A History of the modern world Key Terms Chapter 11

fly shuttle

invented by John Kay in 1733, a machine that was able to weave thread together better than a one person loom

British abolition of slavery

meant that very few slaves were entering Europe, and hardly any more were entering the US. had no effect on US policy. slaves had to "self replenish", so they got slightly better treatment. freed up the African nations

Louis Philippe

"Citizen King" of France who favored measures that benefited the middle class.

Jeremy Bentham

(1748-1832) British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number.

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. (socialism)

Louis XVIII

(1814-1824) Restored Bourbon throne after the Revolution. He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law), honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land and establish a bicameral (two-house) legislature consisting of the Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and the Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an electorate).

Belgian neutrality

-A neutral country defended by UK because of close borde

Blanc

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Fourier

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List

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Schiller

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Hegel

..., Was a German philosopher who wrote and influenced many others (like Marx) with his writings. He is most often characterized by his 'three-step process' of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, or one side, the opposite, then combination.

Squirearchy

1688-1832, British govt. in the hands of the wealthy landownwers - "gentlemen of England." Significance: helped foster a total transformation of farming - an agricultural revolution without which the industrial revolution could not have occurred.

John Kay

1733, a Brit who invented the fly shuttle. Made it possible for one person instead of two to operate a loom in textile manufacturing. It increased the output of woven material and therefore also the demand for yarn.

Peterloo Massacre

1819, Calvary attacked a crowd of protesters (working-classmen protesting about the rising prices of bread) at St. Peter's Fields in Manchester. This led Parliament to become more repressive and begin to restrict such meetings.

Carlsbad Decrees

1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Metternich.

Charles X

1824-1830, Bourbon king of France after LXVIII. Previously the Count of Artois - one the the first emigres in revolution and very active in organizing the emigres opposition to the revolution. He was the favorite Bourbon among the most obstinate ex-seigneurs, nobles and high churchmen. Very reactionary in his reign.

Chartism

A Political reform movement, that favored universal man sufferage and secret ballots

Troppau

A conference of the Quintuple Alliance to discuss means of suppressing the revolution in Naples of July 1820, and at which the Troppau Protocol was signed on 19 November 1820.

water frame

A device invented by Richard Arkwright in 1796 which used water power from running streams to drive spinning wheels.

Holy Alliance

A league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the Congress of Vienna

cotton gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

boom-bust

A pattern of population growth in which exponential growth leads to a period when the population exceeds its carrying capacity, causing the population to decrease rapidly or crash

Conservative Party

A political party in Great Britain which developed from the Tories in the 1830s, One of the two major parties in the UK, it is generally more right wing, and more towards free-markets and the upper classes,advocates a mixed economy and encourages property owning

Corn Laws

A tariff on all imported grains in 1815. This was to insure a stable price of grain and eliminate some competition against local sellers. The Corn Laws were supported by the conservative Tories (they owned land/farm, probably produced grain therefore benefited) but was opposed by the Whigs (they were for laissez-faire economics, and this was the opposite). However, the Corn Laws kept the price of food high, so the workers did not really benefit. Repealed in 1846.

Decembrist revolt

Abortive attempt by army officers to take control of the Russian government upon the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825

Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

Malthus

An English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence; consequences will be war, famine, and disease (1766-1834)

Congress of Verona

Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France vowed to put down a revolutionary uprising in Spain and threatened to help Spain reconquer its New World colonies.

Metternich

Austrian foreign minister - designed Peace of Vienna

Wordsworth

British Romantic poet

George Canning

British foreign secretary; asked the American minister in London if the United States would band together with the British in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning the European dictators to keep their harsh hands off the Latin American republics.

Watt

British inventor who developed a more efficient steam engine with wide industrial application.

Whigs

British political party opposed to Lord North's Tories and generally more sympathetic to the colonial cause

Six Acts

British, laws that gave the government power to search citizens homes and forbade unauthorized meetings, Etc. attempted to prevent radical leaders from agitating and gave the government enhanced power.

Factory Act of 1833

Created factory workday for children ages 9-13 to 8 hours a day; N/A to home; outlawed child labor under 9 yrs old - factory owners had to establish schools; destroyed family unit

iron law of wages

David Ricardo formulated the iron law of wages, which said that because of the pressure of population growth, wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving.

power loom

Designed in 1784 by a man named Cartwright and built in 1785; it is a loom operated by mechanical or electrical power that can be powered by a drive shaft.

Ricardo

English economist who argued that the laws of supply and demand should operate in a free market (1772-1823)

Stephenson

English railway pioneer who built the first passenger railway in 1825 (1781-1848)

Shelley

English writer who created Frankenstein's monster and married Percy Bysshe Shelley (1797-1851)

July Ordinances

Five decrees passed in 19c France that dissolved the newly elected Chamber of Deputies, muzzled the press and increased the amount of political power in the hands of the wealthiest property holders.

Cato Street gang

Following the Peterloo Massacre and passing of the Six Acts (which hindered free speech) a group of revolutionaries came up with a plan to assassinate several cabinet ministers, overthrow the government and start a radical revolution, the plan failed and they were caught on Cato Street in London.

Liberal Party

Formerly known as the Whig Party. They forced the adoption of other reforms. A modest first step toward free public education was taken in 1833, giving financial support to private and church schools. They also helped repeal the unpopular Corn Laws.

Chateaubriand

French Wrote the genius of Christianity, Strongly Roman Catholic, Became known as the "Bible of Romanticism" Argued that religion is the essence of Passion.

Sand

George Sand (1804-1876), a male pen name used by a French female author Amandine Dupin, was well known during the Romantic Movement; she often used the theme of unconventional love in her emotional novels such as The Master Bell Ringers, Indiana, and The Haunted Pool.

von Ranke

German historian and father of source-based history.

Mazzini

Giuseppe Mazzini was the first person that tried to unify all of Italy. He preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and the will of the people. His brand of democratic republicanism seemed too radical for the people. Austria smashed Mazzini's republicanism in 1848.

Ypsilanti

He was the leader of the revolution in Greece and used nationalism to inspire the Greeks against the Turks.

Whitney

Invented the Cotton Gin

Arkwright

Invented the water frame, which was a water-powered device designed to permit the production of a purely cotton fabric, rather than a cotton fabric containing linen fiber for durability.

enclosure

Large companies bought out little farms putting farmers out of work

Nicholas I

Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin., (r. 1894-1917) Tsar who took the throne after Alexander II's assassination, a weak ruler who used expansionist ventures to delfect attention fro domestic issues and neutralize revolutionary movements

San Martin

Led the Latin American armies over the Andes Mtns. and into Chile. Fought for independence in Chile and Peru. Fought with Bolivar

Poor Law of 1834

Legislation that restricted the number of poverty-stricken eligible for aid. (hurt the poor to discourage laziness)

Victor Hugo

Les Miserables, (1802-1885) French writer, an exponent in the French Romantic movement, best known poems were La Légende des siècles and Les Contemplations, best known novels- Hunchback of Notre-Dame and Les Miserables

Bourgeoisie

Middle Class

Manchester School

Of economics. Teaching Iron Law of Wages. Telling working class that only way to improve conditions is to become bourgeoise. Said working class wages should remain low.

July Monarchy

Period in France (1830-1848) where the bourgeoisie class was dominant and King Louis-Philippe was at the head of a constitutional monarchy. The monarchy eventually became too rigid and unwilling to change and was overthrown.

Mickiewicz

Polish poet, forms the Polish Legion to fight for national restoration (fail because of rivalries and divisions)

Tory

Political party in Britain controlled by aristocracy.

Burschenschaft

Politically active students around 1815 in the German states proposing unification and democratic principles.-founded on liberal and nationalistic ideals. Significance- their beliefs threatened the conservative leaders at the time, who attempted to shut them down through the Karlsbad Decrees.

Byron

Romantic poet - died fighting for Greek independence

Congress System

The members of the Quadruple Alliance agreed to meet periodically to discuss their common interests and to consider appropriate measures for the maintenance of peace in Europe. This agreement was the beginning of the European "congress system." The congress system was established by the Holy Alliance which included the countries of Russia, Prussia, and Austria.

Grimm Bros

These family members wrote fairy tales drawn from Germanic mythology. They were considered a part of the Romantic era.

Corn Law

These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising extremely

spinning jenny

This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time. (643, 727)

Saint Simon

This man was one of the early and influential socialist thinkers who proclaimed the tremendous possibilities of industrial development

Robert Peel

Tory prime minister joined with whigs and a minority of his own party to repeal corn laws in 1846 and allow free imports of grain.

Bolivar

Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule

Schlegel

a romantic who praised the "romantic" literature of Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Shakespeare, Cervantes, and Calderon; he wrote Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature, Protagonist's downfall arises when his aspirations cause him to go beyond his limitations

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Rocket

an early steam locomotive

classical economists

believe the economy is *self-regulating*, that the economy will take care of itself and any unnecessary government intervention will lead to problem

Newcomen

developed the first practical steam engine

Palacky

he issued a manifesto calling for the national equality of Slavs within the Habsburg Empire

Vuk Karajich

he published a book of grammar and made a Serbian alphabet, translated the New Testament and said the dialect of Ragusa should become the literary language of all South SLAVS

Great Reform Bill

increased the number of British voters but voters still had to own property