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In the late nineteenth century, tax benefits and cheap, nonunion labor especially attracted ___ manufacturing to the "new South." a. textile b. steel c. machine tool d. electrical appliance e. farm equipment
A) textile
Match each railroad company below with the correct entrepreneur. A. James J. Hill 1. Central Pacific B. Cornelius Vanderbilt 2. New York Central C. Leland Stanford 3. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe 4. Great Northern a. A-4, B-2, C- l b. A-3, B-4, C-2 c. A-2, B-1, C-3 d. A-4, B-3, C-1 e. A-1, B-3, C-4
A) A-4, B-2, C- 1
Which one of the following is least like the other three? a. closed shop b. lockout c. yellow dog contract d. blacklist e. company town
A) closed shop
After the Civil War, the plentiful supply of unskilled labor in the United States a. helped to build the nation into an industrial giant. b. was unable to find employment in technologically demanding industries. c. came almost exclusively from rural America. d. increasingly found work in agriculture. e. was almost entirely native born.
A) helped to build the nation into an industrial giant.
J.P. Morgan undermined competition by placing officers of his bank on the boards of supposedly independent companies that he wanted to control. This method was known as a (n) a. interlocking dictorate. b. trust. c. vertical integration. d. pool. e. holding company.
A) interlocking dictorate.
The first major product of the oil industry was a. kerosene. b. gasoline. c. lighter fluid. d. natural gas. e. heating oil.
A) kerosene.
Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area and share the profits were called a. pools. b. trusts. c. rebates. d. interlocking directorates. e. holding companies.
A) pools.
Use the following to answer questions 99-106: Each of the following questions may have two, three, four, or five correct answers. Mark all correct answers for each question. 100. Vital improvements in railroading in the late nineteenth century included a. standard gauge of track width. b. air brakes. c. steel rails. d. Pullman cars. e. the block signal.
A, B, C, D, E
Use the following to answer questions 99-106: Each of the following questions may have two, three, four, or five correct answers. Mark all correct answers for each question. 102. The factors promoting the growth of manufacturing in post-Civil War America included a. plentiful cheap labor. b. available investment capital. c. abundant natural resources. d. effective government planning. e. massive immigration.
A, B, C, E
Use the following to answer questions 99-106: Each of the following questions may have two, three, four, or five correct answers. Mark all correct answers for each question. 106. Over the last century, historians' criticisms of the industrial capitalism of the Gilded Age have included a. the romantic idea that industrialization diminished workers' spiritual quality of life. b. the assertion that workers were brutalized by the industrial system. c. the argument that American living standards were not raised by industrialization. d. the claim that American industrialization sharpened class divisions. e. the assertion that most great American fortunes came from inherited wealth.
A, B, D
Use the following to answer questions 99-106: Each of the following questions may have two, three, four, or five correct answers. Mark all correct answers for each question. 101. Railroading in the late nineteenth century provided a significant stimulus to a. agriculture. b. urbanization. c. feminism. d. immigration. e. industrialization.
A, B, D, E
Use the following to answer questions 99-106: Each of the following questions may have two, three, four, or five correct answers. Mark all correct answers for each question. 99. The first transcontinental railroad was completed by the construction efforts of the __________ and __________ railroads. a. Union Pacific b. Northern Pacific c. Central Pacific d. Southern Pacific e. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe
A, C
Use the following to answer questions 99-106: Each of the following questions may have two, three, four, or five correct answers. Mark all correct answers for each question. 103. Thomas Edison was instrumental in the invention of the a. electric light. b. telephone. c. mimeograph machine. d. motion picture. e. radio.
A, C, D
15. In 1929, the base price of a Ford Model T was A. $290. B. $470. C. $630. D. $950.
A. $290.
43. Samuel Gompers was the leader of the A. American Federation of Labor. B. Molly Maguires. C. Knights of Labor. D. Congress of Industrial Organization.
A. American Federation of Labor.
10. In the 1870s, the "internal combustion engine" was developed in A. Europe. B. the United States. C. Asia. D. Africa.
A. Europe.
How did James Duke influence American society in the last 19th century? A. He offered trading cards and prizes targeted at young people to persuade them to smoke addictive cigarettes. B. He figured out how to turn barley into a much more flavorful form of beer. C. He established Duke University, one of the first elite universities in the South. D. He developed the secret formula for Coca Cola. E. He showed how a more sanitary environment reduced the threat of diseases.
A. He offered trading cards and prizes targeted at young people to persuade them to smoke addictive cigarettes.
Which of the following was one of the secrets of John D. Rockefeller's success? A. He paid attention to the minutest details and understood the benefits of vertical integration. B. He pioneered a division of labor in which he concentrated on financial matters and delegated the technical operations of the industry to his managers. C. He concentrated on the "big picture" and did not get bogged down in details. D. He did not waste a lot of money on advertising. E. He was willing to develop equal cooperative relationships with his competitors.
A. He paid attention to the minutest details and understood the benefits of vertical integration.
26. In the late nineteenth century, the first and most important promoter of Social Darwinism was A. Herbert Spencer. B. Horatio Alger. C. Russell Conwell. D. Jacob Riis.
A. Herbert Spencer.
18. Who among the following was NOT significantly associated with the steel industry? A. James J. Hill B. Andrew Carnegie C. J. Pierpont Morgan D. Henry Clay Frick
A. James J. Hill
6. In the United States, the steel industry first emerged in A. Pennsylvania and Ohio. B. Vermont and Massachusetts. C. Illinois and Indiana. D. New Jersey and New York.
A. Pennsylvania and Ohio.
What did Adam Smith argue in The Wealth of Nations? A. Self-interest acted as an "invisible hand" in the marketplace, automatically regulating the supply of and demand for services. B. Mechanization would become the "invisible hand" and automation would eliminate human labor. C. Wealth should be distributed evenly throughout society. D. Inexorable natural laws controlled the social order. E. A single tax would solve the nation's uneven distribution of wealth.
A. Self-interest acted as an "invisible hand" in the marketplace, automatically regulating the supply of and demand for services.
How did industrialization affect skilled craftsmen? A. Subdividing the manufacture of a product into smaller jobs meant that an individual no longer manufactured an entire product. B. Skilled craftsmen were needed to operate machinery. C. The tension of assembly-line work caused formerly sober, disciplined craftsmen to drink on the job. D. Skilled craftsmen were transformed into "aristocrats" in the world of labor. E. Industrialization allowed skilled craftsman to flourish as many people came to realize the value of products produced by hand.
A. Subdividing the manufacture of a product into smaller jobs meant that an individual no longer manufactured an entire product.
Which of the immigrants in the West bore the brunt of labor hostility in the 1870s and 1880s? A. Jewish immigrants B. Chinese immigrants C. Irish Catholic immigrants D. Russian immigrants E. Mexican immigrants
B. Chinese immigrants
Which of the following statements about the period from 1860 to 1900 is not true? A. U.S. textile and iron production tapered off. B. Boom-bust business cycles produced two major depressions. C. Manufacturing output soared. D. Innovative advertising and marketing techniques were created. E. Industry often polluted the environment.
A. U.S. textile and iron production tapered off.
Besides the fact that its all-inclusive membership undermined its unity, why did the Knights of Labor collapse in the late 1880s? A. Workers became disillusioned when a series of unauthorized strikes failed. B. A large percentage of the population became alienated by the union's failure to offer membership to black workers. C. Its attempts to bribe elected officials led to embarrassing scandals. D. Skilled workers became angered by the union's plan to help unskilled workers. E. The union's support of Karl Marx angered many capitalists.
A. Workers became disillusioned when a series of unauthorized strikes failed.
President of the Central Pacific Railroad Charles Crocker's testimony about Chinese workers and immigrants expressed A. a bias in his inability to understand and treat the Chinese as individuals. B. a humanitarian desire to help them make a better life for themselves in the United States. C. a fervent passion for ending discrimination against the Chinese. D. an unbending racist desire to have them all deported. E. a facility with the Chinese language.
A. a bias in his inability to understand and treat the Chinese as individuals.
Which of the following was not one of the features that dominated the world of large-scale manufacturing after the Civil War? A. a new focus on energy conservation and finding alternatives to traditional fossil fuels. B. the rapid spread of technological innovation. C. a demand for workers who could be carefully controlled. D. the constant pressure on firms to compete tooth-and-nail by cutting costs and prices, eliminating rivals, and creating monopolies. E. a relentless drop in prices.
A. a new focus on energy conservation and finding alternatives to traditional fossil fuels.
23. In the late nineteenth century, most American business millionaires A. began their careers from positions of wealth. B. came from financially humble origins. C. were living examples of "self-made men." D. had made their fortune in the railroad industry.
A. began their careers from positions of wealth.
29. The late nineteenth century sociologist Lester Frank Ward A. believed that human intelligence, not natural selection, shaped society. B. believed that government intervention in society would be harmful. C. sought to apply Darwinian laws to human society. D. argued that people could do little to alter the economic stratification of society.
A. believed that human intelligence, not natural selection, shaped society.
In the late nineteenth century, child labor was A. common in the coal mines and cotton mills. B. uncommon because children were not strong enough to handle the large machines and fast pace of factory production. C. uncommon because children had to stay in school until age sixteen. D. uncommon because for the first time childhood was seen as a distinct stage of life reserved for innocence, play, education, and maternal love. E. common in the economically-depressed south, but uncommon in the prosperous north.
A. common in the coal mines and cotton mills.
16. In the late nineteenth century, the railroad industry in the United States A. included the nation's largest businesses. B. saw Congress outlaw railroad combinations. C. relied on government subsidies for its growth. D. led to the nation's first corporations.
A. included the nation's largest businesses.
38. During the late nineteenth century, child labor in the United States A. increased significantly since 1865. B. was unregulated by laws in most states. C. saw more children working in factories than in agriculture. D. all of the above
A. increased significantly since 1865.
Who supported the New South Creed? A. industrialists who believed that the South's natural resources and cheap labor made it a natural site for industrial development. B. white supremacists who believed that "the South will rise again" through the subjugation of the black race. C. fundamentalist Southern Baptists who believed that the "Second Coming" of Christ was close at hand. D. aristocratic southern families who believed that the South would flourish again only if it returned to the plantation system. E. Northerners who believed that a new "accommodationist" approach had to be used if the south were to be brought back to economic health.
A. industrialists who believed that the South's natural resources and cheap labor made it a natural site for industrial development.
39. The Molly Maguires were a militant A. labor union in the coal industry. B. anti-immigration organization. C. woman suffrage organization. D. anarchist group.
A. labor union in the coal industry.
In the United States v. Knight Company, the Supreme Court diminished the effectiveness of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by ruling that A. manufacturing was not interstate commerce. B. the Granger Laws were unconstitutional because states could not regulate interstate commerce. C. all trusts and monopolies in interstate commerce were illegal and could be broken up by the federal government. D. employers could force employees to sign and abide by "yellow dog contracts." E. holding companies, which simply owned a controlling share of the stock of other firms, were not subject to antitrust laws.
A. manufacturing was not interstate commerce.
22. In the American business community at the end of the nineteenth century A. one percent of businesses controlled one-third of all manufacturing. B. most corporations had achieved stability through "pool" arrangements. C. federal reforms of corporations had ended the most predatory business practices. D. most states had made it illegal for one corporation to buy another one.
A. one percent of businesses controlled one-third of all manufacturing.
Horatio Alger influenced American society by A. propagating the "rags to riches" idea. B. describing the perilous conditions in factories and lobbied Congress to regulate them. C. organizing workers into the National Labor Union. D. convincing many Americans that the Anglo-Saxon race was superior to all others. E. leading a movement to expand public education to include all children in the United States.
A. propagating the "rags to riches" idea.
3. Prior to the Civil War, the steel industry in the United States A. saw little development. B. emerged as an important supplier for railroad construction. C. largely replaced the iron industry. D. resulted in the construction of large ocean freighters.
A. saw little development.
49. The Pullman strike of 1894 A. saw the president of the United States order federal troops to break the strike. B. was ultimately successful for the strikers. C. had little effect on rail transportation throughout the nation. D. ended when George Pullman dropped his demand that workers live in company housing.
A. saw the president of the United States order federal troops to break the strike.
46. In what industry did the Homestead strike of 1892 occur? A. steel B. railroad C. meatpacking D. coal
A. steel
8. In the late nineteenth century, the transportation needs of the American steel industry directly contributed to the development of all of the following EXCEPT A. the automobile company. B. steam engine technology. C. freighters on the Great Lakes. D. the Pennsylvania Railroad.
A. the automobile company.
Why was the Interstate Commerce Commission established? A. to investigate and oversee railroad practices. B. to control fluctuations in the international grain market. C. to encourage interstate cooperation in commercial ventures. D. to regulate the disruptive activities of industrial unions. E. to encourage Americans not to buy imported goods.
A. to investigate and oversee railroad practices.
12. Orville and Wilbur Wright's first successful airplane flight in 1903 A. took place near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. B. used a battery-powered engine. C. lasted just over one minute. D. all of the above
A. took place near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
As more and more women entered the paid work force, their work outside the home was A. understood by businessmen and portrayed by the popular press as temporary. B. enabling them to earn almost as much as their male counterparts. C. almost exclusively as domestic servants. D. solely the product of new technologies such as the typewriter or telephone. E. not essential to household income.
A. understood by businessmen and portrayed by the popular press as temporary.
19. The business structure of Carnegie Steel was a good example of A. vertical integration. B. horizontal integration. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B
A. vertical integration.
Mary Harris Jones A. was a leader of the United Mine Workers of America who expanded its membership by stressing the need to fight for families. B. founded to the Women's Christian Temperance Union to try and reduce drinking in the laboring class. C. lobbied for reform in how the mentally handicapped were treated. D. assassinated James Garfield in 1881. E. persuaded Andrew Carnegie that well paid workers would be the best workers.
A. was a leader of the United Mine Workers of America who expanded its membership by stressing the need to fight for families.
One group barred from membership in the Knights of Labor was a. African Americans. b. Chinese. c. women. d. Irish. e. social reformers.
B) Chinese.
The Amendment was especially helpful to giant corporations when defending themselves against regulation by state governments. a. Fifth b. Fourteenth c. Fifteenth d. Sixteenth e. Seventeenth
B) Fourteenth
The steel industry owed much to the inventive genius of a. Jay Gould. b. Henry Bessemer. c. John P. Altgeld. d. Thomas Edison. e. Alexander Graham Bell
B) Henry Bessemer.
The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from business combinations was the a. Federal Trade Commission. b. Interstate Commerce Commission. c. Consumer Affairs Commission. d. Federal Anti-Trust Commission. e. Federal Communications Commission
B) Interstate Commerce Commission.
The people who found fault with the 'captains of industry" mostly argued that these men a. had no real business ability. b. built their corporate wealth and power by exploiting workers. c. tried to take the United States back to an earlier age of aristocracy. d. were environmentally insensitive. e. retarded technological advances.
B) built their corporate wealth and power by exploiting workers.
During the Gilded Age, most of the railroad barons a. rejected government assistance. b. built their railroads with government assistance. c. relied exclusively on Chinese labor. d. refused to get involved in politics. e. focused on public service.
B) built their railroads with government assistance.
The Knights of Labor believed that republican traditions and institutions could be preserved from corrupt monopolies a. when American workers achieved a greater degree of class consciousness. b. by strengthening the economic and political independence of the workers. c. through the destruction of the American Federation of Labor d. by the development of strong craft unions. e. by forming an independent political movement.
B) by strengthening the economic and political independence of the workers.
Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favor a. labor unions. b. corporations. c. state regulatory agencies. d. individual entrepreneurs. e. independent workers and craftsmen.
B) corporations.
The national government helped to finance transcontinental railroad construction in the late nineteenth century by providing railroad corporations with a. cash grants from new taxes. b. land grants. c. cash grants from higher tariffs. d. reduced prices for iron and steel. e. aid for construction of railroad stations
B) land grants.
One of the most significant aspects of the Interstate Commerce Act was that it a. revolutionized the business system. b. represented the first large-scale attempt by the federal government to regulate business. c. began the process of breaking up the railroad monopolies. d. failed to prohibit some of the worst abuses of big business, such as pools and rebates. e. invoked the Constitution's interstate commerce clause.
B) represented the first large-scale attempt by the federal government to regulate business.
The United States changed to standard time zones when a. Congress passed a law establishing this system. b. the major rail lines decreed common fixed times so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks. c. factories demanded standard time schedules. d. long-distance telephones required standard time coordination. e. all of the above.
B) the major rail lines decreed common fixed times so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks.
One of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in the lives of workers was a. their movement to the suburbs. b. the need for them to adjust their lives to the time clock. c. the opportunity to relearn the ideals of Thomas Jefferson d. the narrowing of class divisions. e. the encounter with other races.
B) the need for them to adjust their lives to the time clock.
Use the following to answer questions 99-106: Each of the following questions may have two, three, four, or five correct answers. Mark all correct answers for each question. 104. Changes in the national economy in late-nineteenth-century America resulted in a. a lower standard of living for most. b. a decline in agriculture relative to manufacturing. c. no significant changes in marriage patterns or family life. d. sharper class distinctions. e. a movement of women into the work force.
B, D, E
Why did women join the work force in growing numbers in the late nineteenth century? A. The feminist movement encouraged farm girls and young immigrant women to work in order to become independent of their families. B. Changes in agriculture brought young farm women into the industrial labor force, and immigrant daughters worked to supplement meager family incomes. C. Industrialists thought women would have a civilizing influence on the brutal factory conditions. D. Trade unions won a series of court cases opening employment opportunities for women. E The Civil War had created a shortage of male workers.
B. Changes in agriculture brought young farm women into the industrial labor force, and immigrant daughters worked to supplement meager family incomes.
2. Who among the following did NOT make significant contributions to communication technology? A. Cyrus Field B. Charles F. Brush C. Alexander Graham Bell D. Guglielmo Marconi
B. Charles F. Brush
34. During the 1870s and 1880s, most of the immigrants to the United States came from A. Italy and the Slavic countries. B. Great Britain and northern Europe. C. Poland, Hungary and Russia. D. Japan and China.
B. Great Britain and northern Europe.
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the differences between single working-class women and married working-class women in the nineteenth century? A. Married women commonly hired maids and cooks to ease the burden of their work at home, whereas single women usually did most of the work themselves. B. Married women commonly worked under sweatshop conditions within the tenements, whereas single women often viewed outside work as an opportunity. C. Married women worked in cigar factories, whereas single women did needlework at home. D. Married women were able to work in factories because of the large number of unmarried women available to provide childcare. E. Married women had the assistance of their husbands at home and in the factory, while single women accepted an ideology of domesticity based on the idea of separate spheres.
B. Married women commonly worked under sweatshop conditions within the tenements, whereas single women often viewed outside work as an opportunity.
Which of the following best describes economic mobility in late nineteenth century America? A. There were dramatic leaps forward for those in the bottom rungs. B. Millions experienced an improved standard of living, while the gap between rich and poor widened. C. It was an era when 73% of Americans controlled most of the nation's wealth. D. Economically, it was difficult for those in the middle class, who saw their status remain stagnant or decline. E. Upward mobility was nonexistent for all levels of society - rich, poor and middle class.
B. Millions experienced an improved standard of living, while the gap between rich and poor widened.
50. Eugene Debs played a leading role in what labor event? A. Homestead strike B. Pullman strike C. Haymarket Square riot D. all of the above
B. Pullman strike
How did southern cotton mills differ from northern cotton mills in the 1880s? A. Southern cotton mills hired mostly single women. B. Southern cotton mills were located in the countryside rather than cities. C. Southern mill workers were paid better than northern mill workers. D. Southern cotton mills used traditional handicraft methods rather than machinery to produce cloth. E. Southern cotton mills tended to be smaller, with safer working conditions.
B. Southern cotton mills were located in the countryside rather than cities.
The significance of the 1892 World's Columbian Exposition was A. That it was the first time the world came together for a massive public educational event. B. That it showcased fifty years of industrial development and technological progress. C. That the nation's leaders met in the District of Columbia to seek solutions to difficult industrial working conditions. D. That women were among the many exhibitors. E. None of these choices
B. That it showcased fifty years of industrial development and technological progress.
By the 1880s, what had happened to most southern farmers? A. They were the wealthiest, most stable members of southern society. B. They specialized in growing cash crops such as cotton and tobacco and therefore were particularly vulnerable to the fluctuations of commercial agriculture. C. They had left the land to become industrial workers because western competition drove southern farms out of business. D. They had sold their land to northern speculators. E. They were self-sufficient because they reverted to subsistence farming.
B. They specialized in growing cash crops such as cotton and tobacco and therefore were particularly vulnerable to the fluctuations of commercial agriculture.
Who argued that "The law of survival of the fittest was not made by man, and it cannot be abrogated by man. We can only, by interfering with it, produce the survival of the unfittest."? A. Lester Frank Ward B. William Graham Sumner C. Herbert Spencer D. Josiah Strong E. William Sylvis
B. William Graham Sumner
31. In the late nineteenth century, the social writer Henry George argued in favor of A. taxing only the richest Americans. B. a single land tax to replace all other taxes. C. government efforts to increase land values. D. abolishing all taxes.
B. a single land tax to replace all other taxes.
Which of the following was the result of the rapid industrial development of the United States between 1860 and 1900? A. increased demand for and the importance of skilled artisans. B. an economy dominated by enormous corporations. C. the near extinction of small, specialized companies. D. reduced use of women and child laborers in mines and mills. E. marginalization of the richest 5% of the American population.
B. an economy dominated by enormous corporations.
21. To John D. Rockefeller, the great "curse" of business in the late nineteenth century was A. government regulation. B. cutthroat competition. C. the income tax. D. the corporate tax.
B. cutthroat competition.
30. The late nineteenth century, Daniel De Leon A. created the ideas of laissez-faire. B. founded the Socialist Labor Party in the United States. C. argued that large corporations were ultimately of benefit to American workers. D. led the American Federation of Labor.
B. founded the Socialist Labor Party in the United States.
37. In 1900, in regards to the work conditions in American factories, A. workers generally controlled the pace of production. B. laborers could expect to work at least sixty hours a week. C. job security for industrial workers had increased since 1865. D. while safety conditions were poor, mechanization reduced the overall rate of accidents.
B. laborers could expect to work at least sixty hours a week.
13. In 1900, the emergence of research laboratories in American corporations A. occurred as federal funding for research greatly expanded. B. led to a diversification of research interests. C. developed similar research goals as in Europe. D. was deemed necessary as few American university laboratories existed.
B. led to a diversification of research interests.
13. In the early twentieth century, a principle goal of "Taylorism" was to A. make industrial workers more independent in carrying out their jobs. B. organize industrial production into many simple tasks. C. encourage industrial workers to act creatively to solve production problems. D. create a large labor force of highly skilled workers.
B. organize industrial production into many simple tasks.
44. The Haymarket Square riot of 1886 A. saw public outrage over the police firing into a crowd of workers. B. resulted in the conviction and execution of several anarchists. C. took place in Indianapolis. D. resulted in a strike at the McCormick Harvester Company.
B. resulted in the conviction and execution of several anarchists.
Match each entrepreneur below with the form of business combination with which he is historically identified. A. Andrew Camegie 1. interlocking directorate B. John D. Rockefeller 2. trust C. J. Pierpont Morgan 3. vertical integration 4. pool a. A-2, B-4, C-1 b. A-3, B-2, C-4 c. A-3, B-2, C- l d. A-1, B-3, C-2 e. A-4, B-I, C-3
C) A-3, B-2, C- 1
The most effective and most enduring labor union of the post-Civil War period was the a. National Labor Union. b. Knights of Labor. c. American Federation of Labor. d. Knights of Columbus. e. Congress of Industrial Organizations.
C) American Federation of Labor.
11. In 1917, automobile production in the United States A. was the nation's largest industry. B. saw Henry Ford build the first practical gasoline-powered car. C. saw five million cars on American roads. D. was almost nonexistent.
C. saw five million cars on American roads.
Early railroad owners formed "pools" in order to a. increase competition by establishing more companies. b. water their stock. c. avoid competition by dividing business in a particular area. d. share the "pool" of skilled labor. e. avoid wasteful competition.
C) avoid competition by dividing business in a particular area
Most women workers of the 1890s worked for a. independence. b. glamour. c. economic necessity. d. retirement savings. e. personal spending money.
C) economic necessity.
Despite generally rising wages in the late nineteenth century, industrial workers were extremely vulnerable to all of the following except a. economic swings and depressions. b. employers' whims. c. new educational requirements for jobs. d. sudden unemployment. e. illness and accident.
C) new educational requirements for jobs.
One by-product of the development of the railroads was a. a scattering of the U.S. population. b. fewer big cities. c. the movement of people to cities. d. a reduction in immigration to the United States. e. a loss of population in the East.
C) the movement of people to cities.
By 1900, American attitudes toward labor began to change as the public came to recognize the right of workers to bargain collectively and strike. Nevertheless, a. labor unions continued to decline in membership. b. the American Federation of Labor failed to take advantage of the situation. c. the vast majority of employers continued to fight organized labor. d. Congress declared the AFL illegal. e. workers began to turn to the Socialist Party.
C) the vast majority of employers continued to fight organized labor.
John D. Rockefeller used all of the following tactics to achieve his domination of the oil industry except a. employing spies. b. extorting rebates from railroads. c. using federal agents to break his competitors. d. pursuing a policy of rule or ruin. e. using high-pressure sales methods.
C) using federal agents to break his competitors.
The oil industry became a huge business a. with the building of kerosene-fueled electric generators. b. when the federal government granted a monopoly to Standard Oil. c. with the invention of the internal combustion engine. d. when diesel engines were perfected. e. when oil was discovered in Texas.
C) with the invention of the internal combustion engine.
The group most affected by the new industrial age was a. Native Americans. b. African Americans. c. women. d. southerners. e. small town residents.
C) women.
Use the following to answer questions 99-106: Each of the following questions may have two, three, four, or five correct answers. Mark all correct answers for each question. 105. The Knights of Labor was weakened by a. its refusal to endorse social reform and the eight-hour day. b. stiff competition from the National Labor Union. c. its association in the public mind with the Haymarket riot. d. its inclusion of both skilled and unskilled workers. e. its hostility to the Catholic church.
C, D
7. All of the following cities became important centers for steel production EXCEPT A. Pittsburgh. B. Chicago. C. Atlanta. D. Birmingham.
C. Atlanta.
Who led the American Railway Union in the Pullman Strike? A. James Weaver B. James Blaine C. Eugene V. Debs D. Chester Arthur E. Terrence Powderly
C. Eugene V. Debs
What did Henry Grady advocate? A. He proposed expanding the rights of black Americans in the South. B. He argued that the South should continue to base its economy on agricultural production. C. He advocated diversifying the economy and expanding industrial production in the South. D. He called for a national referendum to allow the South to secede peacefully. E. He supported the construction of military bases throughout the South.
C. He advocated diversifying the economy and expanding industrial production in the South.
Which of the following statements concerning the use of technology in industry in the second half of the nineteenth century is true? A. It required a better-educated work force. B. It allowed traditional craftsmen and artisans to maintain their dominance over production. C. It made it possible for manufacturers to hire cheap unskilled or semi-skilled labor. D. It was primarily the hallmark of giant corporations. E. It made it possible for manufacturers to eliminate human labor power altogether.
C. It made it possible for manufacturers to hire cheap unskilled or semi-skilled labor.
Which of the following statements concerning the United States Steel Company is true? A. It was Andrew Carnegie's steel company in the 1870s and 1880s. B. It was the steel company operated by the United States government when it nationalized the steel trust. C. It was the first business capitalized at more than $1 billion. D. It was created by J.P. Morgan to compete with Federal Steel. E. It was the first company to issue stock to meet its huge capital needs.
C. It was the first business capitalized at more than $1 billion.
Who founded Standard Oil? A. Jay Gould B. Leland Stanford C. John D. Rockefeller D. J.P. Morgan E. Andrew Mellon
C. John D. Rockefeller
At the end of the Civil War, what communications system did the railroads use to coordinate their complex flow of rail cars? A. The telephone B. The Pony Express C. The magnetic telegraph D. The internet E. Text-messaging
C. The magnetic telegraph
41. The Knights of Labor A. was primarily a trade union. B. did not allow women to join. C. began as a secret fraternal organization. D. focused its efforts on improving wages and reducing hours.
C. began as a secret fraternal organization.
17. During the late nineteenth century, the growth of large corporations was helped by A. sales of company stock to the public. B. "limited liability" laws. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B
C. both A and B
20. The business structure of Standard Oil was a good example of A. vertical integration. B. horizontal integration. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B
C. both A and B
33. In the late nineteenth century, due to the growth of industrial capitalism, American workers A. saw a rise in their standard of living. B. experienced a loss in their control over their own work. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B
C. both A and B
4. The process of making steel developed by Henry Bessemer A. included blowing air through molten iron. B. involved adding ingredients to molten iron. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B
C. both A and B
45. During the late nineteenth century, anarchists in the United States A. were relatively peaceful. B. were linked with violence in the mind of the public. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B
C. both A and B
48. The Pullman strike of 1894 began when George Pullman, owner of the company, A. ordered rail workers to move into company-owned housing. B. referred to workers as his "children." C. cut wages by twenty-five percent due to a slumping economy. D. refused to implement an eight-hour work day.
C. cut wages by twenty-five percent due to a slumping economy.
28. In his books, Horatio Alger A. offered true accounts of poor Americans who had become wealthy. B. took issue critical with the ideas of Social Darwinism. C. emphasized the value of personal character in business. D. criticized child labor in American industry.
C. emphasized the value of personal character in business.
32. Edward Bellamy's 1888 book, Looking Backward A. described America as being destroyed in the future by concentrated wealth. B. promoted the virtues of economic competition. C. imagined an ideal future in which all corporations were combined into one great trust. D. accepted the necessity of class divisions in a capitalist economy.
C. imagined an ideal future in which all corporations were combined into one great trust.
Which of the following did Thomas Edison invent? A. sewing machine B. refrigerated rail cars C. phonograph D. Bessemer converter E. refrigerated railroad cars
C. phonograph
35. Until its repeal in 1885, the Labor Contract Law A. discouraged immigration from non-European countries. B. prevented the formation of labor unions. C. put many new immigrants in debt to American businessmen. D. was an attempt to reform American business practices.
C. put many new immigrants in debt to American businessmen.
1. In the late nineteenth century, industry in the United States A. obtained the bulk of its raw materials from Central and South America. B. faced a growing shortage of laborers. C. saw the federal government eager to assist in its growth. D. lacked adequate capital to expand the domestic market.
C. saw the federal government eager to assist in its growth.
51. In the late nineteenth century, organized labor failed to make great gains for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. tensions between ethnic and racial groups divided the work force. B. labor unions faced powerful and wealthy corporations. C. state and federal laws to protect the rights of workers did not exist. D. major labor organizations represented only a small percentage of the industrial work force.
C. state and federal laws to protect the rights of workers did not exist.
25. In the late nineteenth century, Social Darwinists argued that people who failed economically in the United States did so because A. they had not received a college education. B. racism and other prejudices held them back. C. they had poor individual character. D. business wealth was concentrated into the hands of a few.
C. they had poor individual character.
14. A key to Henry Ford's success in mass production of automobiles was to A. use welds instead of rivets to speed production. B. reduce the size of his labor force. C. use interchangeable parts. D. train highly skilled workers.
C. use interchangeable parts.
40. The great railroad strike of 1877 A. began in the West and spread East. B. saw the federal government refuse to intervene. C. was launched in response to a wage cut. D. saw organized labor gain its first major victory in the United States.
C. was launched in response to a wage cut.
Match each entrepreneur below with the field of enterprise with which he is historically identified. A. Andrew Carnegie 1. steel B. John D. Rockefeller 2. oil C. J. Pierpont Morgan 3. tobacco D. James Duke 4. banking a. A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4 b. A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1 c. A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2 d. A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 e. A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
D) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
The image of the "Gibson Girl" represented a. a revival of the early American feminine ideal of republican motherhood. b. a portrayal of the modem corporate business woman. c. an exploitative image of the woman as a sex object. d. a romantic ideal of the independent and athletic "new woman." e. a sentimental image of a woman as mother.
D) a romantic ideal of the independent and athletic "new woman."
In its efforts on behalf of workers, the National Labor Union won a. an eight-hour day for all workers. b. government arbitration for industrial disputes. c. equal pay for women. d. an eight-hour day for government workers. e. the right to collective bargaining.
D) an eight-hour day for government workers.
To help corporations, the courts ingeniously interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment, which was designed to protect the rights of ex-slaves, so as to a. help freedmen to work in factories. b. incorporate big businesses. c. allow the captains of industry to avoid paying taxes. d. avoid corporate regulation by the states. e. protect the civil rights of business people.
D) avoid corporate regulation by the states.
The South's major attraction for potential investors was a. readily available raw materials. b. a warm climate. c. good transportation. d. cheap labor. e. ethnic diversity.
D) cheap labor.
By 1900, organized labor in America a. had begun to turn in a clearly Marxist direction. b. had enrolled nearly half of the industrial labor force. c. was accepted by the majority of employers as a permanent part of the new industrial economy. d. had begun to develop a more positive image with the public. e. relied heavily on the National Labor Relations Board.
D) had begun to develop a more positive image with the public.
All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War industrial expansion except a. a large pool of unskilled labor. b. an abundance of natural resources. c. American ingenuity and inventiveness. d. immigration restrictions. e. a political climate favoring business.
D) immigration restrictions.
How successful was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act? A. Its success was limited, since only 18 suits were brought by the government from 1890 to 1904. B. Companies like Standard Oil got around it by reorganizing as holding companies. C. It did manage to hit some companies that acted as monopolies or restrained trade with fines of up to $5000. D. All of these choices E. None of these choices
D. All of these choices
Which of the following statements about upward mobility in the late nineteenth century is the most accurate? A. Andrew Carnegie's rise from poverty to colossal wealth was typical of the opportunities open to immigrants in America. B. Few industrial leaders came from the privileged classes because they were too soft to make it in the world of competitive capitalism. C. Skilled workers had few opportunities to rise to the top in small companies. D. Immigrants who got ahead in the late nineteenth century were more likely to go from rags to respectability than from rags to riches. E. Middle class Americans tended to slide downward more often than rise upward in socio-economic rank.
D. Immigrants who got ahead in the late nineteenth century were more likely to go from rags to respectability than from rags to riches.
What was the result of the Haymarket Square bombing in 1886? A. It led to increased sympathy for workers and unions. B. It resulted in the election of several German-born anarchists to the Illinois state legislature. C. It led to the arrest of the police who fired on the crowd. D. It resulted in intensified animosity toward labor unions. E. It led to the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act.
D. It resulted in intensified animosity toward labor unions.
Which of the following is not one of the reasons that the American Federation of Labor was the most successful union of the late 19th century? A. It had a strong leader in Samuel Gompers. B. It limited its membership to skilled workers allowing the union more unity. C. It clearly defined its objectives. D. It was a tightly organized federation that required all members to give up their autonomy and independence for the good of the whole. E. It focused on practical tactics aimed at bread-and-butter issues.
D. It was a tightly organized federation that required all members to give up their autonomy and independence for the good of the whole.
Which of the following issues did not impede the growth of unions in the late 19th century? A. Divisions between skilled craftsmen and common laborers B. Ethnic and religious diversity of the working class C. Limited financial resources D. Lack of interest on the part of workers because their real wages were rising and conditions were improving E. Divisions over tactics
D. Lack of interest on the part of workers because their real wages were rising and conditions were improving
9. The first significant oil production in the United States occurred in A. Ohio. B. Texas. C. California. D. Pennsylvania.
D. Pennsylvania.
47. Which of the following events did NOT occur during the Homestead Strike of 1892? A. Henry Frick shut down the plant in an attempt to destroy the Amalgamated union. B. The entire Pennsylvania National Guard was ordered to protect strikebreakers. C. Hundred of guards hired by Homestead were defeated in a deadly battle with strikers. D. The Amalgamated trade union won the strike.
D. The Amalgamated trade union won the strike.
According to research provided in this chapter, how likely was it for someone in the late 19th century to live up to the Horatio Alger image of rising to great wealth simply based on self-discipline and hard work? A. Just as likely as it was for those from middle and upper class families. B. Highly likely, given the affordable new technologies that made it easier to start a business with little money. C. Completely unlikely - very few workers went from poverty to enormous wealth. D. The best way for someone from the working class to get ahead was by mastering a skill and rising through the ranks of a small company. E. Likely, if they were willing to lie and cheat like the big companies.
D. The best way for someone from the working class to get ahead was by mastering a skill and rising through the ranks of a small company.
42. The Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor were divided by their positions on A. immediate versus long-term objectives. B. separate craft unions versus one big union. C. modern capitalism. D. all of the above
D. all of the above
5. The open-hearth process of making steel A. was replaced by the Bessemer process. B. was first done in the United States. C. produced small quantities of high-grade steel. D. made the production of large dimension pieces possible.
D. made the production of large dimension pieces possible.
36. By 1900, the average yearly income of American workers A. was about $600. B. allowed most workers to maintain a reasonably comfortable standard of level of living. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B
D. neither A nor B
24. The social theory of Social Darwinism A. argued the new industrial economy was limiting the potential for individual wealth. B. contended that ruthless corruption may be necessary in the attainment of wealth. C. was created by Charles Darwin to explain industrial economies. D. promoted the idea that capitalism offered all people a chance for great wealth.
D. promoted the idea that capitalism offered all people a chance for great wealth.
Which of the following was not one of the ways that Andrew Carnegie revolutionized the steel industry? A. incorporating the Bessemer process in his steel manufacturing factories. B. standardizing workplace procedures to achieve greater efficiency. C. utilizing vertical integration to minimize costs and maximize profits. D. restructuring the criteria for wages so that his workers could have the highest wage scales in the country. E. applying rigorous cost accounting.
D. restructuring the criteria for wages so that his workers could have the highest wage scales in the country.
What did Karl Marx argue? A. that a classless society would emerge when capitalism triumphed around the world. B. that individual economic theories were only as effective as those who practiced them. C. that workers who knew they would be given a competitive wage would be the most loyal to a company. D. that capitalists would eventually bring about their own destruction by driving impoverished workers to revolt. E. that only by introducing Biblical principles into the workplace could there be harmony between business owners and their workers.
D. that capitalists would eventually bring about their own destruction by driving impoverished workers to revolt.
27. According to the ideas expressed by Andrew Carnegie in his Gospel of Wealth, A. successful businessmen had every right to live as they pleased. B. only pious Americans would prosper. C. it was the "Christian duty" of every American become wealthy. D. the rich had great responsibilities to society.
D. the rich had great responsibilities to society.
Match each labor organization below with the correct description. A National Labor Union 1. The "one big union" that championed producer cooperation and industrial arbitration B. Knights of Labor 2. A social-reform union killed by the depression of the 1870s C. American Federation of Labor 3. an association of unions pursuing higher wages, shorter working hours, and better working conditions a. A-3, B-1, C-2 b. A-3, B-2, C-1 c. A-1, B-2, C-3 d. A-1, B-3, C-2 e. A-2, B-1, C-3
E) A-2, B-1, C-3
Even historians critical of the captains of industry and capitalism generally concede that class-based protest has never been a powerful force in the United States because a. most employers tried to treat their workers well. b. few Europeans brought their political philosophies to the United States. c. the captains of industry did not allow protest to take root. d. many Americans inherited fortunes. e. America has greater social mobility than Europe has.
E) America has greater social mobility than Europe has.
The only transcontinental railroad built without government aid was the a. New York Central. b. Northern Pacific. c. Union Pacific. d. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe. e. Great Northern.
E) Great Northern.
America's first billion-dollar corporation was a. General Electric (GE). b. Standard Oil. c. American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T). d. The Union Pacific Railroad. e. United States Steel.
E) United States Steel.
The "gospel of wealth," which associated godliness with riches, a. based its theology on the sayings of Jesus. b. held that the wealthy should display moral responsibility for their God-given money. c. stimulated efforts to help minorities. d. was opposed by most clergymen. e. encouraged many millionaires to help the poor.
E) encouraged many millionaires to help the poor.
The Knights of Labor believed that conflict between capital and labor would disappear when a. the government owned the means of production. b. labor controlled the government. c. workers accepted the concept of craft unions. d. business would understand the principles of social justice. e. labor would own and operate businesses and industries.
E) labor would own and operate businesses and industries.
One of the major reasons the Knights of Labor failed was its a. racial exclusiveness. b. support of skilled workers. c. failure to admit women to its ranks. d. abandonment of the concept of independent producers. e. lack of class consciousness.
E) lack of class consciousness.
During the age of industrialization, the South a. took full advantage of the new economic trends. b. received preferential treatment from the railroads. c. turned away from agriculture. d. held to its "Old South" ideology. e. remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural.
E) remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural.
Many Southerners saw employment in the textile mills as a. high-wage positions. b. unacceptable. c. a poor alternative to farming. d. institutions that broke up families. e. the only steady jobs and wages available.
E) the only steady jobs and wages available.
The greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing industrialization of the post-Civil War years was a. agriculture. b. mining. c. the steel industry. d. electric power. e. the railroad network.
E) the railroad network.
Which of the following was not one of the principles advocated by Terence V. Powderly and the Knights of Labor? A. Immigration restrictions. B. Temperance. C. The admission of blacks into local Knights of Labor assemblies. D. Producer and consumer cooperatives. E. Widespread and aggressive use of strikes
E. Widespread and aggressive use of strikes
According to the Interstate Commerce Commission, about how many railroad workers were killed or injured on the job in 1889? A. about 45 killed and I,000 injured B. Between 4,000 and 5,000 killed and injured C. Close to 10,000 killed and injured D. about 14,000 killed and 16,000 injured E. about 2,000 killed and 20,000 injured
E. about 2,000 killed and 20,000 injured
Where did Andrew Carnegie learn many of the successful management methods he used in the steel? A. as a bookkeeper in the textile industry in his native Scotland. B. as a secretary for the Singer Sewing Machine Company. C. as a foreman in the meatpacking industry in Chicago. D. as a bartender at an Edinburgh pub. E. as an employee of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
E. as an employee of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
What did Henry George argue in Progress and Poverty? A. that industrialization was the key to progress and the end of poverty. B. that socialism was the answer to the end of poverty. C. that industrialization had led to a great deal of misery. D. that the government needed to fight poverty by limiting industrialization. E. that the government should tax the "unearned increment" of rising land prices and use the funds to ameliorate the misery caused by industrialization.
E. that the government should tax the "unearned increment" of rising land prices and use the funds to ameliorate the misery caused by industrialization.
110. Although they were commonly called "Social Darwinists," advocates of economic, national, or racial "survival of the fittest" ideas actually drew less on biologist Charles Darwin than on a) British laissez-faire economists like Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo. b) German philosophers like G.W.F. Hegel and Friedrich Nietzsche. c) American literary figures like Jack London and Theodore Dreiser. d) European scientists like Gregor Mendel and Louis Pasteur. e) racist theorists like Arthur Gobineau and Houston Stewart Chamberlain.
a) British laissez-faire economists like Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo.
92. Which of the following was not among the critical U.S. raw materials, delivered by railroads to factories, that fueled early American industrialization? a) Rubber b) Iron c) Coal d) Copper e) Oil
a) Rubber
96. Two technological innovations that greatly expanded the industrial employment of women in the late nineteenth century were the a) typewriter and the telephone. b) electric light and the phonograph. c) Bessemer steel process and the internal combustion engine. d) streetcar and the bicycle. e) electric refrigerator and stove.
a) Typewriter and the telephone
101. Andrew Carnegie's system of vertical integration a) combined all facets of an industry, from raw material to final product, within a single company. b) created an industrial association through which member companies could wield much power. c) embraced the notion of buying up competitors and forming a monopoly interest. d) required smaller competitors to agree to standardized rates set by larger firms. e) None of these
a) combined all facets of an industry, from raw material to final product, within a single company.
128. Reformers' efforts to raise public awareness about the hazards of child labor a) made progress with the help of photography. b) pertained only to native born children. c) were focused primarily on the plight of new immigrants. d) focused on blacklisting the most abusive companies. e) None of these
a) made progress with the help of photography.
121. In the textiles mills of the industrializing South, all of the following are true statements except a) rural black and white southerners landed plumb jobs in the new mills. b) entire families worked long hours in the mills. c) most workers were paid half the rate received by northern workers for the same tasks. d) payment was typically made in credit to the company store. e) workers were called "hillbillies" or "lintheads" by employers.
a) rural black and white southerners landed plumb jobs in the new mills.
14.Labor unions favored immigration restriction because most immigrants were all of the following except a. opposed to factory labor. b. used as strikebreakers. c. willing to work for lower wages. d. difficult to unionize. e. non-English speaking.
a. opposed to factory labor.
85. Which of the following was not among the common forms of corruption practiced by the wealthy railroad barons? a) Bribing judges and state legislatures b) Forcing their employees to buy railroad company stock c) Providing free railroad passes to journalists and politicians d) Watering railroad stocks and bonds in order to sell them at inflated prices e) Receiving kickbacks from powerful shippers
b) Forcing their employees to buy railroad company stock
127. Women were drawn into industry by a) the promise of wages on par with those of men. b) inventions like the typewriter and telephone switchboard. c) economic downturns, which hit rural families hardest. d) the lure of city life. e) All of these
b) Inventions like the typewriter and telephone switchboard
90. When Europeans owned or invested in private companies in the United States, they generally a) appointed European managers to key positions in the company. b) let Americans manage the business unless there was an economic crisis. c) made American banks issue regular reports on the profitability of their companies. d) steered most of the profits back into European investments. e) insisted that the companies hire a portion of immigrants from the nation owning the company.
b) let Americans manage the business unless there was an economic crisis.
83. The two industries that the transcontinental railroads most significantly expanded were a) textiles and shoemaking. b) mining and agriculture. c) banking and real estate. d) shipping and fishing. e) electricity and telecommunications.
b) mining and agriculture
133. One group, barred from membership in the Knights of Labor, was a) African Americans. b) nonproducers. c) women. d) Irish. e) social reformers.
b) nonproducers.
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was at first primarily used to curb the power of a. manufacturing corporations. b. labor unions. c. state legislatures. d. railroad corporations. e. banking syndicates.
b. labor unions.
When private railroad promoters asked the United States government for subsidies to build their railroads, they gave all of the following reasons for their request except that it was a. too risky without government help. b. too costly without government help. c. the railroads would repay the subsidies by paying higher taxes. d. private investors would not accept initial financial losses. e. impossible to serve military and postal needs without government help.
b. too costly without government help.
Much of the investment funds that enabled America to industrialize in the late nineteenth century came from a) surplus wealth generated by agriculture. b) the state governments. c) private foreign investors. d) individual Americans' savings. e) the sale of confiscated Confederate land and property.
c) Private foreign investors
79. The greatest economic consequence of the transcontinental railroad network was that it a) spread the U.S. population across the whole continent. b) enabled people from farms and small towns to visit the big cities. c) united the nation into a single, integrated national market. d) made it possible for some immigrants to settle in the West. e) developed a skilled industrial workforce.
c) United the nations into a single, integrated national market.
94. The American system of mass manufacture of standardized, interchangeable parts provided strong incentives for U.S. capitalists to a) invest in training for their workforce. b) hire American workers rather than foreign immigrants. c) replace skilled labor with machinery. d) build extremely large factories in dedicated industrial districts. e) pay higher wages to retain a steady workforce.
c) replace skilled labor with machinery.
95. The major incentive that drove captains of industry to invent machines was a) lucrative government grants that were offered to would-be inventors. b) a chance to strike it rich via technological innovation. c) that machines would enable them to replace expensive skilled workers with cheap unskilled workers. d) that machines could do the work five times faster than humans did. e) None of these
c) that machines would enable them to replace expensive skilled workers with cheap unskilled workers.
89. Among the countries that provided the largest amounts of foreign capital investment in American industry were a) Sweden, Denmark, and Norway. b) Italy, Spain, and Greece. c) Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. d) Britain, France, and the Netherlands. e) Canada and Mexico.
d) Britain, France, and the Netherlands
119. The largest southern-based monopolistic corporation was the one founded by James Duke to produce a) steel. b) oil. c) textiles. d) cigarettes. e) Coca-Cola.
d) Cigarettes
97. Which of the following was not among the technologies invented or improved by Thomas A. Edison? a) The electric light bulb b) The phonograph c) The mimeograph d) The electric dynamo e) The motion picture
d) The electric dynamo
102. John D. Rockefeller's organizational technique of horizontal integration involved a) franchising Standard Oil gasoline stations to independent operators. b) controlling all phases of the oil industry from drilling to commercial retailing. c) creating standardized job assignments and fixed production and sales quotas for all employees. d) forcing small competitors to assign stock to Standard oil or lose their business. e) developing multiple uses for oil in transportation, lighting, and industry.
d) forcing small competitors to assign stock to Standard oil or lose their business.
The vast, integrated, continental U.S. market greatly enhanced the American inclination toward a) selling goods far away from their point of manufacture. b) specialized goods produced by skilled labor. c) government certification and regulation of consumer products. d) mass manufacturing of standardized industrial products. e) importing raw materials from overseas.
d) mass manufacturing of standardized industrial products
114. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act prohibited a) companies from signing contracts without competitive bidding. b) the federal government from favoring one business corporation over another. c) the same corporation from doing business under different names. d) private corporations or organizations from engaging in "combinations in restraint of trade." e) competing companies from having interlocking corporate boards of directors.
d) private corporations or organizations from engaging in "combinations in restraint of trade."
28.During the industrial revolution, life expectancy a. decreased. b. changed very little. c. was much higher in Europe than in the United States. d. measurably increased. e. rose for women more than men.
d. measurably increased.
91. The single largest source of a critical raw material that fueled early American industrialization was the a) copper mines of Montana and Arizona. b) oil wells of Oklahoma and Texas. c) lead mines of Wisconsin. d) coal mines of Kansas and Nebraska. e) Mesabi iron range of Minnesota
e) Mesabi iron range of Minnesota
82. Which of the following was not among the technological improvements that made the modern transcontinental railroad network possible? a) Steel rails b) Air brakes c) Standard gauge tracks d) The block signal e) The caboose
e) The caboose
86. In the case of Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois, the U.S. Supreme Court held that state legislatures could not regulate railroads because a) the U.S. Constitution did not permit the government to regulate private industry. b) the state legislatures were acting on behalf of a private interest, Illinois farmers. c) the Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad was incorporated in Missouri, not Illinois. d) railroad executives had committed no illegal acts in their business. e) railroads were interstate businesses and could not be regulated by any single state.
e) railroads were interstate businesses and could not be regulated by any single state.
111. Believers in the doctrine of "survival of the fittest," like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, argued that a) only a few large corporations were fit to survive in the industrial jungle. b) society owed a basic standard of living to even its weakest members. c) there should be eugenic biological breeding to produce a superior human race. d) fitness to survive and thrive could be proven through physical competition. e) the wealthy deserved their riches because they had demonstrated greater abilities than the poor.
e) the wealthy deserved their riches because they had demonstrated greater abilities than the poor.
One of the methods by which post-Civil War business leaders increased their profits was a. increased competition. b. supporting a centrally planned economy. c. funding research on new technologies. d. elimination of the tactic of vertical integration. e. elimination of as much competition as possible.
e. elimination of as much competition as possible.
Efforts to regulate the monopolizing practices of railroad corporations first came in the form of action by a. Congress. b. the Supreme Court. c. private lawsuits charging unfair competition. d. President Cleveland. e. state legislatures.
e. state legislatures