A&P 2 respiratory system

Define respiratory rate.

Breaths per minute

Define hypercapnia and hypocapnia.

Hypercapnia: too much CO2 Hypocapnia: too little CO

The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as

Hypoxia

How are hypoxia and anoxia different?

Hypoxia: low oxygen Anoxia: cutoff of oxygen

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the

Trachea

Identify three chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs).

asthma ,chronic bronchitis, and emphysema

The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the

Alveoli

Where does gas exchange between the air and the lungs occur?

Alveoli

Which system is responsible for gas exchange?

Alveoli

A period in which breathing has stopped, followed by a forceful expulsion of air, is termed

Apnea

The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.

12-16 breaths per minute

The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________ lobes.

3 and 2

Define respiratory defense system

A series of filtration mechanisms that prevent airway contamination

. Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

Bicarbonate

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is found

Bound to hemoglobin which is in RBCs

What branches from the trachea?

Bronchi

The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as

Chloride shift

The "C" in COPD stands for

Chronic

Identify the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream.

Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, bicarbonate

Compare dysplasia, metaplasia, neoplasia, and anaplasia

Dysplasia: cells are damaged and function changes Metaplasia: tissue change Neoplasia: growth of abnormal cells Anaplasia: metastasize

The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called

Emphysema

The lungs are divided in to lobes by structures called

Fissures

Define oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin with oxygen bound

The term "hypercapnia" refers to

Increase in arterial in P CO2

Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as

Internal respiration

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is called...

Internal respiration

What is asthma?

Irritation causes smooth muscle constriction in the bronchial tree

Trace the pathway of airflow along the passages of the lower respiratory tract.

Larynx- trachea-bronchi-bronchioles- pulmonary lobule

The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli all make up the

Lower respiratory tract

Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch?

Medial margin of the left lung

The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain.

Medulla oblongata

List the structures of the upper respiratory system.

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, paranasal sinuses

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

P CO2

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive system is the

Pharynx

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

Physical movement of air into and out of lungs aka breathing

The respiratory mucosa of the conducting airways consists of

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is

Respiratory distress syndrome

Compare the two main bronchi.

Right: larger and has a steeper angle Left: smaller and more angled

Define pulmonary lobule.

Smallest subdivision of the lungs.

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces

Sound waves

Air traveling from the tertiary bronchi must pass through the ________ to reach the pulmonary lobule.

Terminal bronchioles

What would happen to the alveoli if surfactant were not produced

The alveoli would collapse

_______ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

Tidal volume

Name the various measurable pulmonary volumes.

Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume and residual volume

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the ..

Upper respiratory tract

If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's... Volume

Vital capacity