A&P Ch. 1-4 Exam
What type of section would separate (1) the two eyes? (2) the nose and two ears? (3) the neck and naval? (Module 1.21B)
(1) sagittal (or mid-sagittal, if along midline); (2) frontal; (3) transverse, or horizontal
Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell. As a result, you would expect magnesium to form ions with a charge of
+2
Which of the following is the symbol for an amino group?
-NH2
How many nuclei do most body cells contain? (Module 3.8B)
1
In Figure 3-1, which molecule is a combination of a sugar and a lipid?
1
Magnesium atoms have two electrons in their outermost shells, and chlorine atoms have seven. The compound magnesium chloride would contain
1 magnesium and 2 chlorine.
Calculate the area in blue. All numbers are in centimeters (cm). If you need help, scan the QR code in the upper right corner on the opposite page. (Module 1.3A)
10.24 square centimeters
Of the following choices, the pH of the least acidic solution is
12.0.
If an isotope of oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons, its mass number is
18
Calculate the weight of 1 mol of glucose. (The atomic weight of carbon = 12).
180 grams
The innermost electron shell in an atom holds up to ________ electrons.
2
How many electrons are shared by the oxygen atoms in an oxygen molecule?
2 pairs of electrons
Indicate the maximum number of electrons that can occupy each of the first three energy levels of an atom. (Module 2.3A)
2, 8, 8
How many chromosomes are contained within a typical somatic cell? (Module 3.9C)
23 pairs
In Figure 3-1, which structure is water most likely to pass through?
3
The following is a list of the steps involved in the process of secretion by the Golgi apparatus.. Material moves from cisterna to cisterna by means of transfer vesicles. 2. Exocytosis. 3. Products from RER are packaged into transport vesicles. 4. Secretory vesicles are formed at the trans face. 5. Vesicles arrive at the cis face. 6. Enzymes modify arriving proteins and glycoproteins.
3, 5, 6, 1, 4, 2
In Figure 3-1, which structure is related to glycocalyx?
4
The LM at the top of this page is magnified 400 times (400x). If the ocular lens used to make this image has a magnification of 10x, what is the magnification of the objective lens? (Module 4.2C)
40x
In Figure 3-1, microfilaments are labeled with which number?
5
In the reaction listed below, what coefficient needs to be added to balance the equation? 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + ________ O2.
6
If an element is composed of atoms with an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 14, then the nucleus of a neutral atom of this element contains
6 protons and 8 neutrons.
In Figure 3-1, which molecule is the peripheral protein?
7
Which of the labels in Figure 4-1 indicates a hemidesmosome?
A
What is a chromatid, and how many are present during normal mitosis in a human cell? (Module 3.20B)
A chromatid is a copy of a duplicated chromosome, and 92 are present.
What is a functional group? (Module 2.13B)
A functional group is a grouping of atoms that confer specific chemical properties to the rest of the molecule to which it is attached.
What is a gene? (Module 3.10A)
A gene is a portion of a DNA strand that functions as a hereditary unit and codes for a specific protein.
What is a benign tumor? (Module 3.21B)
A mass produced by abnormal growth and division of cells that remains within the original tissue and does not spread.
Define module, and state where the learning outcomes appear. (Module 1.5A)
A module is an independent, self-contained unit about a specific topic. Learning outcomes appear in the lower right-hand corner of each module.
What kind of bond forms during the dehydration synthesis of two amino acids, and which functional groups are involved? (Module 2.17B)
A peptide bond forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the other amino acid
Describe a person in the anatomical position. (Module 1.20A)
A person in anatomical position is standing erect, facing the observer, arms at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the feet together.
What functions are associated with a simple cuboidal epithelium and a transitional epithelium? (Module 4.6D)
A simple cuboidal epithelium is associated with secretion and absorption, and a transitional epithelium is associated with stretching.
AMP + P →
ADP
The anticodon for the triplet UCA is
AGU.
Adding a phosphate group to adenosine forms
AMP
Compare AMP with ADP. (Module 2.19B)
AMP has one phosphate group and ADP has two phosphate groups.
The endoplasmic reticulum is not responsible for ________ synthesis.
ATP
Describe ATP. (Module 2.19A)
ATP consists of an adenosine molecule with three phosphate groups attached.
________ connective tissue is a type of ________ connective tissue.
Adipose; loose
Which of the following is not part of cell theory?
All cells differentiate into specialized cell types.
An excess of hydrogen ions in the body fluids can have fatal results because this can
All of the answers are correct.
Why can inflammation occur in any organ in the body? (Module 4.18C)
All organs have connective tissues.
Explain why a pseudostratified epithelium is not truly stratified. (Module 4.7B)
All the cells form a single layer and contact the basement membrane.
Why do the pharynx, esophagus, anus, and vagina have a similar epithelial organization? (Module 4.5B)
All these sites are subject to physical stresses and abrasion.
Describe the functional groups that are considered acidic or basic. (Module 2.13D)
An amino group acts as a base because it can accept hydrogen ions, and a carboxyl group acts as an acid because it releases a hydrogen ion.
What is the relationship between an atom and matter? (Module 2.1A)
An atom is the smallest stable unit of matter, and matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.
What is an enzyme? (Module 2.9A)
An enzyme is a protein that lowers the activation energy of a reaction.
Define cancer. (Module 3.21A)
An illness characterized by cell cycle mutations that produce malignant cells.
A red blood cell has a diameter of about 8μm. Use that information to estimate the diameter of the oocyte in micrometers (μm) and millimeters (mm). (1 mm = 1000 μm) (Module 1.11C)
An oocyte has a diameter about 11 times greater than the red blood cell.
Define organ. (Module 1.10B)
An organ is two or more tissues working to perform several functions.
Describe the two layers making up the perichondrium. (Module 4.13B)
An outer fibrous layer made up of dense irregular connective tissue with fibroblasts; an inner cellular layer.
What is the purpose of anatomical terms? (Module 1.20D)
Anatomical terms are used because they provide a standardized frame of reference for describing the human body.
Explain the link between anatomy and physiology. (Module 1.8B)
Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures; physiology is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.
Define apoptosis. (Module 3.18B)
Apoptosis is genetically controlled cell death.
Contrast appositional and interstitial growth of cartilage. (Module 4.13C)
Appositional growth adds new layers to the outside, and interstitial growth enlarges the cartilage from within.
Explain why the atoms of inert elements do not react with one another or combine with atoms of other elements. (Module 2.3B)
Atoms of inert elements are nonreactive because the outermost electron shell (valence shell) contains the maximum number of electrons possible.
Which of the labels in Figure 4-1 indicates a tight junction?
B
Define the term biology. (Module 1.1B)
Biology is the study of life.
How do epithelial tissues obtain needed nutrients? (Module 4.4C)
Blood vessels travel through underlying tissues to provide nutrients.
Distinguish between the two types of supporting tissues with respect to their characteristic fibers. (Module 4.14D)
Bone contains only collagen fibers, whereas cartilage can contain collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers.
Which of the labels in Figure 4-1 indicates an adhesion belt
C
Using chemical notation, write the molecular formula for glucose, a compound composed of 6 carbon (C) atoms, 12 hydrogen (H) atoms, and 6 oxygen (O) atoms. (Module 2.7D)
C6H12O6
The nucleotide sequence of three mRNA codons is AUU-GCA-CUA. What is the complementary anticodon sequence for the second codon? (Module 3.12B)
CGU
What do the transport processes of facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common? (Module 3.16C)
Carrier proteins are used to transport materials in both processes.
________ are transmembrane proteins that connect two cell membranes together
Cell adhesion molecules
When does cell division begin and end? (Module 3.18C)
Cell division begins at mitosis and ends at cytokinesis.
Which of the following is not a cation?
Cl-
Contrast the descriptions used by clinicians and anatomists when referring to the positions of injuries or internal organs of the abdomen and pelvis. (Module 1.20C)
Clinicians base their descriptions on four abdominopelvic quadrants, whereas anatomists use nine abdominopelvic regions.
Distinguish between the cytoplasm and cytosol. (Module 3.2A)
Cytoplasm is the material between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane; cytosol is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm.
Which of the labels in Figure 4-1 is very abundant in cardiac muscle?
D
What molecule in the nucleus contains instructions for making proteins? (Module 3.9B)
DNA
What enzymes must be present for DNA replication to proceed normally? (Module 3.19C)
DNA polymerase, DNA ligase, and DNA helicase
________ is the process of duplicating chromosomes prior to cell division.
DNA replication
Chromosomes consist of ________ and ________.
DNA; proteins
What is the purpose of directional and sectional terms? (Module 1.21C)
Directional and sectional terms are used because they provide a standardized frame of reference for describing the human body.
________ are soluble inorganic compounds whose solutions will conduct an electric current.
Electrolytes
Define electrolytes. (Module 2.11B)
Electrolytes are ions that will conduct an electrical current in a solution.
Describe the subatomic particle not in the nucleus. (Module 2.1C)
Electrons are not in the nucleus. They whirl around the nucleus creating an electron cloud.
________ secrete hormones and prohormones in the interstitial fluid, which later enters blood.
Endocrine glands
Describe the two primary types of glands. (Module 4.8A)
Endocrine glands release their substances into the interstitial fluid; exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts that open onto an epithelial surface.
Describe endocytosis. (Module 3.17A)
Endocytosis occurs when a vesicle forms at the plasma membrane, encloses a large volume of extracellular fluid and contents, and then moves into the cytoplasm.
Where do cells obtain the energy needed for their vital functions? (Module 2.19C)
Energy comes from breaking high energy bonds in a compound
________ accelerate chemical reactions that occur in the human body.
Enzymes
Why do our cells need enzymes? (Module 2.9B)
Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction so it can occur.
________ tissues combine to form body membranes that cover and protect other structures and tissues in the body.
Epithelia and connective
Define the word eponym. (Module 1.19B)
Eponym is a term denoting an anatomical structure or clinical condition that is named after a person.
________ is when a vesicle fuses to the plasma membrane and discharges its contents to the extracellular environment.
Exocytosis
Describe exocytosis. (Module 3.17C)
Exocytosis occurs when a vesicle forms inside the cell, encloses a large volume of intracellular fluid and contents, and then fuses with the plasma membrane to release it outside the cell.
Describe the role of fibroblasts in connective tissue. (Module 4.11B)
Fibroblasts secrete hyaluronic acid and proteins that rom the ground substance and create the extracellular fibers.
Which phase of the cell cycle has the most variable duration?
G0 phase
A cell is actively manufacturing enough organelles to serve two functional cells. This cell is probably in what phase of interphase? (Module 3.19B)
G1
How is genetic information coded in the cell? (Module 3.8A)
Genetic information is coded by the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
Describe the simplest type of unicellular exocrine gland. (Module 4.9B)
Goblet cell; this cell is scattered among absorptive cells in the intestines
Renewal or modification of the cell membrane is a function of the
Golgi apparatus.
Stacks of cisternae that store, alter, and package synthesized products are called
Golgi apparatus.
What are the differences between gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy? (Module 1.8A
Gross anatomy involves the study of body structures that can be seen with the unaided eye; microscopic anatomy is the study of body structures that cannot be seen without magnification
Distinguish between growth and development. (Module 1.7B)
Growth refers to an increase in size. Development refers to changes in structures and functions as the organism grows.
Which of the following is both an anion and a compound?
HCO3-
________ is the study of tissue structures.
Histology
The Appendix contains tables of the normal physiological values regarding dissolved materials in various body fluids. Most of these values are listed as ranges, rather than averages. Why? (Module 1.17C)
Homeostatic control is not precise, and normal ranges are not fixed with absolute values.
The molecule H2 is known as
Hydrogen
Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonds is false?
Hydrogen bonds are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms.
Distinguish between hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules. (Module 2.11C)
Hydrophilic molecules are attracted to water, whereas hydrophobic molecules do not interact with water molecules.
In the anatomical position, describe an anterior view and a posterior view. (Module 1.21A)
In anatomical position, anterior view shows the subject's face, whereas a posterior view shows the subject's back.
Describe the process of carrier-mediated transport. (Module 3.16A)
In carrier-mediated transport, integral membrane proteins bind ions or molecules and transport them across the membrane.
Compare the role of water in hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions. (Module 2.8A)
In hydrolysis, water is a reactant; in dehydration synthesis, water is a product.
________ compounds do not usually contain carbon as a primary structural atom.
Inorganic
Carbon-12 (12C) is the most common form of the element carbon. How is the isotope carbon-13 (13C) similar to and different from 12C? (Module 2.2B)
Isotope 13C has the same chemical properties but has one more neutron than 12C
Which of the following is correct regarding cytoplasm?
It contains cytosol and organelles.
Which of the following statements about water is not correct?
It has a relatively low heat capacity.
Why is cholesterol necessary in the body? (Module 2.16B)
It is a component of plasma membranes and is important for cell growth and division.
Which of the following is correct regarding fructose?
It is an isomer of glucose.
Why is the genetic code described as a triplet code? (Module 3.10B)
It is described as a triplet code because a sequence of three nitrogenous bases specifies the identity of a specific amino acid.
What is an important characteristic of amino acid uracil?
It is found only in RNA.
Which of following properties of the cytoskeleton is false?
It is made of cytobones.
Which of the following statements about tissue swelling that occurs during inflammation is true?
It is triggered by histamine and caused by increased endothelial permeability.
Which one of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system?
It produces a more rapid response than the nervous system.
Which of the following statements about the Golgi apparatus is false?
It sends transport vesicles to the RER.
In what country was cadaver-based anatomy established as a discipline studied by medical professionals? (Module 1.19C)
Italy
Much of the early history in anatomy is tied to what country?
Italy
What properties are common to keratinized epithelia? (Module 4.5C)
Keratinized epithelia are both tough and water resistant.
Our understanding of how the human body works is based on a knowledge of which level(s) of organization? (Module 1.10C)
Knowledge about each level contributes to our total understanding of how the body works.
Which languages are the source of many modern anatomical terms? (Module 1.19A)
Latin and Greek
What is transcription? (Module 3.11A)
Making an RNA strand from the DNA template.
________ increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials.
Microvilli
Define mitosis, and list its four stages. (Module 3.20A)
Mitosis is the division of a cell into two identical daughter cells. The four stages are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
________ are permanent alterations in a cell's DNA that affect the nucleotide sequence of one or more genes.
Mutations
When a small amount of HCl or NaOH is added to a solution of Na2HPO4, the pH of the solution barely changes. Based on these observations, all of the following are true concerning the compound Na2HPO4 except
Na2HPO4 adsorbs excess H+ and OH- directly onto the surface of its crystalline structure.
An important buffer in body fluids is
NaHCO3.
Describe the immediate cellular destinations of newly synthesized proteins from free ribosomes and fixed ribosomes. (Module 3.5A)
Newly synthesized proteins from free ribosomes enter the cytosol, and newly synthesized proteins from fixed ribosomes go to enter the ER.
List the chemical symbols of the six most abundant elements in the human body and their total percentage contribution to total body weight. (Module 2.2E)
O, C, H, N, Ca, and P. They account for 99.3% of total body weight.
The gravitational field of the moon is 17% of Earth's. How would the weight and mass of a 100-pound astronaut change on the moon? (Module 2.1D)
On the moon, the astronaut would have the same mass as on Earth but would weigh 17 pounds (100 × 0.17).
________ molecules are compounds that contain carbon as the primary structural atom.
Organic
Describe the external environment of most of the body's cells. (Module 3.2D)
Our cells are surrounded by a watery extracellular fluid.
The molecule O2 is known as
Oxygen
Most of a cell's ATP is produced within its mitochondria. What gas do mitochondria require to produce ATP, and what gas results? (Module 3.7B)
Oxygen is required to produce ATP, and carbon dioxide is released in the process.
Distinguish between passive and active processes of membrane passage. (Module 3.13C)
Passive processes do not need ATP and active processes do need ATP.
________ are short-chain fatty acids in which five of the carbon atoms are joined in a ring.
Prostaglandins
The enzyme ________ is required for the synthesis of mRNA.
RNA polymerase
How are chemical reactions represented? (Module 2.7B)
Reactions are represented by chemical equations and the arrow represents the direction of the reaction.
A cell duplicates its chromosomes during the ________ phase.
S
What do scientists mean when they use the term "Black Box"? (Module 1.6A)
Scientists are referring to missing knowledge.
________ epithelium is found inside the eyes.
Simple squamous
Describe the different states of matter in terms of shape and volume. (Module 2.5A)
Solids have a fixed volume and shape, liquids have a constant volume but no fixed shape, and gases have neither a constant volume nor a fixed shape.
________ cells are all of the cells of the body except the reproductive cells (sperm and oocytes).
Somatic
________ are large lipid molecules with distinctive carbon-ring frameworks.
Steroids
________ epithelium is found lining the anus and vagina.
Stratified squamous
Describe why table salt is a compound. (Module 2.4A)
Table salt is a compound because it is made up of more than one element in a fixed proportion.
What is translation? (Module 3.12A)
Taking the mRNA sequence and producing a protein.
________ attach skeletal muscles to bones, and ________ connect one bone to another.
Tendons; ligaments
What characteristic of phospholipids accounts for their packing into a double layer? (Module 3.3D)
That they are amphipathic, containing a hydrophobic end and a hydrophilic end.
List the three major functions of the Golgi apparatus. (Module 3.6A)
The Golgi apparatus (1) renews or modifies the plasma membrane, (2) modifies and packages cellular secretions, and (3) packages special enzymes within vesicles (lysosomes) for use within the cell.
Explain why small insects can walk on the surface of a pond and why tears protect the surface of the eye from dust particles. (Module 2.5C)
The attraction of water molecules creates a surface tension barrier that prevents small objects from penetrating the water.
If the amount of chloride ion in blood plasma increases, which of the following would initially occur?
The blood osmotic pressure will increase.
What does the presence of many mitochondria imply about a cell's energy requirements?
The cell has high energy demand.
Describe the changes in appearance of the transitional epithelium lining the urinary bladder as stretching occurs. (Module 4.6C)
The cells become flatter.
Compare the functioning of the elbow joint with a door on a hinge. (Module 1.9A)
The elbow moves in a single plane like the opening and closing of a door on a hinge.
Describe the orientations of phospholipids and glycolipids when they form a micelle
The hydrophobic tails are inside, and the hydrophilic heads form the surface of the micelle.
Imagine two rigid chambers separated by a rigid membrane that is freely permeable to water but impermeable to glucose. Side 1 contains a 10 percent glucose solution and side 2 contains pure water. At equilibrium, what will be the situation?
The hydrostatic pressure will be higher in side 1
Contrast the effects of a hypotonic solution and a hypertonic solution on a red blood cell. (Module 3.15C)
The hypotonic solution would cause the RBC to swell and it may burst (hemolysis), and the hypertonic solution would cause the RBC to shrink (crenation).
Why do certain cells in the ovaries and testes contain large amounts of SER?
The ovaries and testes produce large amounts of steroid hormones which are lipid based.
Define diffusion. (Module 3.14A)
The passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved.
Describe osmosis. (Module 3.15A)
The passive movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a solution with a lower solute concentration to a solution with a higher solute concentration.
Explain how the ionic compound sodium chloride dissolves in water. (Module 2.11A)
The positive poles of water molecules are attracted to the negatively charged chloride ions, and the negative poles of water molecules are attracted to the positively charged sodium ions.
What is the source of energy that converts glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into two three-carbon molecules in cells? (Module 2.8C)
The potential energy stored in the covalent bonds of the glucose molecule is released when some of the bonds break.
In the hydrolysis of a triglyceride, what are the reactants and the products? (Module 2.15D)
The reactants are a triglyceride and three water molecules; the products are a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.
Relate an enzyme's structure to its reaction specificity. (Module 2.18B)
The reaction specificity relates to the unique shape of the active site to which only a complementary shape can bind.
Define metastasis. (Module 3.21C)
The spread of cancer cells beyond the original tissue, leading to secondary tumors.
Predict what would happen to the function of a structure if its anatomy were altered.
The structure's function would be impaired or eliminated.
Name the substrates and product in the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by RNA polymerase. (Module 3.11C)
The substrates are RNA nucleotides, and the product is a strand of mRNA.
Try this experiment. Pick one of the two examples, cover up the text, and focus solely on the art. What did you discover? (Module 1.2B)
The text-art integration is important for understanding what was described
Describe the three parts necessary for homeostatic regulation. (Module 1.17B)
The three parts necessary for homeostatic regulation are the receptor, the control center, and the effector.
Describe the appearance of simple columnar epithelial cells in a sectional view. (Module 4.7A)
They appear columnar with an elongated nucleus close to the basement membrane.
Describe the appearance of simple cuboidal epithelial cells in sectional view. (Module 4.6A)
They appear like a cube, as tall as they are wide, with the nucleus centered in the middle of the cell.
Describe the structure and role of prostaglandins. (Module 2.16A)
They are a type of eicosanoid released by cells to coordinate local cellular activities and produce pain sensations.
What do cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycolipids have in common? (Module 2.16D)
They are all structural lipids that form membranes of cells.
Which of the following is correct about peripheral proteins?
They are bound to the inner or outer surface of plasma membrane.
Explain how the complementary strands of DNA are held together. (Module 2.20B)
They are held by complementary base pairing; adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine.
Which of the following is correct regarding enzymes?
They are organic catalysts and are made of proteins.
What do a mesothelium and an endothelium have in common? (Module 4.5A)
They both are simple squamous epithelium.
Which of the following statements about simple epithelia is false?
They cover surfaces subjected to mechanical or chemical stress.
What is the functional significance of gap junctions? (Module 4.4B)
They permit chemical communication (diffusion of ions and small molecules) that coordinates the activities of adjacent cells.
Microtubules do not have which of the following functions?
They stiffen microvilli.
What do eye-tracking studies tell us about the most effective way to learn? (Module 1.2A)
To read the text and the art together.
Describe trace elements. (Module 2.2D)
Trace elements are present in small amounts in the body and are required for normal growth and maintenance.
What process would be affected if a cell could not synthesize the enzyme RNA polymerase? (Module 3.11D)
Transcription of RNA from DNA.
________ epithelium is found in the ureter.
Transitional
The mRNA sequence that is complementary to the sequence ATC on DNA is
UAG.
Describe the kind of bonds that hold the atoms in a water molecule together. (Module 2.4C)
Water molecule bonds are polar covalent bonds, in which unequal sharing of electrons occurs.
Cations are smaller in diameter than their electrically neutral atom. Why? (Module 2.3D)
When electrons are lost, the remaining electrons are pulled closer toward the nucleus.
Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by
a basal lamina.
In chemical notation, the symbol Ca2+ means
a calcium ion that has lost two electrons
When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis,
a disaccharide is formed.
What is a tissue? (Module 4.1B)
a group of similar cells and their cell products
In living cells, complex metabolic reactions proceed in a series of steps called
a metabolic pathway.
In an aqueous solution, sodium ions would move toward
a negative terminal.
Every amino acid has a central carbon atom to which all of the followings are attached except
a phosphate group.
bstrate molecules bind to enzymes at the ________ sites.
active
During digestion, the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the stomach contents increases to many times that in cells lining the stomach. Which transport process could be responsible? (Module 3.16D)
active transport
Which of the following membrane transport mechanisms is not directly a passive process?
active transport
A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called
active transport.
Adenosine is formed by combining
adenine and ribose
The purines found in DNA are ________ and ________.
adenine; guanine
The most abundant high-energy compound in cells is
adenosine triphosphate
What product is formed from the addition of a phosphate group to ADP?
adenosine triphosphate
Cells that store fat are called
adipocytes
Which type of loose connective tissue contains primarily lipids? (Module 4.11C)
adipose tissue
If a substance has a pH that is greater than 7, it is
alkaline.
A chemical imbalance in the blood can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that
all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent.
When electrons are transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms unite as a result of the opposite charges,
an ionic bond is formed.
During mitosis, chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes during
anaphase.
A person facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the ________ position
anatomical
Microfilaments
anchor the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane.
In an aqueous solution, cations are attracted toward
anions
Ions with a negative charge are called
anions
An anatomical term that means the same as "ventral" is
anterior
Lymphocytes can develop into cells that secrete defense proteins against disease. Some of these cells are termed plasma cells, while their proteins are called
antibodies.
During the synthesis of proteins, amino acids are assembled in the proper sequence because each tRNA molecule that brings them to the ribosome has a(n) ________ that binds to a complementary codon in the mRNA.
anticodon
The process of lactation (milk production) depends on both merocrine and ________ secretion by mammary gland epithelial cells
apocrine
Which of the following is a type of secretion in which some cytoplasm is lost with the product?
apocrine
The genetically programmed death of cells is called
apoptosis.
In ________ growth, cartilage grows wider or thicker in diameter
appositional
All of the following are true of neurons except that they
are a very specialized form of connective tissue.
DNA mutation and development of cancerous cells are less dangerous in epithelial tissue than in connective tissue because epithelia
are avascular.
All of the following are true concerning enzymes except that they
are consumed during the reaction.
Elements that have atoms with full outer shells of electrons
are inert gases.
Generally, cells with a very brief interphase and lacking a G0 phase
are stem cells.
Carbohydrate molecules
are the body's most readily available source of energy.
Each of the following is an example of dense connective tissue except
areolar connective tissue.
The actual mass of an atom is known as its
atomic weight.
The smallest stable units of matter are
atoms
A functional group is best described as reoccurring clusters of
atoms that greatly influence the chemical properties of molecules they are part of.
Anchoring proteins
attach the plasma membrane to other structures in the cell.
The ________ is the part of a neuron that conducts the signal to other cells.
axon
While standing in the anatomical position,
back refers to dorsal
A(n) ________ removes hydrogen ions, and a(n) ________ releases hydrogen ions.
base; acid
Which structures separate epithelial tissue from connective tissue
basement membranes
All of the following participate in thermoregulation, except
blood vessels.
Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to
bone
Osseous tissue is also called
bone
Which type of cells recycle the calcium and phosphate stored there?
bone cells
Which of the following is/are inorganic substance(s)?
both water and carbon dioxide
The integrating center for the negative feedback loop that regulates body temperature is the
brain
By what means are water molecules attracted to each other? (Module 2.5B)
by hydrogen bonds
In the body, inorganic compounds
can serve as buffers.
A mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus. Thus, it
cannot make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months.
The group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio is defined as a
carbohydrate.
By weight, which element is the second most abundant in the human body?
carbon
The molecule CO2 is known as
carbon dioxide
All amino acid molecules contain
carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen.
All fatty acids contain a functional group at one end called the ________ group.
carboxyl
Intercalated discs and striations are characteristic of ________ tissue.
cardiac muscle
Which organ system transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and defense cells?
cardiovascular
Which two organ systems are involved with circulation within the body? (Module 1.13A)
cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
What kinds of molecules are involved in both active and passive processes of membrane passage? (Module 3.13D)
carrier proteins
Chondroitin sulfate is abundant in the matrix of
cartilage
All of the following are connective tissue proper, except
cartilage.
Ions with a + charge are called
cations
Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria while others have relatively few or none. This suggests that
cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand
List the common characteristics shared by all living things. (Module 1.7A)
cells, organization, responsiveness, regulation, growth, development, reproduction, and metabolism
Name the simplest level of organization that includes the smallest living units in the body.
cellular level
What is the smallest living level of organization?
cellular level
Oxygen is required in biological systems for
cellular respiration
The cylindrical shaped organelle with nine groups of microtubule triplets is called
centrioles.
What type of integral protein allows water and small ions to pass through the plasma membrane? (Module 3.3C)
channel protein
Water molecules and small ions enter a cell through
channels formed by integral proteins.
The anatomical term for the buccal region is the
cheek
Which of the following is a structural component of cell membranes?
cholesterol
In cells that are not dividing, chromosomes uncoil to form a tangle of fine fibers known as
chromatin.
The complex structures of DNA and protein found in the cell nucleus are
chromosomes.
Which of the following is an example of a nonmembranous organelle?
cilia
Which one of the following is an extension of plasma membrane?
cilia
A unit in messenger RNA consisting of a set of three consecutive nucleotides is termed a(n)
codon.
The dominant fiber type in most dense connective tissue is
collagen
The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are
collagen, reticular, and elastic.
Which type of tissue fills internal spaces of the body?
connective
Which of the following tissues fills internal spaces and provides structural support?
connective tissue
The three types of connective tissue include
connective tissue proper, fluid connective, and supporting connective.
Characteristics of epithelia include all of the following except
contraction.
The start of each gene begins with a(n) ________ segment.
control
When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form
covalent bonds.
Red blood cell shrinkage is to ________ as cell bursting is to ________.
crenation; hemolysis
Which of the four tissue membranes is relatively waterproof and usually dry? (Module 4.15D)
cutaneous
The physical process by which a single animal cell separates into two cells is called
cytokinesis.
Which of the following refers to the dense connective tissue that surrounds a muscle and blends with the tendon?
deep fascia
Tissues that provide strength and support for areas subjected to stresses from many directions are
dense irregular connective tissues.
In stratified epithelia adapted to resist mechanical forces, which of the following types of cell-to-cell junctions are especially abundant?
desmosomes
Which of the following cellular structures locks the terminal webs of neighboring cells to prevent cell distortion and leakage?
desmosomes
A membrane transport process is found experimentally to lack a saturation limit. Which of the following is a possible property of the process?
diffusion
The movement of oxygen from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is an example of
diffusion.
Gas exchange is to the respiratory system as absorption of nutrients is to the ________ system(s).
digestive
What do lysosomes contain? (Module 3.6B)
digestive enzymes
The wrist is ________ to the elbow.
distal
In a molecule of oxygen gas, two pairs of electrons are shared equally by two oxygen atoms. The type of bond that is formed is an example of a
double nonpolar covalent bond.
While standing erect, the direction of caudal is
downward
Before the mRNA transcribed from a gene can be used to translate into a protein, it must be
edited to remove introns and transported into the cytoplasm.
A cell or organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback is termed a(n)
effector
Which connective tissue fiber is characteristic of the cartilage supporting the ear? (Module 4.13A)
elastic
During ionization, water molecules disrupt the ionic bonds of a salt to produce a mixture of ions. These ions can carry a current and so are called
electrolytes.
Ionic bonds are formed when
electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another.
A(n) ________ is a pure substance composed of atoms.
element
The reaction A + B + energy → AB is an example of a(n)
endergonic reaction.
Chemical reactions that absorb energy are called
endergonic.
Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems is the major function of the ________ system.
endocrine
Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are ________ glands.
endocrine
Two types of vesicular transport are
endocytosis and exocytosis.
The intake of small membrane vesicles from the extracellular fluid is called
endocytosis.
The lining of the heart and blood vessels is called
endothelium.
The hydrolysis of ATP yields ADP, a phosphate ion, and
energy.
Secretions through a duct might provide ________, whereas ductless secretions act as ________.
enzymes; hormones
Examination of a tissue sample reveals groups of cells united by junctional complexes and interlocking membranes. The cells have one free surface and lack blood vessels. The tissue is most likely ________ tissue.
epithelial
The tissue that always has a "top" and a "bottom" is ________ tissue.
epithelial
Which type of tissue covers exposed surfaces of the body?
epithelial
What is the relative percentage of body weight from each of the four tissue types? (Module 4.16A)
epithelial 3%, connective 45%, muscle 50%, and nervous 2%
What two types of tissues contribute to the formation and maintenance of the basement membrane? (Module 4.4D)
epithelial and connective tissue
Which of the following tissues covers and protects exposed surface areas of the body?
epithelial tissue
Close examination of an organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells is open to the internal cavity of the organ. This tissue is probably
epithelium.
Which of the following is a chemical messenger coordinating local cellular activities?
eukotrienes
Chemical reactions that release energy are called
exergonic
Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat, are said to be
exergonic.
Cells that are specialized for secretion
exhibit polarity.
Assume that the transport of a particular amino acid across the plasma membrane is observed (1) to occur only down its concentration gradient and (2) to slow when a similar amino acid is added to the extracellular fluid. The movement of the amino acid through the membrane is most likely by
facilitated diffusion.
The process by which molecules such as glucose are moved into cells along their concentration gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins is called
facilitated diffusion.
Which type of cells are spherical and contain energy molecules?
fat cells
All of the following are fixed cells of connective tissue proper, except
fibroblasts
Which of the following connective tissue cells produces collagen?
fibroblasts
A herniated disc is an injury of the pads of cartilage between the vertebrae in which the cartilage bulges from normal position. What type of cartilage is affected?
fibrocartilage
The type of cartilage found in the intervertebral discs is ________ cartilage.
fibrous
What types of phagocytic cells are present in connective tissue proper? (Module 4.11E)
fixed and free macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils
Two classes of macrophages include
fixed macrophages and free macrophages
Which cytoskeletal structure is found only in males? (Module 3.4D)
flagella
Blood belongs to which of the following types of connective tissue?
fluid connective tissue
What is the primary function of kidneys?
form and concentrate urine
Microfilaments do not
form centrioles.
If a cell lacked the enzyme DNA polymerase, it could not
form complementary sequences of DNA.
If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to
form the mitotic spindle.
Simple cuboidal epithelium is found
forming the kidney tubules.
Identify three different types of membranes based on permeability. (Module 3.13B)
freely permeable, selectively permeable, and impermeable
Because the anatomy and physiology of the body's structures are interrelated, it is often said that "form determines ________."
function
The three familiar states of matter listed in order from the least to most thermal energy are
gas, liquid, solid.
The triplet codes needed to specify a specific polypeptide chain are found in the
gene.
The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are
genes.
Which term does not describe cells with abnormal growth and division?
germ cells
The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is
glucose.
polysaccharide that is formed in muscle cells to store glucose is
glycogen.
) A carbohydrate is attached to a diglyceride in which type of lipid?
glycolipids
Mesothelium is to the body cavities as endothelium is to the
heart and blood vessels.
A midsagittal section would pass through the
heart.
What is an important by-product of exergonic reactions? (Module 2.9C)
heat
Give the term for the "study of tissues." (Module 4.1A)
histology
The central principle of physiology is
homeostasis
The maintenance of a constant internal environment in an organism is termed
homeostasis
The tendency for physiological systems to stabilize internal conditions is called
homeostasis
Which type of connective tissue is found between the ribs and the sternum, or supporting the trachea?
hyaline cartilage
Oppositely charged ions in solution are prevented from combining by
hydration spheres.
The weakest bond between two atoms is the ________ bond
hydrogen
Which element commonly has only a proton as its nucleus?
hydrogen
List the elements that make up organic compounds. (Module 2.13A)
hydrogen and carbon, and generally oxygen as well
Diffusion of a substance across the cell membrane is influenced by all of the following except
hydrolysis of ATP.
Nonpolar organic molecules are good examples of
hydrophobic compounds
Molecules that do not readily dissolve in water are called
hydrophobic.
Which of the following functional groups of organic compounds link molecules through dehydration synthesis?
hydroxyl group
"Spikes" form on a dehydrating blood cell when it is placed in a(n) ________ solution.
hypertonic
A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is called
hypotonic
Hemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into a(n) ________ solution
hypotonic
The skin swells and puckers during a long bath. This suggests that bath water is a(n) ________ fluid.
hypotonic
When homeostatic mechanisms fail, an individual will experience the symptoms of
illness or disease.
Each of the following is true concerning mitochondria except
in glycolysis reaction pyruvate is produced from glucose inside the mitochondria.
Elastic cartilage is found
in the ear.
The chin is ________ to the nose.
inferior
Identify the two processes in the response to tissue injury. (Module 4.18A)
inflammation and regeneration
Protection from environmental hazards is a function of the ________ system.
integumentary
The stage in a cell's life cycle in which the cell performs its normal functions and prepares for division is called
interphase.
Growth of cartilage by accumulation of matrix around chondrocytes is called ________ growth.
interstitial
Endocrine glands empty their products into ________ and are referred to as ________ glands, while exocrine gland secretions empty into ________ or onto surfaces.
interstitial fluid; ductless; ducts
Membrane-bound proteins that use metabolic energy to move ions across the plasma membrane are called
ion pumps.
All of the following are characteristics of synovial membrane except that it
is avascular.
Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons, are called
isotopes
All of the following are correct regarding RNA except
it contains a double helix.
All of the following can be true about osmotic pressure except
it forces solutes toward the higher water concentration.
All of the following are characteristics of nucleus, except
it packages and sorts products.
The epithelial tissue that covers skin is classified as
keratinized stratified squamous.
Which of the following organs is located between the peritoneum and the body wall?
kidney
The anatomical name for the patellar region is the
kneecap
What is the structure marked with an X in the MRI scan? (Module 1.4B)
left kidney
Which of the following lipids are produced in response to cellular injury or disease?
leukotrienes
Simple columnar epithelia are found
lining the gallbladder.
Transitional epithelium is found
lining the urinary bladder.
Which gastrointestinal organ is responsible for bile secretion and regulation of blood nutrient composition?
liver
Unlike cartilage, bone
living connective
In dehydration reactions, compounds
lose water molecules
A function of the glycocalyx is
lubrication of the cell surface.
Interstitial fluid that enters a lymphatic vessel is termed
lymph
Which cellular structure is responsible for cell autolysis?
lysosome
Which of the following organelles damages pathogens?
lysosomes
A molecule of ________ contains all the codons needed to produce a particular polypeptide.
mRNA
Messenger RNA is vital to the cell because
mRNA can leave the nucleus, and DNA cannot leave the nucleus.
Cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue are
macrophages.
What is the main function of mesenchymal cells?
make new connective tissue cells
You would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the
male reproductive tract.
Predict the reactants and the type of chemical reaction involved when muscle cells make and store glycogen. (Module 2.14D)
many glucose monomers; dehydration synthesis
Which is larger: an element's atomic number or mass number? (Module 2.2A)
mass number
What type of cells contain histamine and heparin?
mast cells
In describing parts of the mitochondrion, folds are to cristae as the contained fluid is to
matrix.
Cancer cells
may exhibit metastasis.
The heart is ________ to the lungs.
medial
The endoplasmic reticulum is an example of a(n) ________ organelle.
membranous
Which type of glands secret their products by exocytosis?
merocrine
The epithelium that lines the body cavities is known as
mesothelium.
Which type of RNA links the genetic information in the nucleus with the cytoplasmic sites of protein synthesis? (Module 3.10D)
messenger RNA
List the three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis. (Module 3.10C)
messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA
What is the term for mRNA?
messenger ribonucleic acid
Compounds that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside the body are called
metabolites.
Endocytosis is a
method for transporting substances into the cell.
Terminal web is a layer of ________ just inside plasma membrane at the exposed surface of the cell.
microfilaments
List the three basic components of the cytoskeleton. (Module 3.4A)
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
Name and define the unit used to measure cell size. (Module 1.11A)
micrometer; equal to one-millionth of a meter
Which cytoskeletal component is common to both centrioles and cilia? (Module 3.4B)
microtubules
Which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division?
microtubules
Providing strength and moving materials within the cell is a function of the filaments and
microtubules.
Epithelial cells lining the internal passageways of the genitourinary tract usually have ________ at their free surface.
microvilli
Which of the following is an example of a membranous organelle?
mitochondria
Which of the following organelles produces 95% of cell ATP?
mitochondria
Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the
mitochondria.
DNA replication occurs during what two cellular processes? (Module 3.19D)
mitosis and meiosis
Nuclear division in somatic cells is known as
mitosis.
The proper distribution of a cell's genetic material to two daughter cells is accomplished by the process of
mitosis.
Each of the following is a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum except
modification of protein.
H2O is an example of a(n)
molecular formula
All of the following are correct regarding DNA except
molecular shape varies with hydrogen bonding along the length of the strand.
List the three structural classes of carbohydrates, and give an example of each. (Module 2.14C)
monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose), and polysaccharides (starch)
Breathing faster and deeper eliminates more carbon dioxide from the body than normal breathing. Under these circumstances,
more carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood in the lungs.
Which of the following membranes line cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body?
mucous
Unicellular exocrine glands secrete
mucus
Specific proteins are manufactured through the interaction of ________ and ________.
multiple enzymes; three types of RNA
All of the following are organs of the endocrine system, except
muscle
Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ________ tissue.
muscle
Which type of tissue contracts to produce movements?
muscle
Which of the following cell types is long, slender and makes contractions?
muscle cells
In which of the following are the four tissue types arranged correctly from the highest to lowest percentage of body weight?
muscle, connective, epithelial, nervous
If a response decreases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ________ feedback system.
negative
When body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. This is an example of
negative feedback.
An alternate term for tumor is
neoplasm
Organs are made up of different tissues. What tissues are found in skeletal muscles? (Module 4.17C)
nervous tissue, connective tissue, and skeletal muscle tissue
Tissue that is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses is ________ tissue.
neural
Which type of tissue conducts electrical impulses?
neural
Epithelia specialized for providing sensations of smell, taste, sight, equilibrium, and hearing are known as
neuroepithelia.
All ________ function to propagate electrical signals from one place to another.
neurons
A solution containing equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is
neutral.
Isotopes of an element differ in the number of
neutrons in the nucleus
The nucleus is surrounded by the
nuclear envelope.
Transfer of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytosol occurs through
nuclear pores.
Molecules that store and process genetic information are
nucleic acids.
The components of ribosomes are synthesized by
nucleoli.
Which organelle is most prominent in cells that make large amounts of protein?
nucleolus
Histones are found in
nucleosomes.
What is the individual subunit of nucleic acid called?
nucleotide
The center of an atom is called the
nucleus
Which organelle is visible under light microscope?
nucleus
Visceral pericardium is located
on the heart itself
Terms of anatomical direction are used to describe
one body part in relation to another
The heart is an example of a(n)
organ
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as
organic molecules.
Which of the following is arranged in correct order from the most complex to the simplest?
organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular
What are mature bone cells in lacunae called? (Module 4.14B)
osteocytes
What is the functional unit of compact bone? (Module 4.14C)
osteon
The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the
outermost electron shell.
Which of the following organs is not contained within the abdominal cavity?
ovary
By weight, which element is the most plentiful in the human body?
oxygen
The ________ of a solution is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in moles per liter.
pH
Of the list below, which has the highest concentration of hydroxide ions?
pH 14
Define pH. (Module 2.12A)
pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
Which has the greater concentration of hydrogen ions, a substance with a pH of 5 or a substance with a pH of 4?
pH of 4 is greater.
Which pH is closest to normal blood pH?
pH of 7
During an inflammatory response to injury, which of the following is least likely in the region of the injury?
pale, cold skin
A cut parallel to the midsagittal plane would produce a ________ section.
parasagittal
Which of the following terms refers to the foot?
pedal
The quadrants of the abdominopelvic region include all of the following except the
pelvic quadrant.
The thoracic cavity contains the
pericardial and pleural cavities.
Which of the following structures is located within the mediastinum?
pericardial sac
Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous
perichondrium
The plasma membrane includes all of the following except
peripheral proteins.
If a surgeon makes an incision just inferior to the diaphragm, which body cavity will be opened? (Module 1.22C)
peritoneal portion of the abdominopelvic cavity
The serous membrane covering the stomach and most of the intestines is called the
peritoneum
The ________ of a membrane indicates how easy it is for substances to cross.
permeability
Channels
permit the passage of water and small solutes.
Which of the following organelles neutralizes toxic compound during cell metabolism?
peroxisome
Some white blood cells engulf bacteria and bring them into the cell. What is this process called? (Module 3.17D)
phagocytosis
A defense cell engulfing a bacterium illustrates
phagocytosis.
Which structural component of the plasma membrane is mostly responsible for isolating a cell from its external environment? (Module 3.3A)
phospholipids
The watery fluid component of blood is called
plasma
Antibodies are produced by
plasma cells
The three major subdivisions of extracellular fluid found in the body are
plasma, lymph, and interstitial fluid.
Which cavities in the body are lined by serous membranes? (Module 4.15A)
pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial
If a response increases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ________ feedback system.
positive
Kinetic energy is stored as ________ energy when a spring is stretched.
potential
A sequence of amino acids bonded together in a linear chain is called a
primary structure.
All of the following are part of the inflammation response except
production of collagenous framework
A massage therapist often begins a massage by asking clients to lie face down with their arms at their sides. Which anatomical term describes that position? (Module 1.20B)
prone
A person lying face down is in the ________ position.
prone
What function is served by motile cilia on epithelial cell surfaces? (Module 4.3C)
propel material across the cell surface
What is the purpose of motile cilia? (Module 3.4C)
propel material across the cell surface
mRNA is needed to synthesize ________ in the cytoplasm.
proteins
Each of the following is an example of an inorganic compound except
proteins.
A hydrogen ion is the same as what subatomic particle? (Module 2.12B)
proton
The "atomic number" of an atom is determined by the number of ________ it has.
protons
The mass number represents the number of
protons + neutrons
The mass of an atom is largely determined by the number of ________ it has.
protons + neutrons
The nucleus of an atom consists of
protons + neutrons
The atomic weight of an atom reflects the average number of
protons + neutrons + electrons.
Which subatomic particles have a positive charge? Which are uncharged? (Module 2.1B)
protons; neutrons
List four essential functions of epithelial tissue. (Module 4.3A
provides physical protection, controls permeability, provides sensation, and produces specialized secretions
Adenine and guanine are
purines represented by A and G
Ribosomes are composed of protein and
rRNA.
Name the participants in a chemical reaction. (Module 2.7A)
reactants
Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________ that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) ________ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) ________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus.
receptor; control center (integrating center); effector
What type of cells makes up almost half the volume of blood?
red blood cells
Which type of cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide?
red blood cells
All of the following are examples of positive feedback, except
relaxation of smooth muscles' blood vessels when body temperature goes up.
Mitosis is to somatic cells as meiosis is to ________ cells.
reproductive
Describe the basic processes in humans and other animals. (Module 1.7C)
respiration, digestion, circulation, and excretion
Which organ system removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream?
respiratory
The framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of ________ tissue.
reticular connective
What is the term for rRNA?
ribosomal ribonucleic acid
Look at the woman standing. On which wrist is her bracelet found? (Module 1.4A)
right
The urinary bladder is found in the ________ quadrant and the ________ quadrant.
right lower; left lower
The right pleural cavity contains the
right lung
The liver is primarily located in the ________ quadrant.
right upper
Which of the structural representations of glucose shown below is more common in the body? (Module 2.14B)
ring form
Which form of endoplasmic reticulum modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following organelles has ribosomes bound to its membrane?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which plane divides the body into right and left parts?
sagittal
he maximum rate of an enzyme reaction occurs at
saturation limit.
All of the following are correct regarding protein denaturation except
secondary structure becomes nonfunctional.
Epithelial cells exhibit modifications that adapt them for
secretion.
Cell membranes are said to be ________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others.
selectively permeable
The mediastinum
separates the pleural cavities, and contains the pericardial cavity.
Adhesions of abdominopelvic organs due to friction occur when ________ is/are damaged.
serous membranes
The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of
serous membranes.
Which of the following is not a function of membrane proteins?
serve as cell nutrients
A shortage of cholesterol in the body could interfere with the formation of
sex hormones.
Which of the following lists contains only trace elements?
silicon, fluorine,
A gland formed by cells arranged in a blind round pocket with a single unbranched duct would be called
simple alveolar (acinar).
Merocrine sweat glands are classified as
simple coiled tubular
The body's most delicate type of epithelium is the ________ epithelium.
simple squamous
The epithelial cells that are flat, thin and have one layer are called
simple squamous.
If one pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, a ________ occurs.If one pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, a ________ occurs.
single polar covalent bond
Which organ system provides support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation?
skeletal
Of the following tissues, which has the least ability to regenerate after injury?
skeletal muscle
Gap junctions can be found in all of the following tissues except
skeletal muscle.
The muscle tissue that shows no striations is ________ muscle.
smooth
Synthesis of lipids and glycogen takes place at the
smooth ER.
Which organelle synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which type of muscle tissue regulates blood vessel diameter? (Module 4.17A)
smooth muscle tissue
In order to maintain cellular homeostasis, an exchange pump ejects ________ ions from the cell and imports ________ ions.
sodium; potassium
The principal cations in our body fluids are ________ and ________.
sodium; potassium
A(n) ________ is a homogeneous mixture containing a solvent and a solute.
solution
Identify the three basic components of connective tissue. (Module 4.10A)
specialized cells, protein fibers, and ground substance
Which of the following are large polysaccharides and major dietary source of energy?
starch
Special cells called ________ cells maintain tissues by unending cycles of cell division.
stem
Examination of a sample of glandular cells reveals an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following is the likeliest product of these cells?
steroid hormones
Which of the following is a structural component of digestive secretions in bile?
steroids
Which of the following is a structural component of hormones?
steroids
Which of the following is not a function that membrane proteins perform?
stiffening the membrane
Which of the following substances would be most acidic?
stomach secretions, pH = 1
The ________ epithelium is found in the large pancreatic ducts.
stratified columnar
The ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands are covered by ________ epithelium.
stratified cuboidal
All of the following types of epithelium can be found where absorption or secretion takes place except
stratified squamous.
Describe the functions of the cytoskeleton. (Module 3.2C)
strengthens and supports the cells and enables movement of cellular structures and materials
What term means the fibrous supporting network formed of reticular fibers? (Module 4.11D)
stroma
When placed in water, an inorganic compound dissociates 99 percent, forming hydrogen ions and anions. This compound would be a
strong acid.
What three characteristics are used to describe multicellular exocrine glands? (Module 4.9A)
structure of the duct, shape of the secretory area, and relationship between the duct and secretory areas
Anatomy is to ________ as physiology is to ________.
structure; function
What are the reactants in an enzymatic reaction called? (Module 2.18A)
substrates
Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals a loose framework of fibers embedded in a large volume of fluid ground substance and adipocytes and mast cells. This tissue would most likely be
superficial fascia between skin and muscle.
Name the three layers of fascia and their types of connective tissue. (Module 4.15C)
superficial fascia consists of adipose and areolar tissue; deep fascia consists of dense regular tissue; and subserous fascia consists entirely of areolar tissue
A person is lying on the bed gazing at the ceiling. She is in the ________ position.
supine
Damage to a joint cartilage is affecting which type of tissue?
supporting connective
Functions of epithelia include all of the following except
supporting muscle cells.
A dust particle floating on a water surface illustrates
surface tension.
What are the four indications of inflammation that occur following an injury? (Module 4.18B)
swelling, redness, heat, and pain
AB → A + B is to decomposition as A + B → AB is to
synthesis
The reaction N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3 is an example of a(n)
synthesis reaction.
Amino acids are transferred to the ribosome to be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain by
tRNA.
As each codon arrives at the active site of a ribosome, it attracts another molecule containing the anticodon. This molecule is called
tRNA.
During this phase of cell division, the chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane forms, and cytokinesis occurs.
telophase
An example of a receptor in a negative feedback loop controlling body temperature would be
temperature sensors on the skin that detect a stimulus.
When a protein-releasing factor recognize a stop codon, the process is called
termination.
Which of the following is a result of convoluted coiling and folding that grants protein its final three-dimensional shape?
tertiary structure
The structure of RNA differs from DNA in that
the backbone of RNA contains ribose
If the concentration of sodium chloride in the interstitial fluid surrounding cells decreases and the concentration of other solutes remains constant,
the cells will swell.
What two factors limit the rate of facilitated diffusion across a plasma membrane? (Module 3.16B)
the concentration gradient of the substance and the number of carrier proteins
Identify the cell from which all the cells of your body are descendants. (Module 3.1B)
the fertilized ovum
What is human A&P? (Module 1.1A
the field of human anatomy and physiology
A high-energy bond in ATP is present between
the first and second, and the second and third, phosphate groups
The loose connective tissue component of a mucous membrane is called
the lamina propria.
The ER is connected to and continuous with what other organelle in the cell?
the nuclear envelope around the nucleus
What makes a connective tissue "loose" or "dense"? (Module 4.12A)
the packing or volume of fibers
Which one of the following best defines differentiation?
the process of gradual structural and functional specialization of daughter cells
Facilitated diffusion differs from ordinary diffusion in that
the rate of molecular movement is limited by the number of available carrier molecules.
Motile cilia cover the free surface of
the respiratory tract.
During mitosis, two daughter cells form, each of which has
the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.
All of the following are structures of the cardiovascular system, except
the spleen.
What is formula weight? (Module 2.7C)
the sum of the atomic weights of the elements making up an ionic compound
Which property of water helps keep body temperature stabilized?
thermal inertia
All of the following are correct about integral protein, except
they are bound to the inner surface of plasma membrane.
What is the most important function of carbohydrates? (Module 2.14A)
they are the primary energy source
The two major divisions of the ventral body cavity are the
thoracic and abdominopelvic.
Identify the body cavities of the trunk. (Module 1.22B)
thoracic cavity (which contains the pleural and pericardial cavities) and the abdominopelvic cavity (consisting of the peritoneal, abdominal, and pelvic cavities)
The muscle known as the diaphragm separates the ________ from the ________.
thoracic cavity; abdominopelvic cavity
The anatomical name for the pollex is the
thumb
The pyrimidine bases found in DNA are ________ and ________.
thymine; cytosine
Identify the various types of epithelial intercellular connections. (Module 4.4A)
tight junctions, adhesion belts, gap junctions, and desmosomes
The process of forming mRNA is called
transcription.
What is the term for tRNA?
transfer ribonucleic acid
Identify the epithelium that lines the urinary bladder, and describe its unusual functional characteristic. (Module 4.6B)
transitional epithelium, allows for repeated stretching and recoiling back to its original shape
Which of the following structures would you use to get the best resolution when viewing a sample?
transmission electron microscope
Loose connective tissue functions in all of the following ways except
transporting substances throughout the body.
Which one of the following must be broken down to fatty acids and glycerol for use as an energy source?
triglycerides
Goblet cells are classified as
unicellular exocrine glands.
Which of the following is not considered an abdominopelvic region?
upper right
Elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products are functions of the ________ system.
urinary
Which of the following transport processes always requires metabolic energy?
vesicular transport
Hydrophilic molecules readily associate with
water molecules
In hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with
water, causing decomposition
Describe lipids in terms of their elemental composition and solubility in water. (Module 2.15A)
water-insoluble organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Defense cells in blood are called
white blood cells
The three kinds of formed elements in blood are
white cells, red cells, and platelets.
The common term for the carpal region is the
wrist