lake trout, but also
A. harmed the reproductive potential of the trout.
1. Prior to settlement, water flowed clear from the Maumee River to Lake Erie. Now, the extensive grid of ditches and tile lines
A. have increased flows in the river B. have made the river more turbid C. have increased nutrient inputs to the river D. all the above
1. DNA barcoding
A. is meant to identify species B. was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast
1. Eutrophication
A. is part of Lake Erie's natural history C. is characterized by an abundance of dissolved nutrients D. is characterized by a high level of oxygen depletion
1. The effects of lead poisoning
A. is required by every living organism B. does not exist naturally in the environment
1. The lamprey was so successful in the Great Lakes because
A. it produces so many eggs B. there were no natural predators there C. they were able to colonize the upper lakes so rapidly D. all the above
1. The zebra mussel, quagga mussel, and round goby
A. likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter B. have their native range in the Black and/or Caspian Seas D. first appeared in North America in or near Lake St. Clair
Which of the following factors contributes to the uniqueness of the Great Lakes?
A. they are geographically concentrated B. connectivity C. location
1. In reality, wetland serve many useful purposes. For example,
A. they filter the water B. they provide valuable habitat for waterfowl D. hey slow water down, allowing contaminants to settle out
1. Whitefish were never a consumer of fish, probably because
A. they had no teeth
1. One way that gobies can gain a numerical advantage on native fish is that
A. they spawn up to three times per summer B. they are voracious egg eaters C. they drive other fish from their spawning beds D. all the above
1. One way that gobies can gain a numerical advantage on native fish is that
A. they spawn up to three times per summer B. they are voracious egg eaters C. they drive other fish from their spawning beds D. all the above
1. The St. Lawrence Seaway was constructed
A. to allow ocean-going freighters access to the Great Lakes B. because the U.S. President saw strategic value there during the cold war with the USSR
1. The food chain is Lake Powell
A. was complex and thus resilient to the invasive mussels B. was very simple C. was predicted to collapse in less than a decade D. consisted of planktivores, herbivores, and carnivores
1. DNA barcoding
A. was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast B. is meant to identify species
1. The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
A. was the largest earth-moving project in North America at the time B. helped to sanitize Chicago's water C. reversed the flow of the Chicago River D. all the above
1. The diet of the round goby includes
A. zooplankton B. young zebra and quagga mussels C. eggs of other fish D. young of larger fish
1. The Supreme Court rejected Missouri's lawsuit, even though the number of typhoid cases in St. Louis had increased four-fold since the opening of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal because
C. the Illinois River appeared to be relatively clean compared to what it was
1. Ultimately, the federal government charged the state of Michigan with a violation of
C. the Safe Water Drinking Act
1. In the film clip Invasive Species - Asian Carp, Kay Nelson, who represents an array of industries on the southern shores of Lake Michigan, expresses concern about the idea of constructing a permanent barrier in the Sanitary and Ship Canal because
C. the general public has the impression this is a quick fix
1. Fishery managers began to stock chinook salmon because
C. they could be planted after 6 months
1. In the film The St. Lawrence Seaway System, the proposed way to get around the fact that the locks and channels were too small for transoceanic ships was
C. to unload cargo and put it on smaller ships
1. The Aral Sea in the former Soviet Union
C. was once the world's fourth largest lake
1. What prevented water-bound organisms from migrating from the ocean to the upper Great Lakes?
D. Niagara Falls
1. Another ballast hitch-hiker, the Eurasian ruffe, became a very successful invader in the Great Lakes, largely due to
D. an extremely high reproductive rate
What is the shallowest of the Great Lakes
Erie
What is the shallowest of the Great Lakes?
Erie
Which lake has the highest seichal fluctuation
Erie
The last ice age occurred during the
Pleistocene
Zooplankton are in turn eaten by
all the above
The west-to-east flow of the Great Lakes is due to differences in
elevation
1. One example of a hugely expensive project that's been implemented to transfer water across a continent is
in China
1. Even though zebra mussels can only move about 14" an hour using their 'foot,' they can rapidly reach new locations because
offspring are covered with hairs that help them to catch currents
Rain, snow, and surface runoff from streams and rivers add water to the Great Lakes, but this is offset by
outflow
1. Tanner's overarching objective as Michigan's Chief of Fisheries was A) reduce or eliminate invasive species
provide the best experience possible in recreational fishing
1. In response to the State Emergency Manager's claim that water from Lake Huron was no safer than that of the Flint River, scientists from Virginia Tech
provided data showing water from the Flint River was 19 times more corrosive
1. Vernon Applegate was able to help reduce lamprey populations by focusing on
the creeks where lampreys nest
All energy is derived from
the sun
1. The zebra mussel could not have 'walked' across the Atlantic Ocean to reach the Great Lakes, even over many generations, because
they could not have survived the ocean's salinity or depth
