A&P Exam 1 chapter questions
name at least 3 reasons to study anatomy and physiology
1. be able to know what is going on is your own body 2. know when something is wrong in your body 3. be able to make informed decisions about your body
What regulatory processes would your body use if you were trapped by a blizzard in an unheated, uninsulated cabin in the woods?
Any prolonged exposure to extreme cold would activate the brain's heat-gain center. This would reduce blood flow to your skin, and shunt blood returning from your limbs away from the digits and into a network of deep veins. Your brain's heat-gain center would also increase your muscle contraction, causing you to shiver. This increases the energy consumption of skeletal muscle and generates more heat. Your body would also produce thyroid hormone and epinephrine, chemicals that promote increased metabolism and heat production.
which medical imagine technique is most dangerous to use repeatedly, and why
CT scanning because it releases the highest level of radiation
In which direction would an MRI scanner move to produce sequential images of the body in the frontal plane, and in which direction would an MRI scanner move to produce sequential images of the body in the sagittal plane?
If the body were supine or prone, the MRI scanner would move from top to bottom to produce frontal sections, which would divide the body into anterior and posterior portions, as in "cutting" a deck of cards. Again, if the body were supine or prone, to produce sagittal sections, the scanner would move from left to right or from right to left to divide the body lengthwise into left and right portions.
When you open a bottle of sparkling water, the carbon dioxide gas in the bottle form bubbles. If the bottle is left open, the water will eventually "go flat." Explain these phenomena in terms of atmospheric pressure.
In a sealed bottle of sparkling water, carbon dioxide gas is kept dissolved in the water under a very high pressure. When you open the bottle, the pressure of the gas above the liquid changes from artificially high to normal atmospheric pressure. The dissolved carbon dioxide gas expands, and rises in bubbles to the surface. When a bottle of sparkling water is left open, it eventually goes flat because its gases continue to move out of solution until the pressure in the water is approximately equal to atmospheric pressure.
AB+CD-----> AD+BE Is this a legitimate example of an exchange reaction. why or why not?
It is not an exchange reaction. In all chemical reactions, including exchange reactions, the components of the reactants are identical to the components of the products. A component cannot disappear or show up in only one side of the reaction
the pH of lemon juice is 2, and the pH of orange juice is 4. Which of these is more acidic, and by how much? what does this mean?
Lemon juice is 100 times more acidic than orange juice. This means that lemon juice has a hundred-fold greater concentration of hydrogen ions.
During a party, Eli loses a bet and is forced to drink a bottle of lemon juice. Not long thereafter, he begins complaining of having difficulty breathing, and his friends take him to the local emergency room. There, he is given an intravenous solution of bicarbonate. Why?
Lemon juice, like any acid, releases hydrogen ions in solution. As excessive H+ enters the digestive tract and is absorbed into blood, Eli's blood pH falls below 7.35. Bicarbonate is a buffer, a weak base that accepts hydrogen ions. By administering bicarbonate intravenously, the emergency department physician helps raise Eli's blood back toward neutral
Magnesium is an important element in the human body, especially in the bones. Magnesium's atomic number is 12. Is it stable or reactive? Why? If it were to react with another atom, would it be more likely to accept or to donate one or more electrons?
Magnesium's 12 electrons are distributed as follows: two in the first shell, eight in the second shell, and two in its valence shell. According to the octet rule, magnesium is unstable (reactive) because its valence shell has just two electrons. It is therefore likely to participate in chemical reactions in which it donates 2 electrons
Oxygen, whose atomic number is eight, has three stable isotopes: 16O, 17O, and 18O. Explain what this means in terms of the number of protons and neutrons.
The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in an isotope. the number of neutrons of an isotope is the difference between the mass and the atomic number of it. Oxygen's atomic number is 8 Therefore, an isotope of 16 would have 8 protons and 8 neutrons An isotope of 17 would have 8 protons and 9 neutrons An isotope of 18 would have 8 protons and 10 neutrons
If a bullet were to penetrate a lung, which three anterior thoracic body cavities would it enter, and which layer of the serous membrane would it encounter first?
The bullet would enter the ventral, thoracic, and pleural cavities, and it would encounter the parietal layer of serous membrane first.
identify the four components of a negative feedback loop and explain what would happen if secretion of a body chemical controlled by a negative feedback system became too great
The four components of a negative feedback loop are: stimulus, sensor, control center, and effector. If too great a quantity of the chemical were excreted, sensors would activate a control center, which would in turn activate an effector. In this case, the effector (the secreting cells) would be adjusted downward.
what is the function of magnets in an MRI
The magnets induce tissue to emit radio signals that can show differences between different types of tissue.
on his midsummer trek through the desert, josh ran out of water. why is this particularly dangerous
The primary way that the body responds to high environmental heat is by sweating; however, sweating requires water, which comes from body fluids, including blood plasma. If Josh becomes dehydrated, he will be unable to sweat adequately to cool his body, and he will be at risk for heat stroke as his blood pressure drops too much from the loss of water from the blood plasma.
exaplain why CH4 is one of the most common molecules found in nature. are the bonds between the atoms ioninc or covalent?
a carbon atom has four electrons in its valence shell. According to the octet rule, it will readily participate in chemical reactions that result in its valence shell having eight electrons. Hydrogen, with one electron, will complete its valence shell with two. Electron sharing between an atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen meets the requirements of all atoms. the bonds are covalent because the electrons are shared. Although hydrogen often participates in ionic bonds, carbon does not because it is highly unlikely to donate or accept four electrons covalent bonds
what is the primary role of the endomembrane system
a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins
which of the following statements about nutrients is true a. all classes of nutrients are essential to human survival b. because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed every day c. carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are micronutrients d. macronutrients are vitamins and minerals
a. all classes of nutrients are essential to human survival
When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes a. an ion b. an anion c. nonpolar d. none of the above
a. an ion
_____ reactions release energy a. catabolic b. exergonic c. decomposition d. catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition
a. catabolic, exergonic, decomposition
the smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) a. cell b. molecule c. organ d. tissue
a. cell
which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true a. covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds b. hydrogen bonds occur between two atoms of hydrogen c. bonding readily occurs between nonpolar and polar molecules d. a molecule of water is unlikely to bond with an ion
a. covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds
a scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. the scientist is most likely a. exercise physiologist b. microscopic anatomist c. regional physiologist d. systemic anatomist
a. exercise physiologist
what organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel a. glucose b. glycogen c. galactose d. glyceerol
a. glucose
a phospholipid ___ a. has both polar and nonpolar regions b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded c. is a building block of ATP d. can donate both cations and anions to a solution
a. has both polar and nonpolar regions
which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction a. hydrogen and hydrogen b. hydrogen and helium c. helium and helium d. neon and helium
a. hydrogen and hydrogen
which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell a. mitochondria b. peroxisomes c. lysosomes d. ER
a. mitochondria
the energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is a. potential energy b. kinetic energy c. radiant energy d. activation energy
a. potential energy
the characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of a. protons b. neutrons c. electrons d. atoms
a. protons
which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution a. sodium ions and chloride ions b. NaCl molecules c. salt crystals d. red blood cells
a. sodium ions and chloride ions
For whom would an appreciation of the structural characteristics of the human heart come more easily: an alien who lands on Earth, abducts a human, and dissects his heart, or an anatomy and physiology student performing a dissection of the heart on her very first day of class? Why?
anatomy student because she has had a heart her whole life and knows the basics of it and more information than someone who has never had or heard of a heart
the nucleus and mitochondria share which of the following features a. protein-lined membrane pores b. a double cell membrane c. the synthesis of ribosomes d. the production of cellular energy
b. a double cell membrane
the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element a. electron b. atom c. elemental particle d. isotope
b. atom
Ty is three years old and as a result of a "stomach bug" has been vomiting for about 24 hours. His blood pH is 7.48. What does this mean? a. blood is slightly acidic b. blood is slightly alkaline c. highly acidic d. blood is within the normal range
b. blood is slightly alkaline
which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop a. blood pressure regulation b. childbirth c. regulation of fluid balance d. temperature regulation
b. childbirth
because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ________ a. receptor proteins b. integral proteins c. peripheral proteins d. glycoproteins
b. integral proteins
the heart is within the a. cranial cavity b. mediastinum c. posterior (dorsal) cavity d. all of the above
b. mediastinum
A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? a. polysaccharides b. nucleic acids c. phosphorylated glucose d. glycogen
b. nucleic acid
CH4 is methane. This compound is ________. a. inorganic b. organic c. reactive d. a crystal
b. organic
choose the answer that best completes the following analogy: diffusion is to _____ as endocytosis is to ______ a. filtration; phagocytes b. osmosis; pinocytosis c. solutes; fluid d. gradient; chemical energy
b. osmosis; pinocytosis
a substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n) a. noble gas b. salt c. electrolyte d. dipole
b. salt
the ability of an enzyme's active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ______ a. selectivity b. specificity c. subjectivity d. specialty
b. specificity
The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. a. catabolic b. synthesis c. decomposition d. exchange
b. synthesis
Nitrogen has an atomic number of seven. How many electron shells does it likely have? a. one b. two c. three d. four
b. two
explain in your own words why DNA replication is said to be "semiconservative"
because after replication is complete, one of the two parent DNA strands makes up half of each new DNA molecule. The other half is a newly synthesized strand. Therefore, half (semi) of each daughter DNA molecule is from the parent molecule and half is a new molecule
Explain why ultrasound imaging is the technique of choice for studying fetal growth and development.
because it is the least harmful and damaging
Why is receptor-mediated endocytosis said to be more selective than phagocytosis or pinocytosis?
because the substances that are brought into the cell are the specific ligands that could bind to the receptors being endocytosed
Explain why the smell of smoke when you are sitting at a campfire does not trigger alarm, but the smell of smoke in your residence hall does.
because when you are at a campfire you are supposed to smell smoke and you know it is not a danger because the smell is just coming from the campfire but when you smell the smoke in your dorm room, flight or fight is activated because your dorm room should not smell like smoke
which of the following is a molecule, but not a compound a. H2O b. 2H c. H2 d. H+
c. H2
which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the uptake of nutrients by rapidly multiplying cancer cells a. CT b. MRI c. PET d. ultrasonography
c. PET
ion pumps and phagocytes are both examples of ______ a. endocytosis b. passive transport c. active transport d. facilitated diffusion
c. active transport
which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of protein a. phosphate b. adenine c. amino d. ribose
c. amino
C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by ________. a. increasing the blood to her hands and feet b. becoming lethargic to conserve heat c. breaking down stored energy d. significantly increasing blood oxygen levels
c. breaking down stored energy
AB--->A+B is a general notation for a ____ reaction a. anabolic b. endergonic c. decomposition d. exchange
c. decomposition
C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________. a. polymer of carbohydrate b. pentose monosaccharide c. hexose monosaccharide d. all of the above
c. hexose monosaccharide
To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the ________. a. coronal plane b. longitudinal plane c. midsagittal plane d. transverse plane
c. midsagittal plane
on the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59. It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have a. about 80 neutrons each b. fewer than 80 neutrons each c. more than 80 neutrons each d. more electrons than neutrons
c. more than 80 neutrons each
Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________. a. food b. nitrogen c. oxygen d. water
c. oxygen
a molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with a. ionic bonds b. nonpolar covalent bonds c. polar covalent bonds d. hydrogen bonds
c. polar covalent bond
which of the following specialities might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and the foot? a. microscopic anatomy b. muscle anatomy c. regional anatomy d. systemic anatomy
c. regional anatomy
a substance dissociates into K+ and Cl- in solution. This substance is an a. acid b. base c. salt d. buffer
c. salt
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it a. is the result of catobolism b. release energy in uncontrolled bursts c. stores energy for use by body cells d. all of the above
c. stores energy for use by body cells
Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes ________. a. blood vessels in the skin to constrict b. breathing to become slow and shallow c. sweat glands to increase their output d. all of the above
c. sweat glands to increase their output
which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton a. they all serve to scaffold the organelles within the cell b. they are all characterized by roughly the same diameter c. they are all polymers of protein subunits d. they all help the the cell resist compression and tension
c. they are all polymers of protein subunits
which of the following imaging techniques can be used most safely during pregnancy a. CT scans b. PET scans c. ultrasounds d. x-rays
c. ultrasounds
Name the six levels of organization of the human body.
chemical cellular tissue organ system organism
Uracil ________. a. contains nitrogen b. is a pyrimidine c. is found in RNA d. all of the above
d. all of the above
cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack a. differentiation b. reproductions c. responsiveness d. both reproduction and responsiveness
d. both reproduction and responsiveness
in DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) a. beta chain b. pleated sheet c. alpha helix d. double helix
d. double helix
the diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ______ their gradient a. up; electrical b. up; electrochemical c. down; pressure d. down; concentration
d. down; concentration
what is the position of the body when it is in the "normal anatomical position" a. the person is prone with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides b. the person is standing facing the observer, with upper limbs extended out at a ninety-degree angle from the torso and lower limbs in a wide space c. the person is supine with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides d. none of the above
d. none of the above
Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include ________. a. calcium, magnesium, iron, carbon b. oxygen, calcium, iron, nitrogen c. sodium, chlorine, carbon, hydrogen d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
what are two major disadvantages of MRI scans a. release of radiation and poor quality images b. high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals c. can only view metabolically active tissues and inadequate availability of equipment d. release of radiation and the need for a patient to be confined to metal tube for up to 30 minutes
d. release of radiation and the need for a patient to be confined to metal tube for up to 30 minutes
Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________. a. the inside of the mouth maintains a very high temperature b. chewing stores potential energy c. chewing facilitates synthesis reactions d. saliva contains enzymes
d. saliva contains enzymes
After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________. a. a control center b. a set point c. effectors d. senors
d. sensors
the body system responsible for structural support and movement is the a. cardiovascular system b. endocrine system c. muscular system d. skeletal system
d. skeletal system
metabolism can be defined as the a. adjustment by an organism to external or internal changes b. process whereby all unspecialized cells become specialized to perform distinct functions c. process whereby new cells are formed to replace worn-out cells d. sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
d. sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
the lumbar region is a. inferior to the gluteal region b. inferior to the umbilical region c. superior to the cervical region d. superior to the popliteal region
d. superior to the popliteal region
Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolate chip batter is an example of a ________. a. solvent b. solute c. solution d. suspension
d. suspension
in 1901, Wilhelm Rontgen was the first person to win the nobel prize for physics. for what discovery did he win a. nuclear physics b. radiopharmaceuticals c. the link between radiation and cancer d. x-rays
d. x-rays
what kind of catabolism occurs in the heart
fatty acid catabolism
how does temperature affect diffusion rate and why
higher temps increase the energy and therefore the movement of molecules, increasing the rate of diffusion. Lower temps decrease the energy of the molecules, therefore decreasing the rate of diffusion. -higher temps speed up diffusion because molecules have more kinetic energy at higher temps
Could two atoms of oxygen engage in ionic bonding? Why or why not?
identical atoms have identical electronegativity and cannot form ionic bonds. Oxygen, for example, has six electrons in its valence shell. Neither donating nor accepting the valence shell electrons of the other will result in the oxygen atoms completing their valence shells. Two atoms of the same element always form covalent bonds
identify three different ways growth can occur in the body
increasing number of existing cells increasing the size of existing cells increasing the amount of non-cellular
what type of radiation does a CT scanner use
ionizing radiation
which organ has primary control over the amount of water in the body
kidneys
If the disaccharide maltose is formed from two glucose monosaccharides, which are hexose sugars, how many atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen does maltose contain and why?
maltose contains 12 atoms of carbon, but only 22 atoms of hydrogen, and 11 atoms of oxygen, because a molecule of water is removed during its formation via dehydration synthesis
what materials can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer, and why?
only materials that are relatively small and nonpolar can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer. Large particles cannot fit in between the individual phospholipids that are packed together, and polar molecules are repelled by the hydrophobic/nonpolar lipids that line the inside of the bilayer
A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an a. organ b. organelle c. organism d. organ system
organ
the female ovaries and the male testes are a part of which body system? can these organs be members of more than one organ system? why or why not?
part of the reproductive system. no they cant because they dont have any other functions besides reproduction
compare and contrast lysosomes with peroxisomes: name at least two similarities and one difference
peroxisomes and lysosomes are both cellular oragnelles bound by lipid bilayer membranes, and theyr boht contain many enzymes. However, peroxisomes contain enzymes that detoxify substances by transferring hydrogen atoms and producing H2O2+ whereas the enzymes in lysosomes function to break down and digest various unwanted materials
When you do a load of laundry, why do you not just drop a bar of soap into the washing machine? In other words, why is laundry detergent sold as a liquid or powder?
powder and liquid detergents have more enzymes and surfactants that work on grease and slime on the clothes. It is also easier for the molecules of the powder and liquid soaps to play its role as nonionic surfactants due to more freedom of its movements that that of solid bar soap
the most abundant elements in the foods and beverages you consume are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Why might having these elements in consumables be useful?
these four elements together make up more than 95% of the mass of the human body, and the body cannot make elements, so it is helpful to have them in consumables to have a source to get these elements from
What do osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and the movement of ions away from like charge all have in common? In what way do they differ?
these four phenomena are similar in the sense that they describe the movement of substances sown a particular type of gradient. osmosis and diffusion involve the movement of water and other substances down their concentration gradients, respectively. Filtration describes the movement of particles down a pressure gradient, and the movement of ions away from like charge describes their movement down their electrical gradient.
what happens to the small and large ribosomal subunits at the end of translation
they separate from the mRNA and from each other
in a hurry one day, you merely rinse your lunch dishes with water. As you are drying your salad bowl, you notice it still has an oily film. why was the water alone not effective in cleaning the bowl?
water is a polar molecule. it has a region of weakly positive charge and a region of weakly negative charge. These regions are attracted to ions as well as to other polar molecules. Oils are nonpolar and are repelled by water
