310 BONE HEALTH FINAL

"""A little bone goes a long way"" Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding this statement. "

Bone strength is not dependent on size/architecture but on BMC.

"Our bones are similar to reinforced concrete. The hydroxyapatite makes our bones ""bendable"" and the collagen makes the bones stiff. "

false

If I take 6 months off of training, I will lose a significant amount of bone strength.

false

Static loading is a prefered way to promote osteogenesis

false

When would you recommend higher than recommended protein intake of 8g/kg/day?

high energy training and reduced energy availability

"There are two types of bone, cancellous (trabecular, spongy) and cortical (compact) bone. Identify the correct labeling of the figure. "

" B - Cortical, C - Trabecular"

Which of the following is INCORRECT about Mechanosensitivity of bone?

"Based on the Osteogenic Index formula, 3 sessions per day is better than 2 sessions per day"

According to Baptista et al. (2016), perk vertical jump power has the discriminatory. ability to identify a below average BMD for which population?

8 - year old boys and girls

By age of 20, you have approximately ______ % of peak bone mass.

90

The main take-a-way from the vanderMeulen, 2001 article was that ONE strength test does not tell the whole story. Which of the following is INCORRECT?"

A cylinder of equal area has 38% increase in moment of inertia and 58% increase in strength (section modulus)

"The model of baseball players in the Warden et al. 2014 article, supports the conclusion that bone is NOT a ""use it or lose it "" tissue. Which of these study results contribute to this conclusion." bone mass decreases after player retirement from baseball throwing 1.3 of the benefits to moment of inertia are maintained after retirement Cortical thickness is decreased after retirement due to trabecularization 1/2 the benefits of bone strength are maintained after retirement

ALL OF ABVE

Why does Romani (2002) suggest lower loading of activities after 3 weeks of increased training?

ALL: During the first 2 weeks of activity the remodeling process starts and there is increased bone resorption Stress fracture risk is high during the 3rd week of training During the 3rd week of training there is an increased activity in osteoblasts During week 3, bone is entering the bone formation and osteoid phase of remodeling

Which of the following is INCORRECT about Mechanosensitivity of bone?

Based on the Osteogenic Index formula, 3 sessions per day is better than 2 sessions per day"

What concepts from this topic (Exercise Prescription) do you think are important for coaches and players to know. I am not looking for a line/point from 1 article but a concept from reviewing all the articles. (Be sure to have references for this question, Hughes, 2017, is fine format)."

An important concept that coaches and athletes should know about is that bone loading at an early age will help increase bone strength and bonde desnity at a high frequency (Turner,2003) but that in these time it is crucial to put training session into two in order to give the bones rest (bones like rest) because it will resenthize for twice as many osteogenic cells.(Macdonals,2007)

Which of the following regarding Bone Strength and the Mechanosta is INCORRECT?

Bone and muscle are linked only due to the loading muscle applies to the bone.

Rather than focusing on low. bone mass, structure and strength, what was noted to be a more informative approach for future studies evaluating athletes at risk for stress fracture: (Duckham et al. (2019)

Bilateral Differences in bone

From Bruininks et al. which group had "stronger bones" based on the Bone Strength Index at the distal radius and what was the value?

B. Ice Hockey - 4627.9 (mg/mm4)

Which of the following is INCORRECT about Bone Strength measures in developing bone?

BMC is a direct evaluation of bone strength

What is bone strength? (add references to your answer- which paper(s) did you get your answer from)

Bone strength is the capability of resisting loads until failure, responding to mechanical demands (load-strains) According to Hart et al, "bone strength is the interplay of macroscopic tissue, material properties and structural properties; and is modulated by neighbouting muscle as a key osteogenic stimulant and modifier of mechanical behavior" (2017). This is determined by microarchitecture, material level density, tissue level density, cross-sectional area and geometry.

"What concepts from this topic (FAT & REDs) do you think are important for coaches and players to know. I am not looking for a line/point from 1 article but a concept from reviewing all the articles. (Be sure to have references for this question, Hughes, 2017, is fine format)."

Coaches must be aware and understand the components of FAT because it won't necessarily involve the three of them mostly in an early stage but this will help get an early detection of athlete that might be at risk. This will help understand how athlete's may not be in controll of their energy availability, psychological health and other factors that can be affecting their performance. Low energy availability, mestrual dysfucntion and low bone mineral density are not only going to harm the athletes performance but can also interfer or affect their overall health (physical, emotional and psychological) (De Souza, 2014). Athletes must be aware of this too because if it is neglected it can increase the risk in a long term since it can lead to osteoporosis and have a high risk of fractures.Therefore, FAT can contribute to the development of REDs because the three factors of FAT. This will increase the risk of new injuries and will have more "consecuences" or will affect different aspects of their lives outside sports. (Mountjoy, 2018)

Athletes have unique nutritional needs.

False

There is a standard guide for recovering from BSI (Bone Stress Injury) for all patients.

False

What do you know about Bone and Exercise currently as you start this course? (2-3 sentences)

I know their material, bone cells and their main functions, how exercise has a positive impact on bone health. The five types of bones and types if fractures, I understand how bone grow in length and diameter

Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding the Femaie Athlete Triad (FAT) and REDs?

In both REDs and FAT low energy availability is only an issue for female athletes

"Based on the Harding, 2017 article, which data can inform the exercise prescription for your case study? Be Specific."

It is important to understand thatresistant training, non weight beraing exercise and circuit training will help improve bone strength. however, it has to be a continous commitment because if the patient stops the exercise program it will decrease bone strength.

"What concepts from this topic (Bone Strength) do you think are important for coaches and players to know. I am not looking for a line/point from 1 article but a concept from reviewing all the articles. (Be sure to have references for this question, Hughes, 2017, is fine format)."

Its really important for coaches to know about bone strength so they know what the limits are and the proper loads for bone formation in young athletes. When working with adult athletes, it is important to maintain the tissue level denisity, BMD of bones because they are at higher risk of obtaining stress fractures.

What sport(s) had the most occurrences of injury related to stress fractures for women and men? (Rizzone)

Men's & Women's cross country

What were the most common locations of stress fracture related injuries?

Metatarsals and Tibia

Which conclusion from the readings does NOT support the Exercise Prescription for Skeletal Health?

More cycles for low magnitude activities increases formation on the endocortical surface

Why is a muscle power test a logical way to. measure bone strength non-invasively in children? ALL OF THE ABOVE

Muscular fitness and mass both explain significant variance in bone mass and size B. Muscular fitness directly measures muscle force C. Vertical jump is an easily administered test in physical education classes

Which does NOT inhibit bone formation?

NSAIDS taken after loading

What feature of Exercise Prescription for the Skeletal System is key for your Case Study client and Why?

Non-weight bearing at a high duration and a medium load exercises once a day and one session of weight bearing exercises such as jump rope or tag at a low-medium load exercises once a day. There should be rest in between these activities in order the bones to rest. I believe the loads I prescribe are important to follow because the client suffers from herniated disc and facet joint pain, if the load increases it can harm these injuries and will increase the pain. I would mainly recommend swimming or other non-weight bearing activites because there's the potential of stress fractures, until this is discarted I would add more weight bearing exercises.

The cells that build bone (bone formation) are the

OB

the cells that tear down bone (bone resorption) are the

OC

Which of the following is INCORRECT?

Oral contraceptive therapy restores spontaneious menses and imporved BMD

Low bone mass can result from which of the following relationships between the Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts?

Osteoclasts are more active than the Osteoblasts resulting in more bone resorption AND Dysfunction in the Osteoblasts resulting in less bone formation

Name TWO ways that protein positively influences bone.

Protein is 33% of bone mass. it provides structural matrix of bone, it increase urinary calcium and calcium absoprtion in the intestines. (calcium is the founsation of bone mineral density)

Which of the following is INCORRECT about remodeling?

Results in increased osteoblast formation on the periosteal surface

Based on Banfi et al. 2010: Amongst weightlifters and marathon runners, which of the following statements is true regarding bone serum markers?

Significant decrease in BAP 2-3 days. after weightlifting & After one day of performance, marathoners experienced a decrease in PICP

In the article, Bruininks et al. (2019), which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

The soccer group had a lower total body BMC compared to the swimming group.

What are the functions of bone?

Support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production"

Stress fractures on the tensile side of the bone are considered high risk BSIs since the surfaces of the bone are being pulled apart and impede optimal

TRUE

Currently Bone Mineral Density (BMD) is the best surrogate measure of bone strength in humans. What factors are not included in a measurement of BMD?

The size of the bone Geometry of the bone

What concepts from this topic (Stress fracture) do you think are important for coaches and players to know. I am not looking for a line/point from 1 article but a concept from reviewing all the articles. (Be sure to have references for this question, Hughes, 2017, is fine format)."

There are a lot that are importatn for coaches and players to know. one of them and very important is how bone stress injuries must be taken care of as soon as possible because they exist along a continuum, this is how bone damage and stress can result in a complete fracture (Warden,2014), another concept is that endurance activities/athletes have a higher risk of stress fractures on their lower extremities due to the repetitive loading that is applied (Hudges,2017), that there's nutritional and medical treatments that will help improve the recovery from stress fractures, because sometimes we forget that there are more things we can to do help this process ( Moreira, 2016).

Which 2 are the most common site of stress fracture?

Tibia and metatarsal

After Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy (GAHT) initiation, which of the following populations sees the most consistent gains in aBMD?

Trans men at or after age 40 years

Modeling does not result in coordination between osteoclasts and osteoblasts on the same surface and results in increased moment of inertia (bone size)

True

Search the AAU (Amature Athletic Union) https://aausports.org/ or the website for your sport for example, USA-Swim, USA-Waterpolo etc. Is there information on athlete health and specifically bone health? Should there be information on these sites?

USA-water polo website does not have any information about bone health, the only information they have in regards to athletes health is about concussions. Concussions do happen often in water polo and it is something every athlete must be aware because we have to take care of our brains, the information the website has about them is mostly to bring awareness of symptoms and what to do if you or another athlete have a concussion. The website should have more information about athletes health, for example with bone health, water polo is a high-contact sport where we can getbone fractures in our metatarsals or nose, but we want to be educated to know how to take care of them and take the healing process smoother for the athlete, stress fractures can occur too if we get hit in a our tibia in a target spot once or repetitive, or in the spine. Educated athletes about their health is never too much, this can also facilitate training programs by them also providing good care to their bodies.

Which of the following is INCORRECT about stress fracture recurrance?

Women's basketball (20.9%) has a higher recurrence rate than Men's basketball.

In the Kontulainen, 2003, side-to-side (bilateral) differences at the humeral shaft were found to be greatest in which group? "

Young Starters: CoA (cortical area)

"The ""strength"" of our bones includes the following factors"

achitecture, geometry, bone mas and material properties

What type(s) of exercise(s) would be best for maintaining bone mass for older adults?

low/moderate impact and short duration

"The daily physical activity program, Action Sports! BC along with Jump at the Bell was effective in increasing tibial strength in:"

pre pubertal boys (BSI

Osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation, is sentitive to which exercise types?

strength training and sprint sessions

Hollow bones are stronger that solid bones if the mass is the same

true

Two femurs with similar mass can be ""built"" very differently- have different architectures and thus different strengths."

true

Which of the following is NOT a method of assessing bones to diagnose Osteoporosis?

x-ray