Psychopathology

Cluster B personality disorders

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic (behaviors that are dramatic, emotional, or erratic)

5 types of somatic disorders

1. Somatic Symptom disorder 2. Illness Anxiety disorder 3. Conversion disorder 4. Factitious disorder 5. Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Condition

The rapid-cycling specifier refers to an individual with bipolar disorder who experiences at least ___ manic or depressive episodes in a year. 8 6 4 2

4

According to Holroyd et al., (1984) biofeedback may decrease pain because it A. increases awareness of the body. B. decreases sensitivity to pain. C. instills a sense of control over the pain. D. decreases tension.

C. instills a sense of control over the pain.

Substance abuse is particularly common in people with _____________ personality disorder, occurring in 60% of people with this diagnosis. a) Antisocial b) Paranoid c) Schizotypal d) Schizoid

a) Antisocial

Which of the following is not a potential treatment for OCD a) ECT b) Psychosurgery c) Medication d) CBT

a) ECT

Hideki was attending his fifth baseball game at Condor Stadium, where he had previously had a panic attack. He did not know if he would have a panic attack today, but shortly after entering the stadium, he did. This type of panic attack is ____________. a) Environmentally predisposed b) Situationally bound c) Cued d) Uncued

a) Environmentally predisposed

Blackouts appear to be related to the interaction of alcohol with the ______system. a) Glutamate b) Serotonin c) Gaba d) Dopamine

a) Glutamate

One prevalent outcome for individuals with schizoid personality disorder is _____________. a) Homelessness b) Drug abuse c) Eating disorder d) anxiety

a) Homelessness

Adrianne has suffered from cognitive deficits for her entire life. When she was a child, she was diagnosed as suffering from "mental retardation." If she was now re-diagnosed with the DSM-5 and found to have the same symptoms, which label would replace her former diagnosis? a) Intellectual disability b) Leaning disorder c) Autism spectrum disorder d) Functional neurological impairment

a) Intellectual disability

Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to develop delirium? a) Joe (age 76) takes multiple medications for various medical conditions. Two new medications have just been prescribed for him, and he has already made a mistake taking the first dose. b) Mary (age 45) takes medication for various heart disease. She has just been prescribed a new medications and she missed the second dose. c) Mark (age 12) woke up with a low-grade fever from the viral infection that has been going around his class this past week. d) Sarah (age 40) was in a minor car accident but claims to feel fine.

a) Joe (age 76) takes multiple medications for various medical conditions. Two new medications have just been prescribed for him, and he has already made a mistake taking the first dose.

Which of the following people living in the United States is most likely to develop GAD? a) Monica, a 50-year-old woman b) Billy, an 8-year-old boy c) Sam, a 50-year-old male d) Tanya, a 15-year-old girl

a) Monica, a 50-year-old woman

Cannabis use often results in ______________. a) Mood swings b) Blunted sensory experience c) Enhanced nausea d) An accurate sense of time

a) Mood swings

The likely future course of a disorder is called its ____________. a) Prognosis b) Diagnosis c) Etiology d) Inference

a) Prognosis

In which of the following disorders are hallucinations and delusions NOT part of the symptom pattern? a) Schizotypal personality disorder b) Schizoaffective disorder c) Schizophreniform disorder d) Brief psychotic disorder

a) Schizotypal personality disorder

Perhaps the biggest change that has been seen with the release of DSM-5 is a) The removal of the multi-axial diagnostic system b) The inclusion of a list of FDA approved psychotic medications c) The addition of treatment recommendations d) Augmentation of the personality disorder category that increases the number of diagnosis from 10-15

a) The removal of the multi-axial diagnostic system

The urge to pull ones eyebrows is known as a) Trichotillomania b) Excoriation c) Picktilimania d) Hyper arousal syndrome

a) Trichotillomania

Tony has thoughts about hating his younger brother and wishing he would die. He becomes very anxious about these thoughts because he has developed the idea that if anything really happened to his brother, it would be his fault. For no explainable reason, Tony starts mentally counting by odd numbers each time he walks past his brother's room and discovers that this activity makes him less anxious. Tony's behavior can be described as a) a mental compulsion developed to neutralize his bad thoughts. b) an attempt to be better in math than his brother to gain parental acceptance. c) a compulsive ritual designed to make him like his brother more. d) a phobia of going into his brother's room because he is afraid his hatred will actually hurt him.

a) a mental compulsion developed to neutralize his bad thoughts.

According to the Barlow text, binge drinking is believed to be: a) a viable alternative to abstinence. b) much less efficient than abstinence. c) much more effective than abstinence d) helpful for everyone

a) a viable alternative to abstinence. *note: I think this question/answer would make more sense if "controlled use" drinking replaced "binge drinking" (Barlow & Durand, 2015, p.429)

Depersonalization is defined as: a) altered perception including loss of the sense of one's own reality b) altered perception involving loss of the sense of reality of the external world c) vivid hallucinations d) the feeling that one is no longer a person

a) altered perception including loss of the sense of one's own reality

One reason that DID can be misdiagnosed as psychosis is that a) auditory hallucinations are common in both disorders. b) both disorders are in the same DSM-5 category. c) mental health professionals generally do not believe that dissociation is possible. d) substance abuse makes it difficult to differentiate these disorders.

a) auditory hallucinations are common in both disorders.

Bipolar II disorder consists of a) depression with hypomanic episodes b) depression with anxiety. c) depression with dysthymia. d) depression with mania.

a) depression with hypomanic episodes

The behavioral process in which OCD patients are not permitted to carry out their compulsions while in the presence of the anxiety producing stimulus or situation is called a) exposure and ritual prevention. b) thought-stopping technique. c) anxiety reduction therapy. d) behavioral inhibition conditioning.

a) exposure and ritual prevention.

One of the influences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder is a) history of child abuse or neglect. b) developmental delay for major milestones (i.e., walking, talking). c) parental alcoholism. d) deficits in neurotransmitter circuits involving dopamine.

a) history of child abuse or neglect.

Females may have an "extra" pain-regulating pathway focused on relieving pain associated with the reproductive system. One implication of this biological gender difference is that a) males and females may benefit from different kinds of medications and different kinds of pain management. b) men need more pain relief than women following surgical procedures. c) women do not need pain relief during childbirth. d) The psychological experience of pain is the same for men and women.

a) males and females may benefit from different kinds of medications and different kinds of pain management.

One reason that your text suggests questionnaires be used when assessing sexual behavior is that a) people may provide more sexual information in writing than during an interview. b) written information regarding sexuality has been shown to be more accurate than a verbal report. c) therapists are often uncomfortable asking questions regarding sexual behavior. d) the therapist needs a written record in the patient's own words to demonstrate progress as the patient improves.

a) people may provide more sexual information in writing than during an interview.

The most common anxiety disorder of childhood is: a) separation anxiety b) Obsessive compulsive disorder c) Somatization d) Generalized Anxiety

a) separation anxiety

Making the diagnosis of schizophrenia is controversial because a) the symptoms can vary as a function of culture or race. b) the symptoms are similar across culture and race. c) the symptoms simply reflect biases in the minds of mental health professionals. d) the label is derogatory and has no clinical utility.

a) the symptoms can vary as a function of culture or race.

The common factor among psychoactive drugs may be a) their ability to activate the "pleasure pathways" of the brain. b) the ease of obtaining them and the relatively inexpensive cost. c) the similar way in which they are metabolized in the body. d) their identical effect on neurotransmitters at the synapse.

a) their ability to activate the "pleasure pathways" of the brain.

One distinction that may help determine those with DID from individuals who are malingering (faking their symptoms) is that malingerers are a) usually eager to demonstrate their symptoms. b) usually hiding the existence of a major life crisis. c) more likely to have many alters. d) less likely to seek treatment.

a) usually eager to demonstrate their symptoms.

According to several cross-cultural research studies reported in the textbook, the prevalence of OCD is a) very similar across cultures. b) lower in European countries. c) higher in Africa nations. d) virtually nonexistent in some cultures.

a) very similar across cultures.

Current research into neurotransmitter systems has produced the "permissive" hypothesis, which states that a) when serotonin levels are low, other neurotransmitter systems become dysregulated and contribute to mood irregularities. b) the norepinephrine system regulates serotonin levels; if norepinephrine is low, depression will occur. c) the absolute levels of neurotransmitters are more significant in mood regulation than the overall balance of the various neurotransmitters. d) low levels of serotonin are sufficient to explain the etiology of mood disorders.

a) when serotonin levels are low, other neurotransmitter systems become dysregulated and contribute to mood irregularities.

Cluster C personality disorders

avoidant dependent obsessive-compulsive (anxious, fearful)

Studies have found that adolescent girls of which race/ethnicity had less body dissatisfaction, fewer weight concerns, and a more positive body image when compared to Caucasian adolescent girls? a) Asians b) African Americans c) Native-Americans d) Hispanics

b) African Americans

A comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) for the treatment of bulimia nervosa indicates that one year after treatment, a) CBT was superior to IPT. b) CBT and IPT had equivalent rates of helping clients improve. c) Neither therapy was successful at helping clients improve. d) IPT was superior to CBT.

b) CBT and IPT had equivalent rates of helping clients improve.

Language functions are housed primarily in the: a) Right temporal lobe b) Left temporal lobe c) Frontal lobe d) Occipital lobe

b) Left temporal lobe

The setting for posttraumatic stress disorder to occur follows an experience accompanied by a triad of feelings, including all of the following EXCEPT _______. a) Horror b) Paranoia c) Helplessness d) Fear

b) Paranoia

If Jane's neurocognitive disorder is caused by a process that has damaged her brain's dopamine pathways, it can be assumed that this condition is caused by __________________.. a) Head trauma b) Parkinson's disease c) Neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease d) Hannington's disease

b) Parkinson's disease

In Japan, the anxiety syndrome termed taijin kyofusho involves a fear of a) Performing onstage b) Personally offending others c) Embarrassing oneself d) Speaking to females

b) Personally offending others

Which of the following statements is false? a) Recent research is refining the search for genes that cause antisocial personality disorder. b) Recent research on brain damage indicates that brain damage is found in psychopaths. c) Recent research on neuropsychological tests indicates that psychopaths score equally as well as non-psychopaths. d) Since research suggests that those with psychopathy are generally under aroused, and thus engage in actions to compensate for this lack of stimulus input.

b) Recent research on brain damage indicates that brain damage is found in psychopaths.

Jeremy cannot remember a phone number without jotting it down. He demonstrates deficit in a) Impulsivity b) Sustained attention c) Selective attention d) Attentional capacity

b) Sustained attention

The M'Naughton Rule is also called a) The Durham Role b) The Insanity Defense c) Duty to Warn d) The Perry Standard

b) The Insanity Defense

Derealization is defined as: a) altered perception including loss of the sense of one's own reality b) altered perception involving loss of the sense of reality of the external world c) vivid hallucinations d) the feeling that one is no longer a person

b) altered perception involving loss of the sense of reality of the external world

Research examining the expectations that kids in grades 7 through 11 have about drinking alcohol revealed that some of the students begin drinking because they think it will have positive effects on their social behavior and cognitive and motor skills, a phenomenon called: a) alcoholic myopia b) an expectancy effect c) opponent-process theory d) regressive alcoholism

b) an expectancy effect

In the advanced stages of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease, a phenomenon called "sundowner syndrome" occurs in which cognitive disturbances a) tend to improve as the day goes on. b) become worse toward evening. c) come and go during the course of the day. d) peak around mid-day.

b) become worse toward evening.

Sexual dysfunctions are a) more common in heterosexuals than homosexuals. b) equally common in heterosexuals and homosexuals. c) more common in homosexuals than heterosexuals. d) generally not reported, so little is known about their incidence.

b) equally common in heterosexuals and homosexuals.

Mental illness as used in the legal system is: a) informed by federal legislation b) is unique to each state c) consistent with psychological disorders d) based on the person ability to care for themselves

b) is unique to each state (.i.e., civil commitment criteria)

Samantha started having difficulty falling asleep during final exam week. Although exams are over, she now starts to worry about sleep right after dinner. Even the sight of her bed makes her very anxious. The fact that Samantha's insomnia continues long after the stress of exams is over points to the role of ___________in the maintenance of sleep disorders. a) other medical conditions b) learning c) biology d) unknown factors

b) learning

A person who experiences a persistent depressed mood for at least 2 years but is not experiencing major depression may have a) double depression. b) persistent depressive disorder. c) bipolar disorder. d) cyclothymic disorder.

b) persistent depressive disorder.

Sleep disorders are appropriately diagnosed based on a) the quality and quantity of sleep only. b) quality and quantity of sleep as well as daytime sequelae (how the individual feels when awake). c) subjective judgment of the clinician. d) quantity of sleep plus the amount of sleep time the individual believes is appropriate.

b) quality and quantity of sleep as well as daytime sequelae (how the individual feels when awake).

Sandra and Jim have been happily married for several years. Sandra reports that she reaches orgasm from intercourse only about half of the time and wonders if something is "wrong" with her. Sandra should a) seek treatment for inhibited orgasm disorder. b) relax and realize that this is not unusual for women. c) have a medical exam before assuming that she has a diagnosable psychological disorder. d) realize that her inhibited orgasm problem means that she doesn't really love Jim

b) relax and realize that this is not unusual for women.

The basic concept behind the covert sensitization method of treating unwanted sexual arousal is to a) create empathy for the victim of the behavior. b) replace the immediate reinforcement of the behavior with the unpleasant consequences that ordinarily take longer to be experienced. c) create a physically painful experience to replace the immediate reinforcement that the unwanted behavior has previously produced. d) improve family functioning, social skills, and overall effectiveness of appropriate adult relations.

b) replace the immediate reinforcement of the behavior with the unpleasant consequences that ordinarily take longer to be experienced.

One of the problems encountered by psychiatrists who prescribe medication for patients with bipolar disorder is that patients often a) overdose on the medication during a severe manic state. b) stop taking the medication in order to bring on a manic state. c) stop taking the medication in order to bring on a depressive state. d) become addicted to the medications during a severe manic state.

b) stop taking the medication in order to bring on a manic state.

During a dissociative fugue state, it is not uncommon for individuals to a) commit suicide b) take on a new identify c) contact friends and family d) see the world as strange and foreign place

b) take on a new identify

Although both panic disorder patients and persons with somatic symptom disorder tend to misinterpret bodily sensations, patients with panic disorder a) are having real physical sensations, while the sensations of those with somatic symptom disorder are "all in their heads. b) tend to fear immediate catastrophe, while those with somatic symptom disorder tend to fear long-term illness. c) are having imagined physical sensations, while those with somatic symptom disorder are experiencing real physical sensations. d) tend to ignore the symptoms of their first attacks, while those with somatic symptom disorder tend to seek immediate medical treatment following the first indication of pain.

b) tend to fear immediate catastrophe, while those with somatic symptom disorder tend to fear long-term illness.

The best evidence that binge-eating disorder (BED) may not just be a special case of bulimia nervosa is that a) no genetic component has been identified for BED. b) there is a greater likelihood of remission and a better response to treatment for BED. c) the average age of onset is much younger for BED than it is for bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa. d) more males than females suffer from BED

b) there is a greater likelihood of remission and a better response to treatment for BED.

Two very common medical causes of erectile dysfunction are a) asthma and diabetes. b) vascular disease and diabetes. c) vascular disease and asthma. d) arthritis and diabetes.

b) vascular disease and diabetes.

Richard, the patient with OCD described in the textbook, was compelled to take very small steps as he walked and to look back repeatedly. As with other types of checking compulsions, Richard was trying to a) restore a sense of safety and control. b) ward off an imagined disaster. c) reduce the possibility of contamination. d) Make sure he didn't make a mistake

b) ward off an imagined disaster.

All of the following are side effects of lithium therapy EXCEPT ____________. a) lack of energy b) weight loss c) toxicity d) lowered thyroid functioning

b) weight loss

With regard to the prevalence of mood disorders, which of the following has been found consistently? a) Females experience major depressive disorders less frequently than males. b) Dysthymia occurs equally across the sexes. c) Bipolar disorders occur equally across the sexes. d) Men have twice as many mood disorders as women.

c) Bipolar disorders occur equally across the sexes.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about borderline personality disorder? a) It is observed in every culture and seen in about 5% of the population. b) Long-term outcomes are discouraging, with many relapsing within five years c) Emotional dysfunction is one of the best predictors of suicide in this group. d) A high number, almost 12%, succeed at suicide.

c) Emotional dysfunction is one of the best predictors of suicide in this group.

Which disorder is associated with the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in the brain? a) Huntington's disease b) Pick's disease c) Neurocognitive disease due to Alzheimer' disease d) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

c) Neurocognitive disease due to Alzheimer' disease

An intellectual disability has three parts, significant subaverage intellectual functioning, concurrent deficits or impairment in adaptive functioning and : a) Fragile X syndrome b) Chromosomal abnormality c) Onset before age 18 d) The absence of GABA

c) Onset before age 18

One aspect of the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder is ______. a) patient awareness of the distinct personalities. b) patient awareness of the distinct personalities' existence of three or more personality fragments c) amnesia d) history of abuse

c) amnesia

Adolescents tend to shift toward a a) culturally determined later sleep schedule. b) biologically determined earlier sleep schedule. c) biologically determined later sleep schedule. d) culturally determined earlier sleep schedule.

c) biologically determined later sleep schedule.

All of the following factors seem to be related to patients' noncompliance with medication EXCEPT a) negative patient-doctor relationship b) cost of medication c) comorbidity d) negative side effects

c) comorbidity

One of the most important skills that therapists must possess when conducting an interview regarding sexual behavior is a) communicating their own sexual values. b) using only the proper clinical terms for sexual behavior. c) demonstrating that they are comfortable talking about sexual issues. d) being able to diagnose medical causes of sexual dysfunction.

c) demonstrating that they are comfortable talking about sexual issues.

A commonly-seen form of factitious disorder imposed on another is a set of conditions that a) falls somewhere between malingering and conversion disorders. b) falls under voluntary control like malingering. c) is an atypical form of child abuse. d) is a combination of a somatic symptom disorder and a dissociative disorder.

c) is an atypical form of child abuse.

Since the latter half of the 20th century, the policy of deinstitutionalization (time-limited hospital stays for psychotic patients) has resulted in a) more patients remaining hospitalized. b) former patients becoming productive members of the community. c) many former patients becoming homeless. d) greater patient compliance regarding medication

c) many former patients becoming homeless.

One difference between panic disorders and PTSD is a) in a panic attack, the alarm is false, while in PTSD, the initial alarm is true. b) in panic disorder, the alarm is true, while in PTSD, the alarm is false. c) panic disorder but not PTSD has a biological vulnerability d) PTSD but not panic disorder has a biological vulnerability

c) panic disorder but not PTSD has a biological vulnerability

Without understanding the thought process motivating the patient's behavior, it would probably be impossible to determine whether a patient had ______________ personality disorder or _____________ personality disorder. a) narcissistic; antisocial b) dependent; narcissistic c) schizoid; avoidant d) borderline; histrionic

c) schizoid; avoidant

In dissociative amnesia, the individual typically has not memory of: a) any events b) events prior to a trauma c) selective events or emotional tone attached to them, particularly those involving trauma d) events following a trauma

c) selective events or emotional tone attached to them, particularly those involving trauma

Conversion disorder symptoms generally appear ______________. a) Randomly b) Following a physical injury to the affected area c) shortly after some marked stress d) In children

c) shortly after some marked stress

The neuroleptic drugs introduced in the 1950s affect primarily the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, which include all of the following EXCEPT ___________ a) hallucinations b) delusions c) social deficits d) agitation

c) social deficits

In reference to the clinical research studies focusing on factors that are implicated in heart disease, which of the following is an accurate statement? a) Males who displayed a Type A behavior pattern were less likely to develop coronary heart disease than females in the Type A group. b) Younger males in the Type A group were much less likely to develop coronary heart disease than older males in the Type A group. c) In comparison to "white collar" workers, men in lower socioeconomic positions were more likely to develop coronary heart disease. d) Both men and women with the Type A behavioral pattern were twice as likely to develop coronary heart disease than were non-Type A individuals.

d) Both men and women with the Type A behavioral pattern were twice as likely to develop coronary heart disease than were non-Type A individuals.

Which of the following individuals has the greatest risk of developing neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease? a) Paul, who is wealthy and well educated. b) Rena, who completed college although she has an average IQ. c) Jason, who is extremely bright but never finished college. d) Carrie, who dropped out of school when she was very young.

d) Carrie, who dropped out of school when she was very young.

Nikki has decided to stop smoking (again). She can expect to experience which of the following withdrawal symptoms? a) Elevated mood b) Decreased appetite c) Weight loss d) Irritability

d) Irritability

Which of the following statements is false about hallucinogens? a) LSD is chemically similar to serotonin b) Mescaline is chemically similar to norepinephrine. c) A number of hallucinogens are chemically similar to acetylcholine. d) MDMD is chemically similar to glutamate.

d) MDMD is chemically similar to glutamate.

One of the most unreliable categories in current classification is in the area of _____________. a) Schizophrenia b) Anxiety disorders c) Mood disorders d) Personality disorders

d) Personality disorders

The disorder that shares many similar symptoms with schizophrenia is ___________ personality disorder. a) Schizoid b) Paranoid c) Borderline d) Schizotypal

d) Schizotypal

Panic attack studies suggest that men a) simply endure panic attacks better than women. b) don't experience panic attacks. c) mask panic attacks with depression. d) consume alcohol to deal with panic attacks.

d) consume alcohol to deal with panic attacks.

Sexual arousal disorders are diagnosed when there is an a) inability to achieve or maintain an erection in males and a lack of desire for sex in females. b) inability to achieve or maintain an erection in males and a lack of orgasm in females. c) inability to achieve orgasm for either gender despite erection in males and lubrication in females. d) inability to achieve or maintain an erection in males and a lack of lubrication in females.

d) inability to achieve or maintain an erection in males and a lack of lubrication in females.

The dimensional approach to classification of mental disorders differs from the categorical approach because the dimensional system provides a) lists of symptoms that are associated with all of the forms of psychopathology that are currently believed to exist b) diagnostic labels based on the presence of specific symptoms. c) information that is used to determine the cause and treatment of the disorder. d) scales that indicate the degree to which patients are experiencing various cognitions, moods, and behaviors.

d) scales that indicate the degree to which patients are experiencing various cognitions, moods, and behaviors.

Side effects of the tricyclic antidepressants include _______________. a) weight loss b) excessive urination c) diarrhea d) sexual dysfunction

d) sexual dysfunction

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

delusions and hallucinations (more obvious signs of psychosis)

Dietary restraint studies suggest that people who are starved a) Group of answer choices b) stop caring about food. c) gradually adjust to starvation diets. d) lose interest in food over time. e) may become preoccupied with food and eating.

e) may become preoccupied with food and eating.

Jody sometimes eats more than just about any other girl that you know. You wonder if her eating sometimes could be considered bingeing. In order to determine this, you would have to know a) Group of answer choices b) whether she is eating junk foods. c) the caloric intake of the foods. d) the situations under which she eats a great deal. e) whether eating gets to be out of her control.

e) whether eating gets to be out of her control.

If a friend of yours stops sleeping and suddenly claims that he is going to go to law school and medical school simultaneously so he can change the world, you might suspect he is __________. Anhedonic Anxious Depressed manic

manic

cluster A personality disorders

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal (features resembling psychotic symptoms, odd, eccentric)

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior (apathy, avolition [inability to initiate and persist in activities; apathy, alogia [absence of speech], anhedonia, affective flattening)