A&P Ch 23 Respiratory System LearnSmart

The respiratory portion in the lungs is composed of which structures?

(Structures that participate in gas exchange with the blood) alveolar ducts, alveoli, respiratory bronchioles

In external respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. The PO2 in the alveoli is ______ mm Hg, while the PO2 in the blood is _______mm Hg.

104, 40

There are several ways to measure pressure. Standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. What is this in pounds per square inch?

14.7

How many oxygen atoms would be bound to a hemoglobin molecule that is 75% saturated?

3

The lungs contain approximately how many alveoli?

300-400 million

What is the tidal volume of a typical adult?

500mL

When lungs are at rest, the intrapulmonary pressure is 760 mm Hg (equal to atmospheric pressure). What is the pressure inside the pleural cavity?

754 mm Hg

The atmospheric pressure at sea level is typically close to which value?

760 mm Hg

Hypoventilation may cause blood pH to fall too low, a condition know as respiratory______.

Acidosis

The condition that is directly related to the magnitude of a pressure gradient and inversely related to airway resistance is _________.

Airflow

Dust cells are also called

Alveolar macrphages

The cells that engulf microorganisms or particulate material that have reached the alveoli are called _______.

Alveolar macrphages

The small openings in the walls between adjacent alveoli are called ________ __________.

Alveolar pores

The type of alveolar cell that promotes rapid gas diffusion across the alveolar wall is the ________.

Alveolar type 1 cell

In which volume do you measure intrapulmonary pressure?

Alveolar volume

The absence of breathing is called ________.

Apnea

Which are mechanisms for carrying carbon dioxide in the blood?

As bicarbonate, dissolved carbon dioxide in plasma, bound to hemoglobin

The smooth muscles of the bronchial wall are innervated by axons of the ______ nervous system.

Automatic

The wide ______ of the lung rests upon the diaphragm

Base

The respiratory membrane is the thin wall between the alveolar lumen and the ________.

Blood (in the pulmonary capillaries)

Gas exchange in the respiratory system involved the movement of respiratory gases between what locations?

Blood and systemic tissues, blood and alveoli

Which are terms to describe the types of hypoventilation?

Bradypnea, hypopnea

Regulatory respiratory centers are located within the ______ through the medulla oblongata and the pons.

Brainstem

The involuntary, rhythmic activities that control breathing are located in which part of the CNS?

Brainstem

Which statement characterizes the effects of exercise on blood carbon dioxide?

CO2 remains relatively constant during exercise

Place the gases below in order of solubility, most soluble to least soluble: N2, CO2, CO2

CO2, 02, N2

The alveoli have thin walls specialized to promote diffusion of gases between the alveolus and the _____.

Capillaries

Which statement describes the movement of carbon dioxide during external respiration?

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli

Which statement describes the net movement of carbon dioxide during internal respiration?

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood.

What substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin?

Carbon dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen ions (protons)

Which chemical changes can trigger chemoreceptors reflexes?

Changes in blood PCO2, changes in blood pH, changes in CSF pH

Alveolar pores provide ______.

Collateral ventilation

The ease with which the lungs and chest expand is known as_______;

Compliance

Inhaled air not only ventilated the alveoli, but also the anatomical _______ ______.

Dead space

As resistance increases, the volume of airflow ____________.

Decreases

Depression of the ribs_______ the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity.

Decreases

During exhalation, the volume of the thoracic cavity _________.

Decreases

The abdominal muscles and serrated posterior inferior muscles help with forced ______.

Expiration

The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond the tidal volume is called ______ reserve volume.

Expiratory

The vestibular folds are also called the _____ vocal cords

False

True or false: hyperpnea is another name for hyperventilation

False

True or false: overuse of the voice, as comes from yelling for several hours at a concert, is the number one cause of laryngitis

False

True or false: the ventral respiratory group is located in the posterior part of the medulla oblongata

False (in the anterior part)

Breathing involving more muscles and greater changes in volume is known as _______ _____.

Forced breathing

The dorsal respiratory group is activated during_________.

Forced inhalation, normal inhalation

If the partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the blood, which phrase describes the net movement of oxygen?

From alveoli to blood

The paranasal sinuses are named for the bones where they are located. Rank the bones in order starting with the most superior.

Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla

The movement of respiratory gases between blood and either alveoli or cells of systemic tissues is _____ ______.

Gas exchange

A partial pressure _____ exists when the partial pressure for a specific gas is higher in one region of the respiratory system than another.

Gradient

How does temperature affect oxygen binding to hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin is less likely to bing oxygen at elevated temperatures.

Premature infants sometimes afflicted with respiratory distress syndrome because of __________.

High alveolar surface tension

Incomplete rings of ______ cartilage support the wall of the primary bronchi to ensure that they remain open.

Hyaline

Exercise may cause an increase in the depth of breathing known as

Hyperpnea

A breathing rate that exceeds the body's demand is called

Hyperventilation

Hypoventilation can cause oxygen levels to fall too low, a condition called ______. Carbon dioxide levels may rise too high, a condition called _____.

Hypoxemia, hypercapnia

What are potential consequences of hypoventilation?

Hypoxia, hypercapnia

Which are found in the mucous lining the respiratory tract?

Immunoglobulins, defensins, lysozyme, mucin

Increases in the PCO2 of as little as 5 mm Hg can ______ breathing rate.

Increase

What are examples of chemoreceptors reflexes?

Increased breathing rate following increased blood PCO2, increased respiration rate following lowered pH of CSF

The pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container______.

Increases

The dorsal respiratory group of the respiratory center controls_______.

Inhalation

When you _______, the inferior portion of the sternum moves anteriorly, slightly increasing the anterior-posterior dimensions of the thorax.

Inhale

Which drugs are useful in treating asthma?

Inhaled steroids, oral steroids, allergy shots

Pulmonary ventilation consists of two cyclic phases, _______ and ________.

Inspiration and expiration

Which are classified as accessory muscles that assist in active exhalation, as in when you are pushing out extra air from your lungs?

Internal intercostals, serrated posterior inferior, abdominal muscles

The parietal pleura lines which structures?

Internal thoracic walls, lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, superior surface of the diaphragm

Which events are occurring during quiet inhalation?

Intrapleural pressure is decreasing, the lungs are expanding, pleural cavity volume is increasing, intrapulmonary pressure is falling

The ______ the vocal fold, the deeper the voice.

Larger

An inflammation of the larynx is

Laryngitis

The ______ is also called the voice box

Larynx

All the respiratory system structures innervated by the autonomic nervous system:

Larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

The ______ lung has only two lobes, superior and inferior

Left

An increase in breathing rate caused by an emotional response would be mediated in the brain by the _____ system.

Limbic

The secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called ________ bronchi

Lobar

The trachea is part of the ________ respiratory system.

Lower

Which conditions would cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift left?

Lowered temperature, elevated pH, lowered PCO2

Gas transport is the movement of respiratory gases in blood between the ________ and systemic cells.

Lungs

Total lung capacity is the _______ ______ of air that the lungs can hold.

Maximum volume

The greatest amount of air that can be taken into and expelled from the lungs in one minute is the _______.

Maximum voluntary ventilation

The trachea descends through the neck into the ______ from the _____ to the main bronchi

Mediastinum, larynx

The change in volume during forced breathing are greater than those during quiet breathing. Why does this occur?

More muscles are involved

The mucosa in the respiratory system is also known as the _______ membrane.

Mucous membrane

The nose is supported superiority by paired _______ _______ that form the bridge of the nose.

Nasal bones

The respiratory membrane consist of an endothelial cell of a capillary and the plasma membrane of an alveolar type ______ cell.

One

Which statement describes the net movement of oxygen during internal respiration?

Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the tissues

The relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is described by the _________-_______ ________ curve.

Oxygen-hemoglobin saturation

Which describes the partial pressures of systemic cells under resting conditions?

PCO2 of 45 mm Hg, PO2 of 40 mm Hg, Relatively constan partial pressures

The pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture is called the _______ ________.

Partial pressure

Which parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

Pharynx, primary bronchi, trachea (passageways from the nose to the end of the terminal bronchioles)

The loss of alveoli due to disease creates a(n) ______ dead space.

Physiologic (normal anatomical dead space plus any loss of alveoli)

The frequency of sound waves is called _______ and is determined by the amount of tension on the vocal folds.

Pitch

Between the visceral and parietal pleura is a potential space called the _______ _______.

Pleural cavity

What are the functions of the larynx?

Produces sound for speech, serves as a passageway for air, blocks food and drink from entering airway

Movement may increase breathing rate by stimulating _____ within joints and muscles.

Proprioreceptors

Alveolar type II cells secrete _____ _____.

Pulmonary surfactant

Bronchodilation results when the smooth muscles of the bronchioles ______.

Relax

The terminal bronchioles conduct air into the ______ bronchioles.

Respiratory

Which might require a tracheotomy?

Respiratory disease, difficulty breathing due to severe chest wall injury, an upper airway obstruction

Which statement best describes the relationship between partial pressure gradients and respiratory gas exchange?

Respiratory gas exchange cannot occur without partial pressure gradients

The _____ lung is divided into superior, middle and inferior lobes

Right

The ______ muscles increase the thoracic cavity by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation.

Scalene

A lubricating fluid found in the pleural cavity is ______ fluid

Serous fluid

The bronchioles are no longer lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium as the bronchi are but lined with ________ epithelium.

Simple columnar

Which are found in the walls of bronchioles?

Smooth muscle

If proper swallowing occurs, materials from the oral cavity and oropharynx will be blocked from entering the nasopharyngeal by the _______, which elevates during swallowing.

Soft palate

Henry's law states that the solubility of a gas is dependent on the partial pressure of the gas and its ________ ________.

Solubility coefficient

The _______ _______ of a gas depends on the interactions between the molecules of the gas and molecules of the liquid.

Solubility coefficient

Which form the roof of the nasal cavity?

Sphenoid bone, frontal bone, cribiform plate, nasal bones

The volume of air moving into and out of the lungs can be measured with an instrument called a ______.

Spirometer

Thick mucous coughed up is known as _______

Sputum

Which are among the four continuous and simultaneous processes of respiration?

Systemic gas exchange, gas transport, alveolar gas exchange, pulmonary ventilation

What affects the ability of blood to carry oxygen?

The presence of hemoglobin, the solubility coefficient of oxygen

Which is true of central chemoreceptors?

They directly detect changes in pH

Which factors may make the chest wall or lungs less elastic and therefore increase resistance to airflow?

Thoracic cage arthritis, pulmonary fibrosis, vertebral column malformation

The largest cartilage of the larynx is the _____ cartilage, which forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx.

Thyroid

Pulmonary ventilation can be calculated using the following formula: Pulmonary ventilation - respiration rate X _______.

Tidal volume

Which anatomical structures aid sound production?

Tongue, paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, teeth, lips

The_____ is also known as the windpipe

Trachea

Superior to the larynx is the laryngopharynx. Inferior to the larynx is the _______ and posterior to the larynx is the __________.

Trachea, esophagus

The posterior sides of the tracheal x-shaped cartilages are bound together by the ______.

Trachealis muscle

True or False: The pneumotaxic area is located in the pons

True

True or false: during exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its original shape.

True

The closing of the epiglottis over the larynx along with the simultaneous contraction of abdominal muscles, known as the______ maneuver, results in an increase in abdominal pressure.

Valsalva

"Breathing" is formally known as pulmonary _________.

Ventilation

During exercise, when one is breathing deeply and forcibly, the ______ is activated.

Ventral respiratory group

The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by ________.

Visceral pleura

The sum of tidal volume, inspiration reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume equals the _________ capacity.

Vital

As inhaled gases pass through conducting airways, the gases are "conditioned" in which ways?

Warmed to body temperature, cleansed of particulates, humidified

True or false: central chemoreceptors can only monitor pH changes produced by changes in PCO2.

true