153 Homework
We discussed in class how hydrogen cyanide (HCN) effects respiration. Place the following in order from most affected to least affected by HCN. Refer to your textbook and C16, slide 13 after class notes for definitions. Facultative anaerobe Obligate anaerobe Obligate aerobe
1) Obligate aerobe 2) Facultative anaerobe 3) Obligate anaerobe
As terrestrial plants evolved, natural selection allowed the rise of certain traits. Place the following adaptations in the order they occurred, from oldest to newest. Fruits Roots Seeds Showy Flowers Veins
1) Roots 2)Veins 3) Seeds 4) Fruits 5) Showy Flowers
An anthropologist discovers a fossilized impression of the heart of an extinct animal. The impression shows that the organism's heart was large, well formed, and had four chambers. Which group of organisms does this heart impression belong to? A Mammal or bird B Invertebrates C Fish D Amphibians
A
Before the advent of laboratory testing, health carers would have diagnosed diabetes by tasting the patient's urine. What would a health carer have noticed about the urine of a diabetic patient? A It would have tasted sweet. B It would have tasted bitter. C It would have been unusually salty. D Nothing unusual; tasting the urine was a "parlor trick." (meaning, having no benefit)
A
In an animal like a sea star, the ploidy of gametes is ___, and the ploidy of the organism is ___. A n, 2n B 4n, n C 2n, n D 2n, 4n
A
In eukaryotic cells, oxidation of glucose begins in the _____ and is completed in the _____. A cytosol; matrix of mitochondria B mitochondrial membrane; cytosol C cytosol; mitochondrial membrane D matrix of mitochondria; cytosol
A
In panel B, the embryo is forming a tube called the _____, from lower left to upper right, in a process called _____. If this animal embryo is a deuterostome, its mouth will be the _____ opening. A archenteron; invagination; second B archenteron; neurulation; second C archenteron; invagination; first D blastocoel; blastulation; second E blastocoel; blastulation; first F dorsal lip; cleavage; second
A
Sperm are produced in the A seminiferous tubules. B prostate gland. C scrotum. D seminal vesicles.
A
The C4 photosynthetic pathway relies on ______ separation of processes, while the CAM photosynthetic pathway relies on _______ separation of processes. A spatial; temporal B geographic; temperature C spatial; spatial D temporal; spatial
A
The difference between aggregate and multiple fruits is: A the aggregate fruit develops from one flower, whereas the multiple fruit develops from multiple flowers. B the multiple fruit comes from multiple carpels, wheras the aggregate fruit comes from one carpel. C there is no real difference. D the multiple fruit is much more complex than the aggregate fruit.
A
What evidence supports your claim in the previous question? A Birds, mammals, and crocodiles have a double circulation circulatory system with complete separation between the chambers. B Amphibians have a double circulation circulatory system with incomplete separation between the chambers. C This is indicative of an open circulatory system. D A four chambered heart is indicative of a single circulation circulatory system.
A
What is the best explanation for why vertebrates undergo rigor mortis after death? A The lack of any new ATP prevents myosin cross-bridge release. B The muscles seize in an effort to protect the organism. C The brain is no longer sending electrical signals to muscles. D Myosin immediately releases from actin after death.
A
What is the goal of the C4 Rice Consortium? A Identify the genes necessary for C4 photosynthesis. B Improve the efficiency of RuBisCO. C Make rice a C3 plant. D Make C4 photosynthesis work in all rice plant cells.
A
Where do the electrons in Photosystem II come from (what is their origin)? Where do the electrons go after Photosystem II? A From water splitting; to the cytochrome complex via plastoquinone B From the photons; to the protons C From the stroma; to the thylakoid space D From water splitting; to the stroma
A
Which of the following statements about the small intestine is false? A Microvilli are lined with blood vessels as well as lymphatic vessels. B Absorptive cells that line the small intestine have microvilli, small projections that increase surface area and aid in the absorption of food. C The inside of the small intestine has many folds, called villi. D The inside of the small intestine is called the lumen.
A
Which type of muscle fibers are the most dependent on oxygen? A Oxidative B Glycolytic C Fast-Twitch D Anaerobic
A
With increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations due to human activities, which type of plants would benefit the most? A C3 plants B All plants would benefit equally. C CAM plants D C4 plants
A
With increasing global temperatures due to climate change, which type of plants would be favored (for a while at least, until a maximum threshold is reached)? A C4 B Neither would be favored. C C3 D Both would be favored.
A
You are in an accident that impacts your chest, and you immediately notice sharp chest pain and shortness of breath. The doctor diagnoses you with a pneumothorax, or collapsed lung, which is when air leaks into the space between your lungs and thoracic cavity wall. What is causing your shortness of breath? A The air has disrupted/displaced the fluid adhering the outer membrane of your lungs with the membrane of your thoracic cavity, so your lungs do not expand when your rib cage does. B The presence of the air interferes with the process of gas exchange, so you are not absorbing oxygen with each breath. C Alveoli were destroyed, therefore decreasing the surface area available for diffusion of gases. D The injury has caused inflammation and constriction of the bronchi and bronchioles.
A
You prepare and examine the above microscope slide as part of some research you are conducting. Just by looking at the slide, you can tell which is an artery and which is a vein. How? A Arteries have a thicker layer of smooth muscle and therefore hold their shape when prepared and fixed on a slide. B You can see a valve in one of the structures but not the other. C Veins have a thicker layer of smooth muscle and therefore hold their shape when prepared and fixed on a slide. D One has to be thin enough to allow for exchange of materials across the membrane.
A
What are the stages of the Calvin cycle? Choose all that apply. A Fixation B Reduction C Chemiosmosis D Regeneration
A, B, D
The light reactions are responsible for which type(s) of energy conversion? Choose all that apply. A Potential energy to chemical energy. B Chemical energy to potential energy. C Kinetic energy to potential energy. D Light energy to chemical energy.
A, D
What is the importance of the structure and arrangement of tissue layers within a leaf? Refer to C7 Notes. Choose all that apply. A The spongy mesophyll layer has spaces for gas exchange to occur, so this layer is located on the bottom of the leaf where most stomata are. B None of these. There is no relationship between the structure, function, and location of tissue layers within a leaf. C Spongy mesophyll is important for capturing light, so it is located where light strikes most. D Palisade mesophyll can be located on the top or bottom side of the leaf. E The palisade mesophyll layer contains cells that photosynthesize, so this layer is located on the top side of the leaf where sunlight strikes.
A, E
By what mechanism(s) does water move through a plant? Choose all that apply. A Osmosis B Bulk flow C Transpiration D Translocation
A,B,C
Suppose you find a small, freestanding plant, but you don't know what type it is. You take this plant back to your lab, crush it, and stain the chromosomes, then examine it under a microscope. You find out that it has two copies of each chromosome (2n). It could be which of the following? Choose all that apply. A Angiosperm. B Fern. C Gymnosperm. D Bryophyte.
A,B,C
The oxidation of pyruvate results in the generation of_____. Choose three. A acetyl CoA B CO2 C NADH D FADH2 E ATP F water
A,B,C
Which of the following are examples of constraints placed on animal form and function? Choose all that apply. A Smaller animals lose heat faster than larger animals and therefore have different energetic requirements. B Body plans can influence movement patterns/ability. C Diffusion and cell size. D Embryological development patterns.
A,B,C
There are several reasons why RuBisCO has about an equal affinity for CO2 and O2. What are they? Choose all that apply. A Many genes code for the RuBisCO complex, which is more difficult for natural selection to act upon. B Under some circumstances, it might be beneficial for the plant to undergo photorespiration. C CO2 and O2 both bind to RuBisCO's active site. D RuBisCO evolved at a time when atmospheric CO2 was much higher than atmospheric O2. E RuBisCO evolved at a time when atmospheric O2 was higher than atmospheric CO2. F Under some circumstances, O2 can bind RuBisCO and go through the Calvin cycle.
A,B,C,D
In plant physiology, shoots could include (choose all correct): A storage tubers. B flowers. C stems. D rhizomes. E leaves. F mesophylls.
A,B,C,D,E
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts have which of the following characteristics? Choose all that apply. A Fertilization takes place outside the plant. B Spores. C Motile (swimming) sperm cells. D The haploid is the dominant form (dominant = most of the plant's life cycle). E An independent sporophyte. F An independent gametophyte. G Seeds. H Veins.
A,B,C,D,F
As angiosperms evolved, which of the following happened? Choose all correct. A Some groups of insects also became more speciose. B The sporophyte can grow to large sizes. C They developed seeds. D The gameotphyte became much smaller. E Pollen became larger. F They produced fruits.
A,B,D,F
What two factors best explain why animals of different phyla, such as Arthropoda (animals with exoskeletons and joints) and Chordata (vertebrates with endoskeletons and a central nerve cord), show such diversity of form and function? Choose two. A Sets of genes being duplicated and transposed in animals descended from their ancestors. B Convergent evolution of genes that organize the body plans of animals. C A conserved set of genes that code for proteins responsible for body organization. D The exact same genes and genetic sequences being found in all animals. E Random mutations in genes coincidentally giving rise to the same sequence, over and over again.
A,C
What is the best explanation(s) for why researchers are trying to make rice a C4 plant? Use everything that you have learned. Choose all that apply. A Rice is grown in climates that are already very warm. B C4 rice would require less CO2 for photosynthesis. C The need for food production is growing. D C4 rice grows faster than C3 rice. E The earth's temperature is also rising, which favors C4 plants.
A,C,E
Digestion of carbohydrates takes place in the ____. (Choose all that apply) A mouth B gall bladder C stomach D small intestine E large intestine
A,D
Review the electron transport chain in your textbook and/or class notes. Why does the line representing the energy of the electrons go up and down? Choose all that apply. A The energy of the electrons can be used to do work, resulting in a decrease in the energy level. B Protons neutralize the energy of the electrons. C The cytochrome complex strips electrons of their energy. D The energy of the electrons is boosted after conversion of light to chemical energy in the photosystems.
A,D
Which hormones are directly responsible for the development and maturation of sperm and egg? A FSH B Testosterone C Inhibin D Progesterone E Estrogen F LH
A,F
A majority of the sugar in fruits originates in _______ and is moved through _______ to the fruit. A leaves; xylem B leaves; phloem C roots; phloem D roots; xylem
B
Based on the following definitions and what you have learned in class, human muscle cells behave as ____________. Facultative - capable of but not restricted to a particular function or mode of life. Obligate - restricted to a particular function or mode of life. A anaerobes. B facultative anaerobes. C aerobes. D obligate anaerobes.
B
DNP uncouples _________. A oxidation and reduction reactions B the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis C cytochrome complexes III and IV D the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain
B
During cellular respiration, complex organic molecules are broken down into simpler products. One result of the process of breaking down molecules is the storage of ________ energy, which is used to generate the _______ that drives most of the cell's work. A chemical; heat B potential; ATP C potential; heat D kinetic; ATP
B
Glycolysis results solely in the gain of ATP. A True. B False, ATP is invested upfront to result in eventual net gain of ATP. C False, ADP is invested up-front to result in the eventual net gain of ATP. D False, NADH is invested earlier to result in eventual net gain of ATP.
B
How does whether xylem and phloem are living or dead at maturity impact water and solute transport in plants? A Moving water into and out of xylem requires energy so the cells have to be living, while solute movement though phloem is passive so the cells do not need to be alive. B Water movement though xylem is passive so the cells do not need to be alive, while moving solutes into and out of phloem requires energy so the cells have to be living. C Water movement though phloem is passive so the cells do not need to be alive, while moving solutes into and out of xylem requires energy so the cells have to be living. D Moving water into and out of phloem requires energy so the cells have to be living, while solute movement though xylem is passive so the cells do not need to be alive.
B
Review the definitions of pulmonary and systemic circulation and the structure of the mammalian heart. Which structures make up the pulmonary heart? Which structures make up the systemic heart? A Pulmonary: right and left atria Systemic: right and left ventricles B Pulmonary: right ventricle and left atrium Systemic: left ventricle and right atrium C Pulmonary: left ventricle and right atrium Systemic: right ventricle and left atrium D Pulmonary: right and left ventricles Systemic: right and left atria
B
The adaptation of terrestrial plants that ferns have, but mosses lack, is A seeds. B veins. C leaves. D spores.
B
What is a disadvantage of photorespiration? What is an advantage? A Photorespiration creates energy-storing carbon molecules and releases O2; it prevents the ADP concentration from building up to levels that are dangerous for the plant. B Photorespiration breaks down energy-storing carbon molecules and releases CO2; it prevents the ATP concentration from building up to levels that are dangerous for the plant. C Photorespiration prevents the ATP concentration from building up to levels that are dangerous for the plant; it breaks down energy-storing carbon molecules and releases CO2. D Photorespiration prevents the ADP concentration from building up to levels that are dangerous for the plant; it creates energy-storing carbon molecules and releases O2.
B
What is the overall outcome of the light reactions carried out by photosystems? A Convert light energy into potential energy. B Convert light energy into chemical energy. C Make sugars. D Convert chemical energy into potential energy.
B
What is the ultimate (final) fate of the electron pair after they are transported by ferredoxin? A They are recycled to the beginning of the chain. B They reduce NADP+ to NADPH. C They move into the thylakoid space. D They end up at NADP reductase where they do work.
B
What molecule is responsible for transporting oxygen and where is it found? A Red blood cells; plasma B Hemoglobin; red blood cells C Hemoglobin; plasma D Myoglobin; red blood cells E Hemoglobin; white blood cells
B
What will happen when a plant cell is placed into a solution with very high solute concentration? A The cell will shrink because the salt will move into the cell. B The cell will shrink because water will move out of the cell. C The cell will swell because water will enter the cell. D The cell will remain the same.
B
Where do the electrons used in the second stage of the Calvin cycle come from? A Oxygen B NADPH C The 3-carbon sugar D ATP
B
Where do the energy carriers used in the Calvin cycle come from? A They are generated as part of the Calvin cycle. B The light reactions. C Carbon dioxide. D Photons.
B
Which metabolic pathway is common to both anaerobic and aerobic oxidation of glucose? A the electron transport chain B glycolysis C the citric acid cycle (CAC) D reduction of pyruvate to lactate E pyruvate oxidation
B
Which method of carbon fixation would suffer most if the bundle sheath cell activity were inhibited? A CAM B C4 C CAM and C3 D C3
B
Which of the following have a dominant gametophyte generation? Choose all that apply. A Gymnosperms B Bryophytes C Angiosperms D Ferns and horsetails
B
Which of the following statements about the digestive system is false? A Chewed and lubricated food that is swallowed is called a bolus. B Peristaltic movement in the esophagus is bi-directional. C Chyme is a mixture of food and digestive juices that is produced in the stomach. D In the small intestine, chyme mixes with bile, which emulsifies fats.
B
Why is there no change in the cumulative amount of ATP synthesized after cyanide is added to the mitochondria growing on a petri-dish? A Cyanide acts as an inhibitor of ATP synthase. B Cyanide irreversibly binds to a component of the ETC thus halting flow of electrons and, by consequence, protons. C Cyanide binds to the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 and reduces their availability. D Cyanide binds to the oxygen and reduces its availability to the ETC.
B
You are researching crickets. Upon testing their hemolymph, you discover very low amounts of dissolved O2 and CO2. Why is this? A Experimental error. B They do not need to transport gases in their circulatory system since their respiratory system is in direct contact with individual cells. C The weight of their exoskeleton limits the amount of gas exchange that can happen resulting in low amounts of dissolved gases. D Arthropods do not use/produce oxygen and carbon dioxide.
B
You have signed up (and trained!) for a marathon. As part of your plan, you eat a large meal of pasta the two nights leading up to the race to 'carb load'. What will this accomplish? A The carbohydrates will enter oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP. B Sugars not immediately needed will be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells and released when needed (during the race) as glucose to undergo cellular respiration. C It will prevent stomach upset on the day of the race. D It will be used for long-term storage as fat in adipose tissue. E Nothing. People only do it because they like pasta.
B
Which of the following are adaptations to reduce the rate of photorespiration? Choose all that apply. A Conduct the Calvin cycle in the spongy mesophyll layer only. B Separate the light reactions and Calvin cycle spatially. C Use of different or additional enzymes to fix carbon initially. D Separate the light reactions and Calvin cycle temporally.
B, C, D
Which of the following is/are true about photosystems? Choose all that apply. A Pass electrons from one pigment (chlorophyll) molecule to another. B The reaction center captures energy being passed from one pigment (chlorophyll) molecule to another and emits an energized electron. C Capture light energy. D Pass energy from one pigment (chlorophyll) molecule to another.
B, C, D
What is/are the primary purpose(s) of the electron transport chain? Choose all that apply. A Generate ADP. B Reduce NADP+ to NADPH. C Convert light energy into electrons. D Create a proton gradient.
B, D
Fats are broken down into components that enter ____. (Choose all that apply) A Pyruvate oxidation B Glycolysis C Citric acid cycle D Oxidative phosphorylation
B,C
When someone has asthma, they may experience asthma attacks from time to time. One of the signs of an asthma attack is that blood flow to bronchi increases. Under normal conditions, increased blood flow also increases oxygen diffusion into the bloodstream. In asthmatic bronchi, however, there are two other responses that result in a net decrease in diffusion of oxygen into the bloodstream. What are the two additional responses? A An inability to exhale carbon dioxide B Bronchoconstriction C Increased mucous production D The person coughs a lot E Drying out of bronchi
B,C
How does smoking affect your respiratory system? Choose all that apply. A Chemicals in cigarette smoke lubricate the lungs, making the respiratory system more efficient. B Chemicals in cigarette smoke destroy or paralyze the cilia lining the bronchi, affecting the ability to remove harmful particles from the lungs. C Smoking causes the lungs to produce more mucus, which cannot be moved by damaged cilia, leading to a persistent cough as the lungs try to remove particles. D Increased mucus secretions that cannot be removed from the lungs makes smokers more susceptible to respiratory ailments.
B,C,D
Which of the following choices are practical concerns for current GMO use? Choose more than one. A Macro-nutrient shortage in GM crops making food less nutritious. B Resistance to pest control. C Human disease caused by GM crops. D Off-target effects. E Transgene escape.
B,D,E
Which of the following steps occur during the citric acid cycle (CAC)? Choose all that apply. A ATP is dephosphorylated to ADP. B Carbon dioxide is produced in CAC. C FAD loses electrons to form FADH2. D Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate. E NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
B,D,E
Suppose you ate a cheeseburger for dinner last night. Where would the cheeseburger be broken down chemically? Choose all that apply. Assume there are no dietary restrictions, and the cheeseburger consisted of a bun, burger, and cheese. A Pancreas B Mouth C Esophagus D Large intestine E Liver F Small intestine G Stomach
B,F,G
At stage D, the embryo's cells will continue to divide, but the embryo will not grow any larger. This process is known as: A invagination. B gastrulation. C cleavage. D fertilization. E neurulation.
C
Cephalization is the term for the evolutionary development of A true tissues. B a bilaterally symmetrical body. C a head end. D a body cavity.
C
Glycolysis occurs in the _______, in the _______ of oxygen. A cytoplasm; presence B mitochondria; presence C cytoplasm; absence D mitochondria; absence
C
Having lungs with a two-way flow system allows us to A get more oxygen into the lungs with each breath. B expel carbon dioxide more efficiently. C perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. D convert carbon dioxide to bicarbonate.
C
In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is ______. In anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is ______. A carbon dioxide; oxygen B NAD+; NADP+ C oxygen; a different substance D water; ATP
C
In the spring while out on a hike, you come across a plant with flowers. Having recently learned about monocots and dicots, you count the flower parts: there are 12. Now you are not sure whether it is a monocot or a dicot. What is the best feature of the plant you could examine next, in the field, to help you choose between monocot and dicot? A Whether it has small flowers or large, showy flowers. B Whether there are one or two cotyledons in the seeds. C Whether the leaf blades are more round, with net-like veins, or long with parallel veins. D Whether it is pollinated by bees or birds. E Whether the stamens are long and prominent, or short and small.
C
The "photo" portion of photosynthesis refers specifically to: A the sun B capturing carbon dioxide C transforming light energy into chemical energy D making glucose
C
What is the reducing agent in the following reaction? Pyruvate + NADH + H+ ---> Lactate + NAD+ A Lactate B NAD+ C NADH D Pyruvate
C
When comparing exoskeletons and endoskeletons, which of the following is not true? A Exoskeletons provide greater protection of the internal organs. B Exoskeletons cannot grow as an organism grows. C Exoskeletons provide less area for muscle attachment. D Endoskeletons can support relatively larger organisms.
C
Which cells regulate gas exchange? A Palisade mesophyll B Spongy mesophyll C Guard cells D Stomata
C
Which of the following statements about the menstrual cycle is false? A Estrogen levels rise before ovulation, while progesterone levels rise after. B Menstruation occurs after progesterone levels drop. C Menstruation occurs just after LH and FSH levels peak. D Progesterone levels rise during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and the secretory phase of the uterine cycle.
C
Which statement about thylakoids in eukaryotes is not correct? A Thylakoids are assembled into stacks called grana. B The fluid surrounding thylakoids is called stroma. C Thylakoids contain chlorophyll. D Thylakoids exist as a maze of folded membranes.
C
Why don't you explode when you eat breakfast cereal? (Or any other food, for that matter.) Choose the best explanation. A There are no electron carriers in combustion, but there are in our bodies. B When O2 is reduced to water, it extinguishes the oxidized carbon. C The electron transport chain harvests energy in a stepwise process. D Combustion happens at much higher temperatures.
C
In C4 plants, the Calvin cycle takes place in _____. In C3 plants, the Calvin cycle takes place in ________. Choose two. A stroma; thylakoid membrane B mesophyll cells; bundle sheath cells C stroma; stroma D bundle sheath cells; all cells E bundle sheath cells; mesophyll cells F thylakoid lumen; stroma
C, D
Amphibious fish are fish that are able to leave water for extended periods of time. Mudskippers, for example, are found in mangrove swamps in Africa and the Indo-Pacific, and frequently come onto land where they can survive out of the water for up to three and a half days. What type of respiratory system(s) do you predict they have? Choose all that apply. A lungs B tracheal C gills D cutaneous
C,D
The two most important events of gastrulation are (choose two): A formation of the dorsal and ventral lips B invagination C formation of the archenteron D formation of the germ layers E formation of a hollow ball of cells F determination of polarity for the animal
C,D
Which of the following are advantages of bilateral symmetry? Choose all that apply. A The development of specialized tissues. B Leads to a stationary lifestyle. C Cephalization D Allows for directional movement. E The development of specialized sensory and nervous structures at one end of the body.
C,D,E
Big picture: photosynthesis results in the __________ of carbon molecules and cellular respiration results in the __________ of carbon molecules. A oxidation; oxidation B reduction; reduction C oxidation; reduction D reduction; oxidation
D
Living organisms access energy for the activities of life from: A DNA B digesting glucose C the sun D breaking chemical bonds in molecules
D
Many pregnant women experience nausea, vomiting, and dizziness, brought on by the woman's immune response to the developing embryo. This "morning sickness" is typically most severe from weeks 3-8 of the embryo's development. For some women, the condition, called hyperemesis gravidarum, can be a life-threatening cause of dehydration. In 1957, a drug was developed that relieved women who were early in pregnancy of "morning sickness." However, within a few years, women and health care providers noticed that some babies born to women who had taken this drug during the time the embryo was 3-11 weeks old, were born with particular birth defects. Based on this information, what specific birth defect do you predict this drug most commonly caused? A Germ layers not being properly formed. B The babies' gut not being properly formed. C Malformation of the spinal cord. D Errors in limb development.
D
Plants pollinated by bees are subject to a strong selective pressure favoring bilateral symmetry and blue and yellow colors. The plants exert pressure on the bees, favoring hairiness, particular body shapes, and behaviors that effectively transfer pollen. What is this and example of? A Parasitism B Mutation C Speciation D Coevolution
D
Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms don't have specialized respiratory systems. Why don't they need specialized gas exchange surfaces? A They don't need to do gas exchange. B They aren't "true" animals and therefore don't need to breathe. C Their circulatory system also functions as their respiratory system. D Nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the environment.
D
Suppose two plants are placed in a growth chamber that emits light at 475nm. One plant contains mostly chlorophyll A, and one plant contains mostly chlorophyll B. Which plant will capture the greatest measure of light energy for photosynthesis? A Neither plant will capture much light energy. B Both of them will capture approximately the same light energy. C The chlorophyll A plant. D The chlorophyll B plant.
D
What is the best description of the purpose of root hairs? A Decrease the surface area of the root. B Conducting photosynthesis. C Gas exchange. D Increase the surface area for absorption of water and minerals.
D
What is the importance of circulatory systems in multicellular organisms, including plants and animals? A Move blood throughout the body. B To allow for body movement. C Provide a pumping action to move fluids. D Diffusion of molecules is not efficient over long distances, so another method is needed to bring nutrients and gases to individual cells and get rid of wastes.
D
When comparing C3 and C4 plants found in a hot climate, A the C3 plants undergo lower rates of photorespiration and therefore require less ATP than C4 plants. B the C3 plants undergo lower rates of photorespiration and therefore require more ATP than C4 plants. C the C3 plants undergo higher rates of photorespiration and therefore require less ATP than C4 plants. D the C3 plants undergo higher rates of photorespiration and therefore require more ATP than C4 plants.
D
Which of the following examples best represents the concept of a GMO non-target impact as discussed in class? A GM crop out-competes weeds in the field. B GM crop is more fertilizer-efficient than surrounding crops. C Genes are transferred from GM crop to surrounding organisms. D GM crop unintentionally harms a pollinator.
D
Which of the following is an advantage of double fertilization? A One sperm creates the seed and a second creates the fruit. B Two fertilizations are necessary to create a diploid zygote. C Allows the process of fertilization to happen faster. D Ensures that endosperm develops only in ovules where the egg has been fertilized, thereby preventing angiosperms from wasting nutrients on infertile ovules.
D
You perform a necropsy (an examination of an animal corpse) on an unknown mammal and find that it has a very short cecum. You notice that it also has sharp, prominent canine teeth. You hypothesize that the animal is: A a ruminant B an herbivore C there is not enough information to tell D a carnivore E a marsupial
D
Which molecule in the electron transport chain is responsible for transporting protons across the thylakoid membrane? A NADP reductase B Photosystem I C Plastocyanin D Ferredoxin E The cytochrome complex
E
Digestive juices from the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas are delivered to the A ileum. B jejunum. C large intestine. D stomach. F duodenum.
F
T/F - Using embryos of amphibians, Walter Vogt was able to show that there is no way to predict what any one particular cell in the frog's blastula would become in the adult frog.
F
Which of the following are adaptations or mechanisms to reduce transpiration? Choose all that apply. A Trichomes and other leaf adaptations that alter air flow over/around the leaf. B Modified leaf shape. C Close the stomata. D Stomata that are sunken below the surface of the leaf. E Waxy outer covering on leaf. F All the above
F
Put the following events around mammalian fertilization in order, from earliest to latest. ___ Cell membranes of the sperm and egg cells fuse. ___ The first of many cycles of mitosis and cytokinesis begins. ___ Sodium ions enter the egg cell, depolarizing it. ___ Calcium ions enter the egg cell, causing a permanent barrier to polyspermy. ___ Enzymes in the sperm acrosome hydrolyze the egg's jelly coating. ___ The egg is metabolically activated. ___ Sperm and egg nuclei complete their fusion, forming a zygote.
Put the following events around mammalian fertilization in order, from earliest to latest. __1__Enzymes in the sperm acrosome hydrolyze the egg's jelly coating. __2__Cell membranes of the sperm and egg cells fuse. __3__Sodium ions enter the egg cell, depolarizing it. __4__Calcium ions enter the egg cell, causing a permanent barrier to polyspermy. __5__The egg is metabolically activated. __6__Sperm and egg nuclei complete their fusion, forming a zygote. __7__The first of many cycles of mitosis and cytokinesis begins.
Match the pollination and seed dispersal methods with the following features. 1-Wind 2-Animal 3-Water ___ Stamens well exposed ___ Pollen is small and very light ___ Flowers small, non-fragrant, and do not produce nectar ___Buoyant seeds ___ Flowers fragrant and produce nectar ___ Large, feathery stigmata ___ Buoyant pollen ___ Winged or umbrella-like seeds ___ Showy, bright, large flowers ___ Sticky stigmata ___ Pollen is sticky or has small hooks
Stamens well exposed __1__ Pollen is small and very light __1__ Flowers small, non-fragrant, and do not produce nectar __3__ Buoyant seeds __2__ Flowers fragrant and produce nectar __1__ Large, feathery stigmata __3__ Buoyant pollen __1__ Winged or umbrella-like seeds __2__ Showy, bright, large flowers __2__ Sticky stigmata __2__ Pollen is sticky or has small hooks
T/F - Depending on the presence or absence of oxygen, pyruvate can commit to either fermentation or aerobic respiration.
T
T/F - Mitochondrial uncouplers like DNP can sometimes be beneficial to organisms.
T
Match the following characteristics and structures with the correct life cycle phase. 1-Gametophyte generation 2-Sporophyte generation ___ Diploid ___ Dominant in bryophytes ___ Dominant in ferns and horsetails ___ Dominant in angiosperms ___ Pollen ___ Dominant in gymnosperms ___ Spores ___ Ovule/egg ___ Haploid
__2__ Diploid __1__ Dominant in bryophytes __2__ Dominant in ferns and horsetails __2__ Dominant in angiosperms __1__ Pollen __2__ Dominant in gymnosperms __1__ Spores __1__ Ovule/egg __1__ Haploid
Match the following characteristic features of muscle cells to the types of cells they are most prevalent in. 1-Oxidative muscle cells 2-Oxidative muscle cells ___ White in color ___ Brown/Red in color ___ Aerobic respiration ___ High oxygen consumption ___ High rate of glycolysis ___ Anaerobic respiration ___ Large number of mitochondria
__2__ White in color __1__ Brown/Red in color __1__ Aerobic respiration __1__ High oxygen consumption __2__ High rate of glycolysis __2__ Anaerobic respiration __1__ Large number of mitochondria
Match the skeleton type with its chemistry. (1. endoskeleton of a vertebrate 2. endoskeleton of a mollusc 3. exoskeleton of an insect 4. endoskeleton of a sea urchin (echinoderm)) ___ chitin ___ calcium carbonate (CaCO3) ___ calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) ___ there is no match
__3__ chitin __4__ calcium carbonate (CaCO3) __1__ calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) __2__ there is no match
