38. Classic Perspectives on Personality
how age does the anal stage occur?
18-36 months
what age is the phallic stage?
3-6 years
How age is the latency stage?
6 to puberty
psychoanalysis
A method of studying how the mind works and treating mental disorders
A principal is looking for advice on how to improve his relationships with the teachers in his school. Carl Rogers might suggest which of the following?
Be genuine with them and show them unconditional positive regard.
The neo-Freudian who countered Sigmund Freud's assumptions that women have weak superegos and suffer from penis envy was:
Karen Horney.
Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order
Karen Horney
Neo-Freudian; offered feminist critique of Freud's theory
Oedipus complex
a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Personality
a complex set of characteristics that makes you unique
personality
a complex set of characteristics that makes you unique
According to Abraham Maslow, people are motivated by:
a hierarchy of needs.
free association
a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
projective test
a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
Rorschach inkblot test
a projective technique in which respondents' inner thoughts and feelings are believed to be revealed by analysis of their responses to a set of unstructured inkblots
unconscious
a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
Danni and Alex have been married for 30 years. They have shared everything about themselves, both the good and the bad. This sharing has helped them grow even closer. Which condition of a growth-promoting climate, as proposed by Carl Rogers, does this exemplify?
acceptance
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves
unconditional positive regard
an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Benny is almost 3 years old and is being potty trained. According to Freud, Benny is in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.
anal
Fabian is almost 3 years old and is being potty trained. According to Freud, Fabian is in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.
anal
Tom always needs to be in control. As a young child, he had a difficult time with toilet training. Psychoanalysts would say that Tom is fixated at the _____ stage.
anal
Genuineness
being honest, direct, not using a facade
genuineness
being honest, direct, not using a facade
When is the oral stage?
birth to 18 months
Superego
concerned with morals, rights and wring
Projection
defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Displacement
defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
Mary's husband has been cheating on her with another woman for the past several months. While many of her friends realize that this is happening, Mary is able to explain away all evidence of his infidelity. According to Sigmund Freud, which defense mechanism is she using?
denial
Jorge's boss reprimanded him for an accounting error in front of his co-workers. Jorge gets home from his job and yells at his wife for not having dinner ready. His wife then yells at the children for leaving their toys all over the house. This BEST illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as:
displacement
Alice works as a school counselor for an inner-city school. She is very popular with the kids. They believe that they can share anything with her and that she will listen and take the time to understand what is going on with them. Carl Rogers would argue that Alice would score high on a scale of:
empathy
trait perspective
emphasizes the description and measurement of specific personality differences among individuals
genital stage
fifth psychosexual stage; maturation of sexual interests
humanistic therapy
focuses on the value, dignity, and worth of each person; holds that healthy living is the result of realizing one's full potential
latency stage
fourth psychosexual stage; document sexual feelings identification process - gender identify
Kanesha meets with a therapist because she wants to do something about the path her life is taking. The doctor tells her to lie down on the couch, relax, and say whatever comes to mind. This psychoanalytic method is known as:
free association
Dr. Burns is a psychotherapist who sees his own therapist so that he can be at his emotional best for his patients. He is open with his feelings and self-disclosing in his own therapy. Carl Rogers refers to this attitude as:
genuineness
growth promoting climate
genuineness, acceptance, empathy
psychodynamic perspective
how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
Which theoretical perspective has influenced counseling, education, child raising, and management?
humanistic
Sigmund Freud suggested that there are three interacting systems—_____ —that can explain the dynamics of the human mind.
id, ego, and superego
At day care, 3-year-old Seneca took a cookie from another child rather than wait until the day care worker gave her a cookie. According to Freud, Seneca's _____ is demonstrating the _____.
id; pleasure principle
Id
insatiable instincts which people are born with. pleasure oriented and selfish
Repression
keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
repression
keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
self-transcendence
meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self
psychodynamic theories
modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
According to Abraham Maslow, people are motivated through a hierarchy of _____.
needs
Carl Jung
neo-Freudian who created concept of "collective unconscious" and wrote books on dream interpretation
self-esteem
one's feelings of high or low self-worth
what are the stages of psychosexual from first to last?
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
reaction formation
people express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.
Jason is introverted, quiet, and conscientious. These characteristics would define his:
personality
This is an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
personality
The _____ reflects the irrational desires of the id, which seeks immediate gratification.
pleasure principle
Lucinda has gotten several tickets for running red lights, speeding, and not wearing her seat belt. When asked by the judge at her most recent court appearance why she continued to break the law, Lucinda stated that she was certain others did the same, including the judge. According to Freud, which defense mechanism is Lucinda employing?
projection
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures
The _____ perspective attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts.
psychoanalytic
What age is the genital stage?
puberty and beyond
Preliminary evidence indicates that those who unconsciously identify as homosexual, but who consciously identify as heterosexual, report more negative attitudes toward homosexuality. These results demonstrate which of Freud's defense mechanisms?
reaction formation
Bryce often acts overly confident and daring. Few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce BEST illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as:
reaction formation.
Denial
refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
Shortly before she was to start high school, Aaliyah's family moved to another state. On the first day of school, her mother catches her sucking her thumb, something that Aaliyah hasn't done in years. Which defense mechanism is Aaliyah using to avoid stress?
regression
The defense mechanism in which a person retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage is ____.
regression
As a child in Uganda, Mukasa witnessed rape, torture, and other traumatic events for several months before escaping to a refugee camp. Advocates of the psychoanalytic perspective would suggest that he will probably _____ these painful experiences. Psychological researchers today claim that high stress and associated stress hormones tend to _____ memory.
repress; enhance
According to Freud, the defense mechanism that underlies all the other defense mechanisms is:
repression
anal stage
second psychosexual stage; focus on bowel and bladder elimination
phallic stage
second psychosexual stage; pleasure zone is the genitals
Maria believes that she is a very bright and caring person. These qualities help make up her:
self-concept
Rationalization
self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
Humanistic Perspective
stresses the human capacity for self-fulfillment and the importance of consciousness, self-awareness, and the capacity to make choices
psychoanalytic perspective
stresses the influence of unconscious forces on human behavior
empathy
the ability to understand and share the feelings of another
Acceptance
the action of consenting to receive or undertake something offered
psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
defense mechanisms
the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Today's researchers refer to projection as:
the false consensus effect.
oral stage
the first psychosexual stage, pleasures associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed
Fixation
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective
fixation
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set
According to Abraham Maslow, self-actualization is one of the ultimate psychological needs. It only arises after basic physiological and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. Self-actualization refers to:
the motivation to fulfill one's potential.
identification
the process by which a child adopts the values and principles of the same-sex parent
self-actualization
the process by which people achieve their full potential
Behaviorism Perspective
the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only
Demetrius comes home with three As and two Bs, to which his mother replies, "Is that the best you could do?" Her attitude is the opposite of Rogers' concept of _____.
unconditional positive regard
Darius's friends know him as someone who values people, regardless of their failings. When people spend time with Darius, they know he will have an attitude of total acceptance toward them. Carl Rogers refers to this attitude as:
unconditional positive regard.
Nevaeh and Ben have been married for 30 years. They have shared everything about themselves, both the good and the bad. This sharing has helped them grow even closer. Carl Rogers would say that they have:
unconditional positive regard.
Many researchers believe that the _____ does NOT involve passions and repressive censoring as Sigmund Freud once believed.
unconscious
social-cognitive perspective
views behaviour as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context
humanistic theories
views personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
collective unconscious
we all share an inherited memory that contains our culture's most basic elements
Although Alex is frequently caught stealing money and other valuables from friends and strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about his actions. Alex MOST clearly demonstrates a(n):
weak superego.
The neo-Freudian psychologist _____ countered Sigmund Freud's assumptions that women have weak superegos and suffer from penis envy.
Horney
Abraham Maslow
Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"
