A&P chapter 10&11

Once an individual reaches an age of approximately 65 years old, several factors can compromise the ability to exercise. Which of the following factors would play a role in this? a. Skeletal muscles have increased amounts of fibrous tissue. b. Blood flow increases to skeletal muscle to compensate for changes in the cardiovascular system. c. The thermoregulatory centers keep the elderly cooler so it is easier for them to do sustained activity. d. There is an increase in the size of satellite cells as we age.

a. Skeletal muscles have increased amounts of fibrous tissue.

How are epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium interrelated? a. They are connective tissues and blend with tendons to provide firm attachments to bone. b. All three contain capillaries and nerves. c. All three contain satellite cells that function in the repair of muscle tissue. d. None of the above is correct.

a. They are connective tissues and blend with tendons to provide firm attachments to bone.

Why does skeletal muscle appear striated when viewed through a microscope? a. Z lines and myosin filaments align within a muscle fiber. b. Glycogen reserves are linearly arranged. c. Capillaries regularly intersect the myofibers. d. Actin filaments repel stain, appearing banded.

a. Z lines and myosin filaments align within a muscle fiber.

With excitation-contraction coupling, _____. a. a motor neuron releases ACh, which allows an electrical event to be transferred to the muscular system b. a motor neuron releases ACh, and it binds to receptors on the motor end plate of a muscle fascicle c. the myosin cross-bridge will remain attached to actin as ATP depletion occurs d. ACh release reveals actin's binding site for myosin to bind

a. a motor neuron releases ACh, which allows an electrical event to be transferred to the muscular system

Which muscle is paired correctly with its fascicle arrangement? a. biceps brachii/parallel b. rectus femoris/unipennate c. pectoralis major/multipennate d. orbicularis oris/unipennate

a. biceps brachii/parallel

How would a drug that blocks acetylcholine release affect muscle contraction? a. Contraction would be prevented. b. Contraction would be slowed. c. The speed of contraction would increase. d. The strength of contraction would increase.

a. contraction would be prevented

After spending an afternoon carrying heavy boxes from his basement to his attic, Joe complains that the muscles in his back hurt. Which axial muscle(s) is (are) most likely sore? a. erector spinae b. orbicularis oris c. geniohyoid d. both A and B

a. erector spinae

The joint between the occipital bone of the skull and the first cervical vertebra (atlas) is part of which type of lever system? a. first-class lever system b. second-class lever system c. third-class lever system d. fulcrum/load/applied force lever system

a. first-class lever system

Two cardiologists are talking about functional characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue. Which of the following descriptions would they use? a. special gap junctions, intrinsic conduction system allows contraction without neural stimulation b. spindle-shaped, nonstriated, thick filaments scattered, involuntary c. striated tissue with multiple mitochondria and a multinucleated condition syncytium d. Cardiologists would not use any of this terminology.

a. special gap junctions, intrinsic conduction system allows contraction without neural stimulation

A muscle that assists another in a movement is a(n) _____, and an example is the relationship between the _____ and the _____. a. synergist; latissimus dorsi; teres major b. antagonist; gracilis; sartorius c. prime mover; brachioradialis; biceps brachii d. fixator; gastrocnemius; tibialis anterior

a. synergist; latissimus dorsi; teres major

Which muscle are you using when you shrug your shoulders? a. trapezius muscle b. supraspinatus c. deltoid muscles d. sternocleidomastoid muscles

a. trapezius muscle

Smooth muscle can contract over a wider range of resting lengths than skeletal muscle can. Why? a. Smooth muscle sarcomeres are longer. b. Actin and myosin filament arrangement is more plastic, allowing greater adaptability. c. Smooth muscle cells are shorter. d. Smooth muscle actin is longer.

b. Actin and myosin filament arrangement is more plastic, allowing greater adaptability.

The A band comprises which of the following subunits? a. I band, terminal cisternae, and the Z line b. M line, H band, and the zone of overlap c. thin filaments, titin, and the Z line d. sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules

b. M line, H band, and the zone of overlap

_____ predominate in the large leg muscles of someone who excels at endurance activities, such as cycling. This is because _____. a. Fast fibers; they have large glycogen reserves b. Slow fibers; they have extensive capillary networks and more myoglobin c. Nonvascular fibers; they use both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism d. Intermediate fibers; they have more neuromuscular junctions

b. Slow fibers; they have extensive capillary networks and more myoglobin

Why is the sternocleidomastoid considered an axial muscle, while the serratus anterior is considered an appendicular muscle? a. The sternocleidomastoid has both insertions on the axial skeleton, and the serratus anterior has only its origin on the axial skeleton. b. The action of the sternocleidomastoid is on the axial skeleton, and the action of the serratus anterior is on the appendicular skeleton. c. The serratus anterior has its insertion on the appendicular skeleton, and the sternocleidomastoid's insertion on the clavicle is not considered. d. Both B and C are correct.

b. The action of the sternocleidomastoid is on the axial skeleton, and the action of the serratus anterior is on the appendicular skeleton.

Why is an increased level of creatine kinase in a blood test a diagnostic sign of muscle damage? a. Blood vessels increase production after muscle damage. b. This enzyme is intracellular, so increasing extracellular levels indicate damage to cells. c. The liver produces more of this enzyme under stress. d. All of the above are correct.

b. This enzyme is intracellular, so increasing extracellular levels indicate damage to cells.

Which muscle divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities? a. sartorius b. diaphragm c. rectus femoris d. risorius

b. diaphragm

What specific facts can you tell me about the extensor carpi radialis longus, even if you don't know the muscle? It is a muscle that _____. a. flexes at a joint, probably moves the wrist joint, and is long b. extends a joint, probably moves the wrist into abduction, and is long c. extends a joint, probably moves the wrist into adduction, and is long d. extends a joint, abducts at a joint, probably moves the fingers

b. extends a joint, probably moves the wrist into abduction, and is long

The action of the gluteus maximus muscle is _____, and it has a common insertion with the _____ at the _____. a. flexion and medial rotation at the hip; gluteus medius; greater trochanter b. extension and lateral rotation at the hip; tensor fasciae latae; iliotibial tract c. adduction at the thigh; adductor magnus; linea aspera of the femur d. none of the above

b. extension and lateral rotation at the hip; tensor fasciae latae; iliotibial tract

What structural characteristics distinguish cardiac muscle tissue from skeletal muscle tissue? Cardiac muscle cells _____. a. are larger and usually have one nucleus b. have intercalated discs, short T tubules, and no triads c. are dependent on anaerobic metabolism d. contact each other at tight junctions

b. have intercalated discs, short T tubules, and no triads

Which activity would be more likely to create an oxygen debt: swimming laps or lifting weights? a. swimming laps b. lifting weights c. both A and B d. neither A nor B

b. lifting weights

Which of the following is NOT a major function of skeletal muscle? a. maintaining body temperature b. lining hollow organs c. maintaining posture d. storing nutrient reserves

b. lining hollow organs

A motor unit is/are _____. You would need a small motor unit to control movement of the fingers _____. a. the resting tension in a muscle; so it would not involve muscle fibers of adjoining fingers b. muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron; because you need precise control c. the addition of one twitch to another; because you need twitches to cover a large area d. None of the above is correct.

b. muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron; because you need precise control

Which component of the sarcomere acts as an ATPase? a. actin b. myosin c. titin d. actinin

b. myosin

The term _____ means muscle fascicles that run straight, and the term _____ means the fascicles run at a slant. a. transverse; rectus b. rectus; oblique c. lateral; transverse d. orbicularis; oblique

b. rectus; oblique

Which of the following describes the neuromuscular junction? a. the surface containing membrane receptors that bind acetylcholine b. special intercellular connection between axon branches and a skeletal muscle fiber c. the link between generation of an action potential and the start of muscle contraction d. a propagated change in membrane potential that travels the length of an axon

b. special intercellular connection between axon branches and a skeletal muscle fiber

The benefit of third-class lever systems in muscles is that _____, while the benefit of second -class levers in muscles is _____. a. they operate at a mechanical advantage; they operate at a mechanical disadvantage b. speed and distance traveled are increased; a small force can move a heavy weight c. the fulcrum lies between the applied force and the load; the load lies between the applied force and the fulcrum d. none of the above

b. speed and distance traveled are increased; a small force can move a heavy weight

What statement(s) below are FALSE with regard to the contraction of skeletal muscle? a. Through eccentric contractions, the muscle lengthens. b. Through concentric contractions, the muscle does not change length. c. Through isometric contraction, the muscle remains the same length. d. Both A and C are correct.

b. through concentric contractions, the muscle lengthens

Why would a sprinter experience muscle fatigue before a marathon runner? a. Marathon running uses ATP for only a short time, while sprinting uses ATP indefinitely. b. Marathon runners' muscles depend on stored glycogen; therefore, they do not fatigue. c. Sprinting involves anaerobic endurance, whereas running a marathon depends more on availability of substrates for aerobic respiration. d. None of the above is correct.

c. Sprinting involves anaerobic endurance, whereas running a marathon depends more on availability of substrates for aerobic respiration.

If someone hit you in your rectus abdominis muscle, how would your body position change? a. You would lean to the right. b. You would bend backward. c. You would double over. d. You would twist to the left.

c. You would double over.

In what ways does the appearance of a sarcomere change during contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber? a. zones of overlap get larger; H band gets wider; A bands shorten b. titin molecules are relaxed; M line disappears c. Z lines move closer together; I bands and H bands get smaller d.None of the above is correct.

c. Z lines move closer together; I bands and H bands get smaller

Which leg movement would be impaired by injury to the gluteus medius muscle? a. flexion at the hip b. adduction at the hip c. abduction at the hip d. lateral rotation at the hip

c. abduction at the hip

Damage to the external intercostal muscles would interfere with what important process? a. standing upright b. walking c. breathing d. digesting

c. breathing

Cardiac muscle fibers are more sensitive than skeletal muscle fibers to which extracellular ion? a. sodium b. chloride c. calcium d. iron

c. calcium

Where is the flexor carpi radialis located? a. thigh b. face c. forearm d. foot

c. forearm

How would severing the tendon attached to a muscle affect the muscle's ability to move a body part? a. Uncontrolled movement would result from a severed tendon. b. Movement would be greatly exaggerated with no tendon. c. No movement is possible without a muscle to bone connection. d. Limited movement would result.

c. no movement is possible without a muscle to bone connection

Which of the following describe the characteristics of slow muscle fibers? a. small diameter, rich in myoglobin, and high glycogen reserve b. large diameter, very vascular, and multiple mitochondria c. small diameter, rich in myoglobin, and very vascular d. large diameter, high glycogen reserve, and lack significant myoglobin

c. small diameter, rich in myoglobin, and very vascular

Which of the following is TRUE about origins and insertions of skeletal muscles? a. The position of the origin and insertion is based on the anatomical position. b. If a muscle extends from a broad aponeurosis and then to a narrow tendon, the aponeurosis is the origin. c. If the muscle has several tendons at one end and a single tendon at the other end, then the single tendon end is the insertion. d. All statements above are true.

d. All statements above are true.

What statement below would be TRUE with regard to muscle lever systems? a. Not every muscle operates as part of a lever system. b. A third-class lever is the most common lever system in the body. c. Plantar flexion by a large calf muscle involves a first-class lever system. d. Both A and B are true.

d. Both A and B are true.

Why can swallowing help alleviate the pressure sensations at the eardrum (tympanic membrane) when you are in an airplane that is changing altitude? a. It prevents movement of the uvula. b. It causes a shift in inner ear structures. c. It moves the eardrum (tympanic membrane). d. It enlarges the auditory tube opening.

d. It enlarges the auditory tube opening.

Why are cardiac and smooth muscle contractions more affected by changes in extracellular Ca 2+ than skeletal muscle contractions? a. Extracellular Ca 2+ inhibits actin. b. Cross-bridges are formed only within the sarcomeres of cardiac muscle. c. Most of the calcium for contractions comes from SR stores. d. Most of the calcium for contractions comes from extracellular fluid.

d. Most of the calcium for contractions comes from extracellular fluid.

Predict what would happen to muscles if a pesticide that inhibits acetylcholinesterase were present at the motor end plate. a. Muscle would lose strength. b. Muscle would be unable to contract. c. Acetylcholine receptors would be inactivated in the motor end plate. d. Muscle would contract repeatedly.

d. Muscle would contract repeatedly.

How do muscle fibers elongate and return to resting length? a. elastic forces b. opposing muscle contraction c. gravity d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Adduction and abduction refer to movement in which of these areas? a. fingers b. ribs c. legs d. both A and C

d. both A and C

Which type of fascicle arrangement is typical of muscles guarding the opening to the anus and surrounding the eye? a. convergent muscle b. multipennate muscle c. parallel muscle d. circular muscle (sphincter)

d. circular muscle (sphincter)

What would you expect to happen to a resting skeletal muscle if the sarcolemma suddenly became very permeable to Ca2+? a. decreased strength of contraction b. decreased cross-bridge formation c. increased sensitivity to ACh d. decreased ability to relax

d. decreased ability to relax

Where would you expect the greatest concentration of Ca2+ in resting skeletal muscle to be? a. in T tubules b. surrounding the mitochondria c. within sarcomeres d. in cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

d. in cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which facial muscle(s) would you use to close the mouth? a. orbicularis oculi b. buccinator muscle c. zygomaticus major and minor d. orbicularis oris

d. orbicularis oris

You often hear of athletes who suffer a pulled "hamstring." To what does this phrase refer? a. biceps femoris, gracilis, and adductor magnus damage b. rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis damage c. sartorius, gracilis, and rectus femoris damage d. semitendinosus, biceps femoris, and semimembranosus muscle damage

d. semitendinosus, biceps femoris, and semimembranosus muscle damage

The rotator cuff is formed from _____ muscles and is commonly injured by _____. a. rhomboid major and minor muscles and teres major and minor muscles; piano players b. teres major, teres minor, and serratus anterior; golfers c. rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis; quarterbacks d. supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor; baseball pitchers

d. supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor; baseball pitchers

Which muscle would be the prime mover for dorsiflexion at the ankle? a. gastrocnemius b. tibialis posterior c. soleus d. tibialis anterior

d. tibialis anterior

Which muscle is considered the ideal site for an intramuscular injection? a. biceps brachii b. masseter c. tibialis anterior d. vastus lateralis

d. vastus lateralis