5 MAN.

In the context of the planning process, which of the following is most likely to be useful when conceived goals turn out not to be achievable? Maintaining flexibility when making plans Developing commitment to goals Developing long-term action plans Tracking progress toward goal achievement

A. Maintaining flexibility when making plans

_____ are defined as a cushion of extra resources that can be used with options-based planning to adapt to unanticipated changes, problems, or opportunities. Slack resources Strategic groups Secondary firms Standing plans

A. Slack resources

The most popular approach to increase goal commitment is to: minimize employee involvement in planning. encourage employee participation while setting goals. ask the top management to assign goals. develop less challenging goals.

B. encourage employee participation while setting goals.

The main objective of _____ is to keep choices open by making small, simultaneous investments in many alternative plans. strategic planning options-based planning static planning traditional planning

B. options-based planning

A drawback of planning is that it: fails to provide direction to managerial activities. causes detachment, which leads planners to plan for things they do not understand. discourages employees to put in additional efforts when following a plan. decreases persistence among employees, and leads to slackness.

B.causes detachment, which leads planners to plan for things they do not understand.

In an organization, _____ are responsible for the creation of tactical plans. chief financial officers first-level managers middle managers top managers

C. middle managers

An organization's _____ is defined as a more specific goal than the organization's purpose that unifies company-wide efforts, stretches and challenges the organization, and possesses a finish line and a time frame. vision statement single-use plan strategic objective mission statement

C. strategic objective

_____ is defined as the determination to achieve an objective. Goal setting Satisficing Groupthink Goal commitment

D. Goal commitment.

_____ is defined as the process of choosing a goal and developing a method or strategy to achieve that goal. Controlling Organizing Leading Planning

D. Planning

In the context of tracking progress toward goal achievement, which of the following is a difference between proximal goals and distal goals? Proximal goals are referred to as primary goals, whereas distal goals are referred to as subgoals. Proximal goals define the final objective to be achieved, whereas distal goals define the steps that should be taken to achieve the final objective. Proximal goals can be procrastinated because they have low immediacy, whereas distal goals cannot be procrastinated because they have high immediacy. Proximal goals are short-term goals, whereas distal goals are long-term goals.

D. Proximal goals are short-term goals, whereas distal goals are long-term goals..

In the context of maintaining flexibility while planning, unlike traditional planning, options-based planning: involves committing people and resources to a particular course of action. involves making large investments in many alternative plans over a long period of time. reduces flexibility. involves maintaining slack resources.

D. involves maintaining slack resources.

In the context of planning from top to bottom, the top management is responsible for developing _____. standing plans tactical plans operational plans strategic plans

D. strategic plans

Management by objectives is a management technique often used by middle managers to develop and carry out _____. strategic plans standing plans operational plans tactical plans

D. tactical plans

Which of the following is a benefit of planning? It fixes all organizational problems. It ensures the existence of a company. It gives direction to managerial efforts. It encourages change in an organization.

c.It gives direction to managerial efforts.