12U Biology Unit 1: Biochemistry Review

how many different amino acids are there?

20

DNA or RNA? double helix structure

DNA

what is the main component of genes?

DNA

when are proteins created?

by RNA during DNA transcription

functional group that produces aldehydes or ketones

carbonyl

functional group that looks like a C double bonded to O and to OH

carboxyl

functional group that produces carboxylic acid

carboxyl

Where does a fatty acid chain join glycerol in a dehydration reaction?

carboxyl group and hydroxyl group

What is long and straight and has very large numbers of polar OH groups?

cellulose

What is the main component of plant cell walls?

cellulose

What is the most abundant organic molecule on Earth?

cellulose

which carbohydrate cannot be broken down by humans?

cellulose

steroid that helps keep cell membranes fluid

cholesterol

list some steroids:

cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone

what is the sugar present in DNA?

deoxyribose

two monosaccharides that are joined together by a dehydration reaction

disaccharide

Which bonds cannot move with Carbon?

double and triple bonds

What shape is DNA in?

double helix

list some proteins:

enzymes, blood cells, muscle tissue

what are amino acids bonded by?

peptide bond

functional group that looks like a P single bonded to 3 O's and one double bond to O

phosphate

functional group that produces organic phosphates

phosphate

in nucleic acids, what are polymers linked by?

phosphodiester bond

Which fat consists of two fatty acid chains and one phosphate group linked to glycerol?

phospholipid

what is the primary lipid of a cell membrane?

phospholipid

which fat regulates passage of molecules into and out of the cell

phospholipid

reaction that forms a polymer (monomer+monomer)

polymerization

long/large molecule of repeating monomers

polymers

Which of the three carbohydrate groups is very polar, very hydrophilic and attracted to water but can't dissolve in it because of its size?

polysaccharides

beta-pleated sheet in a protein (polypeptide chains that are stretched out side by side due to hydrogen bonds)

secondary structure

Which type of bond can move with Carbon?

single bonds

what shape is RNA in?

single chain

what is the energy storage molecule in plants called?

starch

molecules that are a mirror image of another molecule

stereoisomers

also known as sterols

steroids

which fat consists of 4 fused hydrocarbon rings and several functional groups

steroids

molecules that differ in atom arrangement

structural isomers

functional group that is completely non-polar

thiol

functional group that looks like SH

thiol

How many carbons needed in a monosaccharide to make it form a ring when reacted with water?

5 or more

Which elements do proteins consist of?

C, H, O, N

Nucleic acids consist of which elements?

C, H, O, N, P

DNA or RNA? straight chain structure

RNA

contains the instructions for making DNA

RNA

functional group that looks like a C with a double bond to O on the outside of a molecule

aldehyde carbonyl

functional group that looks like a N with two H's attached to it

amino

functional group that produces amines

amino

an amino acid consists of an:

amino group, carboxyl group, side chain

What is the bond between the hydroxyl group and the carbonyl group in a monosaccharide?

ether bond

Molecules that consist of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain?

fatty acid chains

molecules that differ in spatial arrangement

geometric isomers

When ____ forms a ring, there are two possible arrangements of the -OH group

glucose

Which sugar is the most common monosaccharide?

glucose

What does a fat consist of?

glycerol and a fatty acid chain

what does a triglyceride consist of?

glycerol and three fatty acid chains

the short term energy storage molecule in human and animal cells

glycogen

what are carbohydrates converted to when they are not required for cellular respiration right away?

glycogen or fat

What is the bond between two monosaccharides called?

glycosidic bond

in phospholipids, the ________ is made of a phosphate group and glycerol

hydrophilic head

in phospholipids, the ________ is made of fatty acids

hydrophobic tail

functional group that looks like OH

hydroxyl

functional group that produces alcohols

hydroxyl

Which two functional groups within the monosaccharide will react?

hydroxyl and carbonyl

what does each gene consist of? (DNA)

instructions for making RNA

Molecules with the same formula but different structures

isomers

functional group that looks like a C with a double bond to O on the inside of a molecule

ketone carbonyl

glucose+galactose=

lactose

What kind of shapes can Carbon form?

linear, branches or rings

A non-polar compound that is made of mostly carbon and hydrogen

lipid

What does a polymer in nucleic acids look like?

long ladder of nucleotides

glucose+glucose=

maltose

single molecule that can form polymers

monomer

the simplest form of a carbohydrate, consists of a single sugar unit and is a building block for other carbohydrates

monosaccharides

What do nucleotides consist of?

nitrogenous base+pentose sugar+phosphate group

serve as the assembly instructions for all proteins in living organisms

nucleic acids

What are the monomers in nucleic acids called?

nucleotides

a chain of monosaccharides with many subunits joined by glycosidic linkages

polysaccharides

linkage of specific amino acids in a specific sequence by peptide bonds

primary structure

steroid that is involved in pregnancy

progesterone

a polymer that has many subunits folded into a three dimensional structure that specifies its function

proteins

structure that is binding two or more separate polypeptide chains

quaternary structure

what is the sugar present in RNA?

ribose

Saturated or unsaturated? no double bonds in hydrocarbon chain

saturated

Saturated or unsaturated? solid at room temperature

saturated

Saturated or unsaturated? straight, tightly packed molecule

saturated

alpha-helix in a protein (corkscrew shape due to hydrogen bonds)

secondary structure

glucose+fructose=

sucrose

formed when secondary structures fold over themselves

tertiary structure

structure held together by hydrophobic bonds

tertiary structure

steroid that controls male sexual development

testosterone

what is the long term energy storage molecule for animals?

triglyceride

what is the most common fat?

triglyceride

which fat is weight gain caused by being added to the fat cells?

triglyceride

what are the most common monosaccharides in living organisms?

triose, pentose, hexose

Saturated or unsaturated? bent/kinked molecule that cannot pack tightly

unsaturated

Saturated or unsaturated? liquid at room temperature

unsaturated

Saturated or unsaturated? one or more double bonds in hydrocarbon chain

unsaturated

How many bonds can Carbon form?

up to 4

Which nitrogenous bases can you have in a nucleotide?

uracil, thymine, cytosine, adenine, guanine

is the hydroxyl group capable of hydrogen bonding?

yes