A&P Ch 23 Respiratory System LearnSmart
The respiratory portion in the lungs is composed of which structures?
(Structures that participate in gas exchange with the blood) alveolar ducts, alveoli, respiratory bronchioles
In external respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. The PO2 in the alveoli is ______ mm Hg, while the PO2 in the blood is _______mm Hg.
104, 40
There are several ways to measure pressure. Standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. What is this in pounds per square inch?
14.7
How many oxygen atoms would be bound to a hemoglobin molecule that is 75% saturated?
3
The lungs contain approximately how many alveoli?
300-400 million
What is the tidal volume of a typical adult?
500mL
When lungs are at rest, the intrapulmonary pressure is 760 mm Hg (equal to atmospheric pressure). What is the pressure inside the pleural cavity?
754 mm Hg
The atmospheric pressure at sea level is typically close to which value?
760 mm Hg
Hypoventilation may cause blood pH to fall too low, a condition know as respiratory______.
Acidosis
The condition that is directly related to the magnitude of a pressure gradient and inversely related to airway resistance is _________.
Airflow
Dust cells are also called
Alveolar macrphages
The cells that engulf microorganisms or particulate material that have reached the alveoli are called _______.
Alveolar macrphages
The small openings in the walls between adjacent alveoli are called ________ __________.
Alveolar pores
The type of alveolar cell that promotes rapid gas diffusion across the alveolar wall is the ________.
Alveolar type 1 cell
In which volume do you measure intrapulmonary pressure?
Alveolar volume
The absence of breathing is called ________.
Apnea
Which are mechanisms for carrying carbon dioxide in the blood?
As bicarbonate, dissolved carbon dioxide in plasma, bound to hemoglobin
The smooth muscles of the bronchial wall are innervated by axons of the ______ nervous system.
Automatic
The wide ______ of the lung rests upon the diaphragm
Base
The respiratory membrane is the thin wall between the alveolar lumen and the ________.
Blood (in the pulmonary capillaries)
Gas exchange in the respiratory system involved the movement of respiratory gases between what locations?
Blood and systemic tissues, blood and alveoli
Which are terms to describe the types of hypoventilation?
Bradypnea, hypopnea
Regulatory respiratory centers are located within the ______ through the medulla oblongata and the pons.
Brainstem
The involuntary, rhythmic activities that control breathing are located in which part of the CNS?
Brainstem
Which statement characterizes the effects of exercise on blood carbon dioxide?
CO2 remains relatively constant during exercise
Place the gases below in order of solubility, most soluble to least soluble: N2, CO2, CO2
CO2, 02, N2
The alveoli have thin walls specialized to promote diffusion of gases between the alveolus and the _____.
Capillaries
Which statement describes the movement of carbon dioxide during external respiration?
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli
Which statement describes the net movement of carbon dioxide during internal respiration?
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood.
What substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin?
Carbon dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen ions (protons)
Which chemical changes can trigger chemoreceptors reflexes?
Changes in blood PCO2, changes in blood pH, changes in CSF pH
Alveolar pores provide ______.
Collateral ventilation
The ease with which the lungs and chest expand is known as_______;
Compliance
Inhaled air not only ventilated the alveoli, but also the anatomical _______ ______.
Dead space
As resistance increases, the volume of airflow ____________.
Decreases
Depression of the ribs_______ the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
Decreases
During exhalation, the volume of the thoracic cavity _________.
Decreases
The abdominal muscles and serrated posterior inferior muscles help with forced ______.
Expiration
The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond the tidal volume is called ______ reserve volume.
Expiratory
The vestibular folds are also called the _____ vocal cords
False
True or false: hyperpnea is another name for hyperventilation
False
True or false: overuse of the voice, as comes from yelling for several hours at a concert, is the number one cause of laryngitis
False
True or false: the ventral respiratory group is located in the posterior part of the medulla oblongata
False (in the anterior part)
Breathing involving more muscles and greater changes in volume is known as _______ _____.
Forced breathing
The dorsal respiratory group is activated during_________.
Forced inhalation, normal inhalation
If the partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the blood, which phrase describes the net movement of oxygen?
From alveoli to blood
The paranasal sinuses are named for the bones where they are located. Rank the bones in order starting with the most superior.
Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla
The movement of respiratory gases between blood and either alveoli or cells of systemic tissues is _____ ______.
Gas exchange
A partial pressure _____ exists when the partial pressure for a specific gas is higher in one region of the respiratory system than another.
Gradient
How does temperature affect oxygen binding to hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin is less likely to bing oxygen at elevated temperatures.
Premature infants sometimes afflicted with respiratory distress syndrome because of __________.
High alveolar surface tension
Incomplete rings of ______ cartilage support the wall of the primary bronchi to ensure that they remain open.
Hyaline
Exercise may cause an increase in the depth of breathing known as
Hyperpnea
A breathing rate that exceeds the body's demand is called
Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation can cause oxygen levels to fall too low, a condition called ______. Carbon dioxide levels may rise too high, a condition called _____.
Hypoxemia, hypercapnia
What are potential consequences of hypoventilation?
Hypoxia, hypercapnia
Which are found in the mucous lining the respiratory tract?
Immunoglobulins, defensins, lysozyme, mucin
Increases in the PCO2 of as little as 5 mm Hg can ______ breathing rate.
Increase
What are examples of chemoreceptors reflexes?
Increased breathing rate following increased blood PCO2, increased respiration rate following lowered pH of CSF
The pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container______.
Increases
The dorsal respiratory group of the respiratory center controls_______.
Inhalation
When you _______, the inferior portion of the sternum moves anteriorly, slightly increasing the anterior-posterior dimensions of the thorax.
Inhale
Which drugs are useful in treating asthma?
Inhaled steroids, oral steroids, allergy shots
Pulmonary ventilation consists of two cyclic phases, _______ and ________.
Inspiration and expiration
Which are classified as accessory muscles that assist in active exhalation, as in when you are pushing out extra air from your lungs?
Internal intercostals, serrated posterior inferior, abdominal muscles
The parietal pleura lines which structures?
Internal thoracic walls, lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, superior surface of the diaphragm
Which events are occurring during quiet inhalation?
Intrapleural pressure is decreasing, the lungs are expanding, pleural cavity volume is increasing, intrapulmonary pressure is falling
The ______ the vocal fold, the deeper the voice.
Larger
An inflammation of the larynx is
Laryngitis
The ______ is also called the voice box
Larynx
All the respiratory system structures innervated by the autonomic nervous system:
Larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
The ______ lung has only two lobes, superior and inferior
Left
An increase in breathing rate caused by an emotional response would be mediated in the brain by the _____ system.
Limbic
The secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called ________ bronchi
Lobar
The trachea is part of the ________ respiratory system.
Lower
Which conditions would cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift left?
Lowered temperature, elevated pH, lowered PCO2
Gas transport is the movement of respiratory gases in blood between the ________ and systemic cells.
Lungs
Total lung capacity is the _______ ______ of air that the lungs can hold.
Maximum volume
The greatest amount of air that can be taken into and expelled from the lungs in one minute is the _______.
Maximum voluntary ventilation
The trachea descends through the neck into the ______ from the _____ to the main bronchi
Mediastinum, larynx
The change in volume during forced breathing are greater than those during quiet breathing. Why does this occur?
More muscles are involved
The mucosa in the respiratory system is also known as the _______ membrane.
Mucous membrane
The nose is supported superiority by paired _______ _______ that form the bridge of the nose.
Nasal bones
The respiratory membrane consist of an endothelial cell of a capillary and the plasma membrane of an alveolar type ______ cell.
One
Which statement describes the net movement of oxygen during internal respiration?
Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the tissues
The relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is described by the _________-_______ ________ curve.
Oxygen-hemoglobin saturation
Which describes the partial pressures of systemic cells under resting conditions?
PCO2 of 45 mm Hg, PO2 of 40 mm Hg, Relatively constan partial pressures
The pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture is called the _______ ________.
Partial pressure
Which parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Pharynx, primary bronchi, trachea (passageways from the nose to the end of the terminal bronchioles)
The loss of alveoli due to disease creates a(n) ______ dead space.
Physiologic (normal anatomical dead space plus any loss of alveoli)
The frequency of sound waves is called _______ and is determined by the amount of tension on the vocal folds.
Pitch
Between the visceral and parietal pleura is a potential space called the _______ _______.
Pleural cavity
What are the functions of the larynx?
Produces sound for speech, serves as a passageway for air, blocks food and drink from entering airway
Movement may increase breathing rate by stimulating _____ within joints and muscles.
Proprioreceptors
Alveolar type II cells secrete _____ _____.
Pulmonary surfactant
Bronchodilation results when the smooth muscles of the bronchioles ______.
Relax
The terminal bronchioles conduct air into the ______ bronchioles.
Respiratory
Which might require a tracheotomy?
Respiratory disease, difficulty breathing due to severe chest wall injury, an upper airway obstruction
Which statement best describes the relationship between partial pressure gradients and respiratory gas exchange?
Respiratory gas exchange cannot occur without partial pressure gradients
The _____ lung is divided into superior, middle and inferior lobes
Right
The ______ muscles increase the thoracic cavity by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation.
Scalene
A lubricating fluid found in the pleural cavity is ______ fluid
Serous fluid
The bronchioles are no longer lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium as the bronchi are but lined with ________ epithelium.
Simple columnar
Which are found in the walls of bronchioles?
Smooth muscle
If proper swallowing occurs, materials from the oral cavity and oropharynx will be blocked from entering the nasopharyngeal by the _______, which elevates during swallowing.
Soft palate
Henry's law states that the solubility of a gas is dependent on the partial pressure of the gas and its ________ ________.
Solubility coefficient
The _______ _______ of a gas depends on the interactions between the molecules of the gas and molecules of the liquid.
Solubility coefficient
Which form the roof of the nasal cavity?
Sphenoid bone, frontal bone, cribiform plate, nasal bones
The volume of air moving into and out of the lungs can be measured with an instrument called a ______.
Spirometer
Thick mucous coughed up is known as _______
Sputum
Which are among the four continuous and simultaneous processes of respiration?
Systemic gas exchange, gas transport, alveolar gas exchange, pulmonary ventilation
What affects the ability of blood to carry oxygen?
The presence of hemoglobin, the solubility coefficient of oxygen
Which is true of central chemoreceptors?
They directly detect changes in pH
Which factors may make the chest wall or lungs less elastic and therefore increase resistance to airflow?
Thoracic cage arthritis, pulmonary fibrosis, vertebral column malformation
The largest cartilage of the larynx is the _____ cartilage, which forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx.
Thyroid
Pulmonary ventilation can be calculated using the following formula: Pulmonary ventilation - respiration rate X _______.
Tidal volume
Which anatomical structures aid sound production?
Tongue, paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, teeth, lips
The_____ is also known as the windpipe
Trachea
Superior to the larynx is the laryngopharynx. Inferior to the larynx is the _______ and posterior to the larynx is the __________.
Trachea, esophagus
The posterior sides of the tracheal x-shaped cartilages are bound together by the ______.
Trachealis muscle
True or False: The pneumotaxic area is located in the pons
True
True or false: during exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its original shape.
True
The closing of the epiglottis over the larynx along with the simultaneous contraction of abdominal muscles, known as the______ maneuver, results in an increase in abdominal pressure.
Valsalva
"Breathing" is formally known as pulmonary _________.
Ventilation
During exercise, when one is breathing deeply and forcibly, the ______ is activated.
Ventral respiratory group
The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by ________.
Visceral pleura
The sum of tidal volume, inspiration reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume equals the _________ capacity.
Vital
As inhaled gases pass through conducting airways, the gases are "conditioned" in which ways?
Warmed to body temperature, cleansed of particulates, humidified
True or false: central chemoreceptors can only monitor pH changes produced by changes in PCO2.
true