aahs final

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist, educator and activists who led the fight against lynching

Guinea Coast

African coast in West Africa from which many African captives began their journey to the Americas

What was the most significant abolitionist society?

American Anti-slavery Society

Creole

American born descendants of slaves and Europeans

Patriots

Americans who were in support or America becoming an independent nation during the Revolutionary war

What the frequent targets of anti-black mobs?

Black newspapers and black neighborhoods

Loyalist

British colonists who supported the British Empire during the War for Independence.

What was the first concern of many African Americans once they achieved freedom?

Finding their families.

Which party formed in 1848 to prevent the expansion of slavery into the territories?

Free Soil Party

Claude McKay

Harlem Renaissance writer who showed the struggles of ordinary African Americans. He wrote poems such as "If We Must Die," "The Lynching," and "America."

What role did the Black Convention Movement play in the abolitionist movement?

It addressed the hostility, discrimination, exclusion, and violence against African Americans by whites in northern cities. It provided a forum for antislavery ideas and the development of black leadership.

Why did a group of blacks in Nashville, Tennessee, form a black-owned bus company in 1905?

It was a way of dealing with the segregation that they were faced with.

What was the highest state office to which a black man was elected in the South during Reconstruction?

Lieutenant Governor

What happened to the University of South Carolina when black leaders insisted it include black students?

Most of the white students and faculty left.

Where were the worst and most frequent race riots?

Philadelphia

What was Lincoln's initial aim regarding the Civil War when it began in 1861?

Save the union without ending slavery.

How did white Americans who supported Manifest Destiny address racism in the 1830s and 1840s?

Scientific racism - Scientists argued that white people were a superior race culturally, physically, and intellectually; they were, therefore, entitled to rule over other races.

Why did some black abolitionists become increasingly militant during the 1840s?

Slave Rebellions and mutinies on board slave ships.

Slave codes

Slaves codes were state laws created chattel slavery.

What did the Supreme Court decide in the Dred Scott v. Sanford case regarding Scott's rights?

That all black people didn't have rights, and therefore could not bring lawsuits before the courts.

What was the first opportunity for many black men to participate in politics in the South?

The Constitutional Conventions

What purpose did churches serve for African Americans?

The church filled spiritual needs in difficult times and allowed for the development of black music.

How did the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 strengthen previous laws?

The law required ordinary citizens to help capture runaway slaves and anyone who interfered in returning them was severely punished.

Black Laws

The legislation created in the North and the Old Northwest to limited the rights of free African

How did whites react to blacks attempting to establish schools in the South?

They attacked them and even killed their teachers.

How did blacks react to segregation laws regarding streetcars?

They attempted to form separate transportation companies.

How did Democrats limit black political power in the South?

They created oddly shaped congressional districts to prevent blacks from being elected to office.

How did William and Ellen Craft escape from slavery?

They traveled openly by train and steamboat and arrived in Philadelphia. Ellen disguised herself as a white cotton planter and she pretended that she was traveling with her slave which was William.

How did some former masters react to the emancipation of their slaves?

They were surprised that they decided to choose to leave after they received freedom.

What were some of the problems the antislavery movement encountered in its early efforts?

White abolitionists would not allow black people to help the antislavery movement and denied them equal status in organizations.

Why was there so much violence in the South after Reconstruction?

White southerners were frustrated by their loss during the Civil War and resented blacks acquiring freedom and status.

Indentured servant

Worked for a specific number of years and then is free

African Methodist Episcopal Church

a Christian denomination of churches founded because white congregations either discriminated against Africans or segregated them in churches

Slaver

a European ship that transported human cargo during the Middle Passage.

Free Papers

a certificate proving the free status of an African American

Scalawags

a derogatory term for white southerners who supported Reconstruction following the civil war

W.E.B. DuBois

a leading African-American sociologist, writer and activist. He was a founding officer of the NAACP and editor of its magazine. He was the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard University.

Triangular Trade

a system in which traders carried English goods to West Africa and exchanged the goods for slaves. Then the traders carried the slaves to the West Indies and exchanged them for sugar, which they took back to England.

Grandfather clauses

allowed people to vote only if their father or grandfather had voted before Reconstruction

Society for the Promotion of the Abolition of Slavery

an antislavery organization founded by the Quakers in 1784. Benjamin Franklin was a member.

American Colonization Society (ACS)

an organization founded by slaveowners, whose purpose was to send African captives back to Africa to the West African colony of Liberia

What was the effect of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision?

demonstrated that the highest court in the land accepted discriminatory treatment of blacks.

Disfranchisement

denial of the right to vote

Three-fifths clause

each slave counts as 3/5ths of a person when determining a state's population

Booker T. Washington

ex-slave, didn't believe in social equality rather educational rights through education

Philadelphia Female Antislavery Society

formed as a result of the inability of women to become members of the male abolitionist organization. It was a biracial abolitionist organization, which was an auxiliary of the American Anti-Slavery Society. It was dominated by Quaker women, but some elite African women were allowed to participate.

Manumission

is the act of an owner freeing his or her slaves

Wilmot Proviso

it proposed an American law to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War

Jim Crow

laws designed to segregate of blacks from whites. It began on a railroad in Massachusetts.

Freedom suits

legal actions by which slaves sought to achieve freedom in courts

Prince Hall Masons

lodge founded by Prince Hall for African Americans because the white lodges would not allow him membership due to his black ancestry.

Asiento

monopoly over the slave trade from Africa to the Americas

Carpetbaggers

northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction

Market Revolution

process between 1800 and 1860 by an American economy based on subsistence farming, production by skilled artisan, and local markets

Declaration of Independence

signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state In its original language it stated that the slave trade was a "cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant [African] people."

William and Ellen Craft

slaves from Macon, Georgia who escaped to the North. Ellen passed for a sickly white man, accompanied by "his" slave, William.

Patriarchal

social system in which males hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property

Chattel slavery

the ownership of human beings as property

Slave Power

the political influenced possessed by the South in American politics during the time of slavery.

Gradual emancipation

the process of manumission that allowed slaves to become free at a certain age or granted freedom to the children of slaves after a number of years of service.

Assimilation

the process of people from different backgrounds becoming similar in culture and language

Domestic Slave Trade

the trade of enslaved people among states of the U.S It began in response to the expansion of the cotton growing region's increased need for slave labor and the end of the trans-Atlantic trade.

James Weldon Johnson

was an African American author, educator, lawyer, diplomat, songwriter, and civil rights activist. He wrote "Black Manhattan" and "Lift Every Voice and Sing."

Appeal...to the Colored Citizens of the World

written by David Walker, abolitionist pamphlet advising the immediate overturning of slavery