A&P FINAL REVIEW
A group of functionally related nuclei within the cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain are called the __________.
basal nuclei
Contraction of the arrector pili muscles causes the hair follicle to
become perpendicular to the skin, resulting in the hair "standing on end."
Which of the following characteristics of a molecule prevents it from diffusing through a cell membrane without assistance?
being polar
Select all that apply. Granulation tissue is a delicate, granular-appearing connective tissue that consists of __________.
fibroblasts, collagen, capillaries
A myelin sheath is composed primarily of __________.
lipids
Damage to the T11 and T12 spinal nerves could result in loss of movement in the __________ and __________ but would not affect the movement of the __________.
lower limbs; hips; upper limbs
A blood clot stimulating even more blood clotting is an example of __________.
positive feedback
FILL IN THE BLANK When you hold a ball steady at arm's length, it has ________ energy but no __________ energy.
potential, kinetic
The ____________ of a neuron release(s) neurotransmitters.
presynaptic terminals
The gastrocnemius muscle is most likely to be innervated by the __________ nerve.
tibial
Differentiate between types of heat loss that might occur to maintain body temperature. 1. Heat (molecular vibration) is transmitted from one substance directly to another. 2. Body heat is used to convert water in sweat to gaseous water. 3. Heat is emitted in waves (rays) from warmer surfaces to cooler surroundings. 4. Heat is carried away by movement of air over a surface.
1. Conduction 2. Evaporation 3. Radiation 4. Convection
Match the parts of the body with the associated region: 1.Thoracic region 2.Abdominal region 3.Pelvic region a.Region between the hips and chest b.Chest c.Pelvis
1. b 2. a 3. c
Arrange the following in order from the diencephalon downward.(1) Spinal cord(2) Midbrain(3) Medulla(4) Pons
2, 4, 3, 1
An atom has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. This atom will have __________.
20 neutrons, (mass number- atomic number)
Organize the following structural levels of the human body from simplest to most complex. (1) Cell (2) Tissue (3) Chemical (4) Organ system (5) Organ
3,1,2,5,4
Arrange the following events detailing the visual pathway in correct sequence: (1) Retinal cells generate action potential(2) Person becomes aware of the information obtained by CNS(3) Visual cortex translates action potential(4) Bright light is shone into the eye(5) Optic nerve conducts action potential to CNS
4, 1, 5, 3, 2
Correctly order the following events that occur during inflammation. 1. White blood cells begin to phagocytize bacteria and other debris. 2. Chemical mediators of inflammation are released or activated in injured tissues and adjacent blood vessels. 3.Chemical mediators cause capillaries to dilate and the skin to become red. 4.White blood cells leave the dilated blood vessels and move to the site of bacterial infection. 5.Tissue damage occurs and bacteria are introduced. 6.Fluid leaves the capillaries, producing swelling.
5, 2, 3, 6, 4, 1
PUT IN ORDER 1. Myosin binds to actin 2. Sodium ions enter the cell initiating an action potential 3.Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 4. Myosin filaments continue to slide acting towards the M-Line 5.Acetylcholine binds ligand-gated sodium channels 6. An action potential travels down the sarcolemma and T tubules 7. Myosin cross bridges alternately swing and detach using ATP energy 8. Calcium binds to troponin causing tropomyosin to move
5, 2, 6, 3, 8, 1, 7, 4
Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct sequence. (1) Na+ diffuses into the cell and cause a local potential(2) Neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell(3) Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft(4) Membrane permeability to Na+ on postsynaptic cell increases(5) Action potential causes release of neurotransmitter
5, 3, 2, 4, 1
Various areas of the cortex form functional pathways to conduct action potentials necessary to perform specific functions. Arrange the areas below in proper sequence to accomplish reading a poem aloud. (1) visual association area(2) premotor area(3) Broca area(4) primary motor area(5) Wernicke area(6) visual cortex
6, 1, 5, 3, 2, 4
Cells maintain a charge difference across their plasma membranes. This charge difference is used in processes such as signaling by the nervous system, and for stimulating coordinated contraction in muscle cells. Select which of the following statements is correct about the plasma membrane.
Both "The region just outside of the plasma membrane contains a greater number of positively charged ions and molecule than found in the corresponding region inside the membrane" and "The extracellular fluid contains more positively charged ions than the intracellular fluid" are correct
Stimulation of the Golgi tendon organs result in which of the following changes in the reflex arc?
Both "stimulation of an inhibitory neuron" and "decreased action potentials in alpha motor neurons" are correct.
A nurse is caring for a patient who exhibits the following symptoms: → inability to maintain balance while walking → normal intelligence → can initiate voluntary movements although they are somewhat uncoordinated → decreased tone in the skeletal muscles The patient is probably suffering from a condition that affected the
Cerebellum
Which of the following would be a likely result of damaging the musculocutaneous nerve?
Difficulty flexing the shoulder
Drag each label below to the correct category to indicate whether it relates to intramembranous ossification or endochondral ossification. Epiphyseal plates, Ossification of hyaline cartilage, Calcified. cartilage, Begins with sheet of mesenchyme, Diaphyses of the clavicle, most bones of the skeleton, bone collar, most. skull bones
Endochondral: Ossification of hyaline cartilage, Calcified. cartilage, most bones of the skeleton, bone collar Intramembranous: most skull bones, diaphyses of the clavicle, begins with a sheet of mesenchyme
TRUE OR FALSE: Each item listed here would be seen when blood calcium levels are too low. Increase in osteoprotegerin RANK activates osteoclasts. Increased calcium uptake in the intestine RANKL is expressed on the surface of osteoblasts. Increase in calcitonin Increase in parathyroid hormone Increased osteoclast activity Increased release of calcium from the urine
False True True True False True True False
During brain surgery, the superior portion of the postcentral gyrus of a patient is stimulated. What do you expect the patient to do?
Feel pressure on his toes
If a person fell down the steps and then developed pain down his anterior thigh into the knee, which of the following spinal nerves was probably damaged?
Femoral
In the reversible reaction, CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-, a decrease in respiration rate will increase the concentration of CO2 in the blood. What will this do to the amount of H+ in the blood?
H+ will increase
Name the area where hair growth occurs.
Hair bulb
Which of the following is associated with osteoclast reabsorption of bone?
Hydrogen ions form an acid environment in bone matrix.
Specify whether each of the items listed is hydrophilic or hydrophobic by dragging the label into the appropriate box. Glucose, Carbohydrates, Ions, Polar compounds, Enzymes, Cholesterol, Oil, K+, Lipids, Triglycerides
Hydrophilic: Ions, Polar compounds, Carbohydrates, K+, Glucose, Enzymes Hydrophobic: Oil, Lipids, Triglycerides, Cholesterol
A boy grew rapidly and reached a height of 6 ft. 2 in. by the time he was 13 years old. He had normal body proportions and sexual development. Which of the following caused his condition?
Hypersecretion of growth hormone
A sedentary patient is low in vitamin D, and her calcium levels begin to drop. How will the body respond to bring calcium levels back to normal?
Increase parathyroid hormone secretion
Drag each label into the proper position in order to identify the outcome of each condition on blood calcium. Increased calcium reabsorption from the kidneys, inhibition of osteoblasts, decreased time outside, osteoclast activity, increased. calcium reabsorption by the digestive system, osteoblast activity, Parathyroid hormone, increased bone. reabsorption, calcitrol, calcitonin
Increases blood calcium: Increased calcium reabsorption from the kidneys, inhibition of osteoblasts, osteoclast activity, increased. calcium reabsorption by the digestive system, Parathyroid hormone, increased bone. reabsorption, calcitrol, Decreases blood calcium: osteoblast activity, decreased time outside, calcitonin
Imagine that you are standing erect, with your head facing forward and your arms at 90-degree angles to your body, pointing straight out from either side to your left and to your right. Now imagine that an ant crawls from the top of your head in a straight line down your face and the front of your neck, and then turns and goes along one of your arms until it reaches your fingertips. If you were to describe the ant's path using directional terms, what would you say?
It traveled from the head and down the neck in a caudal direction, then turned and traveled in a lateral direction, and ended up at the fingertips, distal to the elbow.
An epithelium consists of a single layer of tall, narrow cells. Which of the following is a location where this epithelium can be found?
Lining the small intestine
Identify locations of serous membranes. Check all that apply. Lining the trunk cavities Lining the mouth Covering the organs within trunk cavities Lining the synovial joints Lining the trachea
Lining the trunk cavities Covering the organs within the trunk cavities
Which of these are the proper terms for the different ways an organ can be sectioned?
Longitudinal, oblique, transverse
What plane divides the body into equal right and left halves?
Median
A patient is experiencing a high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, and intense headaches. A spinal tap showed bacteria and white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This individual most likely has what condition?
Meningitis
A boy lifts a glass of milk to take a drink. He then lifts a gallon of milk in order to pour himself a new glass. Which of the following is occurring to help him lift the gallon of milk, which is much heavier than a single glass?
More units are recruited
Cells have structures that hold them to one another or to the basement membrane. Which of the following is not a function of those structures?
Move substances across the apical surface of cells
Knowledge of the structure of body parts helps us to understand their function. Which of the following is an accurate example of that principle?
Moveable joints allow us to bend our fingers to perform many different actions.
From the list below, select three types of molecules that are permeable to the blood-brain barrier without requiring a transport protein. Glucose Large proteins Oxygen Nicotine Ethanol Polar molecules
Oxygen Nicotine Ethanol
Place each label in the appropriate box, describing the types of sensory receptors found in the dermis of the skin. Detect deep pressure, Detect a simultaneous stimulation at two points on the skin, Detect pain itch tickle and temperature
Pacinian Corpuscles, Messiner Corpuscles, Free nerve endings
A muscle cell contains a single nucleus and does not contain any striations. Which of the following is a location where that cell will be found?
Part of the stomach wall
If a person decided to jump over a chair, the __________ area would organize the motor functions needed to carry out this action.
Premotor
Which of the following is not a common feature of the cerebrum and cerebellum?
Presence of one or more ventricles
Identify the correct sequence of the structures as they are involved in activity at a chemical synapse.
Presynaptic terminal; synaptic cleft; postsynaptic membrane
Which of the following will be most severely affected by a toxin that blocks the action of troponin in muscle cells?
Skeletal muscle
FILL IN THE BLANK Olfaction and hearing are processed in the_____ The ______ provides critical function in motivation, logical reasoning, expression of emotion, and social attitudes. Housing the visual centers, the _________ receive inputs from the optic radiation. The ________ separates the temporal lobe from the cerebrum. The _________ receives sensory information other than that from smell, hearing, taste, and vision. The deepest of the cerebral lobes, the ______ receives taste sensory input.
Temporal lobes, Frontal lobe, Occipital lobes, Lateral fissure, Parietal lobes, Insula
A series of local potentials causes the membrane potential to move to -80 mV. Predict the result.
The neuron is hyperpolarized.
Amputation of a foot at the ankle would involve a cut in the __________ plane.
Transverse
After suffering a head injury, a patient exhibits weak and uncoordinated movement of the jaw as well as numbness of the tongue and lower gums. Based on these symptoms, predict which nerve might have been damaged.
Trigeminal nerve
A receptor detects light touch on the face. Which of the following correctly lists the pathway the signal will pass to its final destination in the brain?
Trigeminal nerve, reticular formation, thalamus, cerebral cortex
TRUE OR FALSE Damage to the white matter of the brain would prevent transmission of information between nuclei.
True
TRUE OR FALSE Due to alternative splicing, there are likely more protein varieties in the body than there are genes in the human genome.
True
Which of the following is not found in the epigastric region?
Urinary bladder
A patient is asked to read a paragraph while the clinician recorded the brain activity on a PET scan. Which of the following brain regions would "light up" the most?
Wernicke area
Sensory __________ is the ability the brain has to prioritize the sensory input it receives and to ignore unimportant stimuli.
adaptation
FILL IN THE BLANKS The division of the peripheral nervous system that transmits electrical impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS is the _____ division, while the _____ division of the peripheral nervous system transmits electrical impulses from the CNS toward muscles and glands
afferent, efferent
A type of study that helps in understanding normal human physiology is __________. anatomy pathophysiology comparative physiology all
all
Afferent fibers terminating in the hypothalamus provide input from the visceral organs. taste receptors of the tongue. limbic system. the prefrontal cortex of the cerebrum. All of the choices are correct
all
The nervous system monitors internal and external stimuli. transmits information in the form of action potentials. interprets or assesses information. maintains homeostasis. All of these choices are correct.
all of these choices are correct
Select all that apply. Granulation tissue is a delicate, granular-appearing connective tissue that consists of __________. fibroblasts collagen capillaries
all three
A physician is evaluating the cranial nerve function of a patient. To evaluate oculomotor nerve function, the physician should
ask the patient to follow the movement of an object with her gaze.
FILL IN THE BLANKS The division of the nervous system that transmits electrical impulses to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands is the ______ nervous system, while the division that transmits electrical impulses to skeletal muscle is the ______ nervous system.
autonomic, somatic
Protein synthesis in neurons occurs in __________.
cell bodies
The division of the nervous system responsible for problem solving is the _____________.
central nervous system
FILL IN THE BLANKS The anatomical position of a cat refers to the animal standing erect on all four limbs and facing forward. On the basis of the etymology of the directional terms, movement towards the cat's head is considered _______ and towards the cat's back are _______ . In humans, ______ are toward the head, while _______are towards the back.
cephalic and anterior, dorsal and superior, cephalic and superior, dorsal and superior
There are no cranial nerves associated with which part of the brain?
cerebellum
Enkephalins produce presynaptic inhibition in neurons transmitting pain signals. Increased levels of enkephalins will
decrease awareness of pain.
An electroencephalogram obtained from an adult in stage 4 sleep would likely display an abundance of __________.
delta waves
Epithelial tissue that can stretch or is subjected to stress would have many __________.
desmosomes
FILL IN THE BLANKS ______ is the ability of an atom's nucleus to attract electrons. An atom lacking 1 or 2 electrons in their valence shell has a _____ attraction to electrons and carries a _____ symbol. An atom lacking 6 or 7 electrons in their valence shell has a _____ attraction to electrons and carries a _____ symbol. _______ bonds use the attraction of the δ- end of one polar molecule and the δ+ of another polar molecule to maintain the shape of complex molecule and hold water molecules together.
electronegativity, strong, δ- , weak, δ+, hydrogen
A neuron is receiving a stimulus which gets stronger and stronger. The result is
frequency of occurrence of action potentials increases.
Mr. Miller has been hospitalized for the flu. The flu virus increases membrane permeability to K+. You would expect his cells to __________.
hyperpolarize
Anna has an eating disorder along with intense thirst and wildly varying body temperatures, which means she may have a dysfunction of the __________.
hypothalamus
FILL IN THE BLANKS Catalysts are substances that _____ the rate of chemical reactions. Catalysts _____ permanently changed in the chemical reaction they participate in. Catalysts _____ the formation of product. In the figure, the uppermost curve represents a reaction _____ a catalyst.
increase, are not, encourage, without
The role of the drug neostigmine in the treatment of myasthenia gravis is to partially block the action of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Blocking AChE will therefore result in ______________.
increased stimulation of the muscle cell
As muscle activity increases, the body temperature __________.
increases
The basal nuclei function to
inhibit unwanted muscular activity.
A lesion in the red nucleus results in __________ tremors.
intention
The glucose transport protein, GLUT1, is used to transport glucose from blood and extracellular fluid into cells. It does not require ATP, and its function is unaffected in cells that can't make much ATP. Based on this information, we can predict that the intracellular concentration of glucose is __________ that in blood.
lower than
Normally, hair is in a/an ______ position, but contraction of the arrector pili muscles causes the hair to be in a/an ______ position.
oblique, perpendicular
In the anatomical position, the
palms of the hands face anteriorly.
FILL IN THE BLANKS Enzymes are _____ catalysts. The amount of energy that is needed for a reaction to begin is called _____ energy. A _____ speeds up the rate of a reaction. Because the products have less potential energy than the reactants, this reaction ______ energy.
protein, activation, catalyst, releases
FILL IN THE BLANKS In directional terms, your kneecap is ______ and ______ to your heel. The kneecap is also considered to be on the______ side of the lower limb, while the heel is on the ______ side.
proximal, superior, anterior, posterior
The adrenal glands manufacture and release steroid hormones such as cortisol and androgens. Cells of the adrenal gland are therefore likely to contain large amounts of _________, used to synthesize the lipids involved in steroid synthesis.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Each presynaptic terminal contains ___________, which contain the neurotransmitter __________ that, when released, cause ligand-gated Na+ channels to open in the motor end-plate. This causes __________ in the muscle cell.
synaptic vesicles; acetylcholine; depolarization
According to the all-or-none principle, all action potentials are identical.
true
Select all of that demonstrate how inflammation protects the body. -Blood vessels become more permeable and allow white blood cells to move into damaged tissue more easily. -Clotting that occurs helps to isolate injurious agents. -Blood vessels dilate, increasing the delivery of white blood cells to the area. -Stimulation of pain is prevented in order to ensure continual use of the injured site.
-Blood vessels become more permeable and allow white blood cells to move into damaged tissue more easily -Clotting that occurs helps to isolate injurious agents -Blood vessels dilate increasing the delivery of white blood cells to the area
Which of the following activities would stimulate the reticular formation?
A clock radio coming on in the morning
Which of the following best describes a scar?
A large amount of granulation tissue converted to dense irregular collagenous connective tissue during tissue repair
FILL IN THE BLANKS AND ARRANGE IN TO CORRECT ORDER A muscle cell is ______ by a neurotransmitter from a motor neuron. The membrane ______, or becomes less negative. The process just described is called an ______ Ion channels open in the plasma membrane and _______ diffuse into the ICF. Sodium ion channels close, but _______ channels remain open and loss of that ion ______ the membrane.
A muscle cell is stimulated by a neurotransmitter from a motor neuron. Ion channels open in the plasma membrane and sodium ions diffuse into the ICF. The membrane depolarizes, or becomes less negative. Sodium ion channels close, but potassium ion channels remain open and loss of that ion repolarizes the membrane. The process just described is called an action potential
Which type of neural circuit is best for producing a prolonged output?
A reverberating circuit
Which of the following is most similar to the negative feedback mechanism in human physiology?
A toilet tank refills itself after a flush.
Which of the following may happen after a G protein-type receptor binds its ligand?
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following will cause the plasma membrane to hyperpolarize when at its resting membrane potential?
An inflow of Cl−
When a person is exposed to temperature extremes, why is it difficult to distinguish hot from cold objects?
At extremes, pain receptors are stimulated by both very hot and very cold objects.
A skateboard accident leaves a young man with a broken arm. An X-ray reveals the ulna bone is fractured, with a fragment of the bone separate from the rest of the ulna. Which of the following best describes his fracture?
Avulsion fracture
A student observes gray tissue in a preserved section of a human brain. Which of the following might he be looking at?
Basal nuclei
What type of brain wave would characterized the EEG of a student taking a calculus exam?
Beta
A researcher discovered a new hormone that raises blood calcium levels. According to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when
Blood calcium levels are decreased
When a doctor gives a patient epidural anesthesia, they are inserting a needle between which two structures?
Body of the vertebrae and dura mater
A patient with no sensation in the left thumb would most likley have nerve damage of the __________ spinal nerve.
C6
A _______ will develop in response to an area of the skin being subjected to excess friction or pressure.
Callus
FILL IN THE BLANKS: Place the reactants and products in the proper order as it refers to the following reversible reaction. _______+ Water <---->_______ <---> ______ + Bicarbonate ion
Carbon dioxide, Carbonic acid, Hydrogen ion
Given its reactive nature, oxygen is essential to cellular metabolic reactions. Peroxisomes use oxygen to break down fatty acids. In doing so, they use oxygen to remove hydrogens from fatty acid chains, yielding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Cells also routinely release potentially destructive molecules, such as superoxide (O2) in signaling, self-defense, or as a metabolic side product. Superoxide combines with hydrogen peroxide to make an even more destructive molecule called a hydroxyl radical. Therefore, the removal of these two reactants is a routine "housekeeping" chore within the cell. Which enzyme is used to prevent hydrogen peroxide accumulation in the peroxisome?
Catalase
Check all that occur at the cellular level as a result of aging. -The risk for unsuccessful completion of sex cell division and maturation decreases. -Cells experience a decreased ability to maintain homeostasis. -Cells experience increased metabolic functions. -The process of cell division becomes faulty, resulting in a greater risk for cancer.
Cells experience a decreased ability to maintain homeostasis The process fo cell division becomes faulty resulting in a greater risk of cancer
In which of the following brain areas would a tumor have the most detrimental effect on the ability to execute complex movements?
Cerebellum
Imagine a defect in arachnoid granulations, causing CSF to accumulate in the subarachnoid space (external hydrocephalus). Which of the following brain regions or structures will the surrounding CSF press up against?
Cerebral cortex
In one type of diabetes, the pancreas fails to produce insulin, a chemical normally made by pancreatic cells and released into the blood. Indicate which three levels of organization would be considered in order to correct this disorder.
Chemical, organ, cell
Tyler has noticed lately that he doesn't feel pain in his left arm. Which of the following might explain his issue?
Damage to the spinothalamic pathway
A disaccharide is broken down to form a monosaccharide.
Decomposition reaction; Hydrolysis reaction
Formation of glucose from glycogen.
Decomposition reaction; Hydrolysis reaction
An epithelium consists of multiple layers of cells that are cube-shaped in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface. Which of the following is a location where this epithelium can be found?
Epidermis of the skin
Which of the following may be a symptom of damage to the olives of the medulla oblongata?
Difficulty with balance and coordination
Which of the following would be a likely result of severing the tibial and common fibular nerves?
Difficulty with dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
A patient suffering from nerve damage is having trouble maintaining posture and moving his vertebral column. Which component of the nearby spinal nerves has been damaged?
Dorsal rami
A man in a car accident cannot feel his left leg but is able to contract the muscles there. Which component of the relevant spinal nerves or spinal cord region has been damaged?
Dorsal root
Which of the following thalamic nuclei is mismatched with its function?
Dorsal tier of nuclei - taste impulses
Place the following list of items in order from smallest to largest. Electron, Proton, Triglyceride, Carbonic acid, Glucose, Atom, Hydrogen gas
Electron, Proton, Atom, Hydrogen gas, Carbonic acid, Glucose, Triglyceride
On an exam, a student is asked to briefly describe the structure and function of muscle tissue. Which of the following responses is the best description?
Elongated fibers (cells) that are specialized to contract
Classify each of the following as either an exergonic or endergonic reaction. Oxidation, Digestion, Breakdown of Glucose, A plant cell performing photosynthesis, Reactants hold 50 kilocalories but the resulting product holds 65 kilocalories
Exergonic: Digestion, Oxidation, Breakdown of glucose Endergonic: Reactants hold 50 kilocalories but the resulting product holds 65 kilocalories, A plant cell performing photosynthesis
TRUE OR FALSE: Biomedical research on non-human subjects have confirmed that the way our body functions occur are virtually identical to that of other species examined
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE An object with a mass of 100 kg will always weigh 100 kg regardless of gravitational force.
False
Determine whether each description corresponds to flagellae, cilia or microvilli. Labels may be used more than once. Have actin framework, Increase cell surface area, Shortest of these organelles, Longest of these organelles, Always motile, Move overlying fluids, Propel an entire cell, Contain microtubules
Flagellae: Longest of these organelles, always motile, Propel an entire cell, Contain microtubules Cilia: Move overlying fluids, Contain microtubules Microvilli: Shortest of these organelles, Have actin framework, Increase cell surface area
Place each type of individual type of connective tissue in the appropriate category. Blood hyaline cartilage areolar reticular elastic cartilage compact bone fibrocartilage dense regular dense irregular
Fluid connective tissue: Blood Supporting connective tissue: Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, compact. bone Connective tissue proper: Areolar, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular
Imagine a cell membrane that contacts a chemical agent that deforms any proteins present. Which of the following molecules will not be able to cross the membrane?
Glucose
Which of the following statements regarding positive feedback is not correct?
If blood pressure decreases and negative feedback is not able to maintain homeostasis, positive feedback will cause blood pressure to increase.
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY It has been suggested that humans and microbes are completely interconnected and involved in the development and maintenance of which following systems? Skeletal system Immune system Digestive system Cardiovascular system
Immune system, Digestive system
Which of the following statements regarding homeostasis is false?
In order to maintain homeostasis, a person's body temperature must remain precisely at its set point.
The taste of salts results when __________ diffuses through channels leading to depolarization of the taste cell. Similarly, sour is tasted when __________ lead(s) to the depolarization of taste cells.
Na+, H+
Which of the following statements regarding negative feedback is false?
Negative feedback means that any deviation from the set point is further amplified to maintain homeostasis.
Consider the following structural levels: chemical, organ, tissue, cell, and organ system. Which level encompasses the other four?
Organ system
Determine whether each item is an organic or inorganic component of bone. Collagens, Glycosaminoglycans, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Hydroxyapatite, Calcium carbonate, Proteoglycans
Organic: Collagens, Proteoglycans, Glycosaminoglycans Inorganic: Phosphorous, Magnesium, Hydroxyapatite, Calcium carbonate
Place the descriptions beneath their corresponding cell type. Gives rise to osteocytes, Multinucleate, Gives rise to osetoblasts, stem cell, secretes matrix, bone reabsorption, releases minerals by bone breakdown
Osteochondral Progenitor Cell: Stem cell, Gives rise to osteoblasts Osteoclast: Multinucleate, Bone reabsorption, Releases minerals by bone breakdown Osteoblasts: Secretes matrix, gives rise to osteocytes
Studies at the biochemical and molecular levels would be most appropriate for learning about the
Physiological functions of organs
A bullet enters the left lung and collapses it. Which cavity has been entered?
Pleural
Why isn't an action potential transmitted from a postsynaptic membrane to a presynaptic terminal?
Presynaptic terminals have no acetylcholine receptors.
A sensory receptor generates a graded potential, reaches threshold, and subsequently produces an action potential that is propagated down its axon. This is an example of a __________ receptor.
Primary
Which of the cortical areas listed below is most likely to be stimulated first when repeating a word you just heard spoken?
Primary auditory cortex
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Production of blood cells and platelets, Protection of internal organs, Storage of minerals
This condition is characterized by an extra thick stratum corneum, resulting in large, silvery scales on the skin.
Psoriasis
Unilateral damage to a cranial nerve is suspected because the tongue deviates to the right when it is protruded. Which cranial nerve is damaged?
Right hypoglossal
Which of the following abdominal regions would contain the appendix?
Right iliac
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
Rubrospinal tract - two-point discrimination
Match the major skin gland with its description. Usually connected by ducts to the upper part of hair follicles Usually open directly onto the surface of the skin through pores
Sebaceous glands Eccrine sweat glands
Which of the following statements is false? Secretions from sebaceous glands oil the hair and skin. Secretions from sebaceous glands provide protection against bacteria. Sebaceous glands are an example of apocrine glands. Sebaceous secretions are lipid soluble. Most sebaceous glands are connected by a duct to the upper portion of the hair follicle.
Sebaceous glands are an example of apocrine glands.
Which of the following tract is mismatched with its description?
Spinoreticular tract - light touch
Which of the following is an organic compound? Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Salt (NaCl) Sucrose (C12H22O11) Water (H2O) None of these choices are correct.
Sucrose (C12H22O11)
During lecture, a student is awake, but in a quiet resting state with his eyes closed. His EEG pattern is likely dominated by __________ waves.
alpha
The navel is __________ to the spine, and _________ to the chin.
anterior; caudal
The process of controlled cell death is referred to as __________.
apoptosis
In __________ growth of cartilage, chondroblasts in the perichondrium add new cartilage to the outside edge of the existing cartilage.
appositional
When someone taps you on your shoulder, they stimulate the __________ nerve.
axillary
The function of the approximately 200 G actin monomers that make up the F actin strands is to
bind to myosin during muscle contraction.
Glial cells that are directly involved in defending the CNS against infection and injury include _____________.
both astrocytes and microglial cells
Chemicals that prevent large changes in pH values when either acids or bases are added are called __________.
buffers
FILL IN THE BLANKS Muscle tone can be defined as the body muscles under ____________ tension for ____________ periods of time. Tone is responsible for keeping the legs and back ____________ , the ____________ in an upright position, and the ____________ firm without bulging. Tone depends upon a ____________ percentage of motor units firing, which causes the muscle fibers to contract continually, keeping the muscles in constant tension.
constant, long, straight, head, abdomen, small
During the ___________ phase, the inside of the cell becomes positively charged, and during the _________ phase, the membrane potential returns to its resting value.
depolarization; repolarization
The integumentary system has many functions, one of which is
detection of heat and touch.
An x-ray determines that Philip fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _____________ of the bone.
diaphysis
Bone formation associated with cartilage is called __________ ossification, while bone formed in connective tissue membranes is called _________ ossification.
endochondral, intramembranous
The rate of product formation is equal to the rate of reactant formation.
equilibrium
Initiating the withdrawal reflex in both legs at the same time would cause one to
fall
TRUE OR FALSE In a contracting muscle, the A bands narrow as the length of each thick filament shortens.
false
TRUE OR FALSE Any two EPSPs will override one IPSP.
false
During development, some bones arise from thick connective tissue membranes in a process known as ______ bone formation, and other bones arise from a hyaline cartilage model in a process known as ______ bone formation.
intramembranous; endochondral
Which of the following structures is part of the vascular tunic?
iris
If 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a 0.5% saline solution
is hypotonic to the cell.
The dermis
is responsible for most of the skin's structural strength.
Intact skin provides protection because
it forms a physical barrier against the entry of microbes.
The cornea is relatively easy to transplant because
it is easy to access and is avascular.
Inorganic chemists study substances _______ carbon, while organic chemists study substances _______ carbon.
lacking; containing
Rapid removal or destruction of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft
may affect the ability of the postsynaptic membrane to generate action potentials.
The senses of taste and hearing both utilize receptor cells that are categorized as __________.
mechanoreceptors
An injury to the wrist that results in edema in the carpal tunnel would compress the __________ nerve.
median
When a person trains for running long distances, which of the following organelles is likely to increase in number to help provide increased amounts of energy available to skeletal muscle?
mitochondria
The change in the shape of tissues or organs is called __________.
morphogenesis
If you decide to "snap your fingers," the first neurons to be stimulated are the
motor neurons in the premotor area.
The nerve fibers in the dermis stimulate
muscles and glands in the dermis.
Dilating blood vessels in the skin in an effort to radiate heat away from the body, is a form of:
negative feedback.
If you cut bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths in the PNS, you cut __________.
nerves
FILL IN THE. BLANKS For a serous membrane, the cavity wall is lined by the _____ layer, and the surface of the internal organs are covered by the _____ layer.
parietal, visceral
A patient has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that has damaged the primary motor area of his right cerebral cortex. As a result, the
patient cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg.
If a membrane protein only contains hydrophilic amino acids, it is most likely a ________ membrane protein.
peripheral
A patient is asked to tie their shoe while the clinician recorded the brain activity on a PET scan. Which of the following brain regions would "light up" the most?
premotor area
The adaptive significance of the crossed extensor reflex when a person steps on a tack is to
prevent the person from falling down.
The __________ is most likely to be stimulated first upon hearing a spoken word.
primary auditory cortex
Substances that result from the chemical reaction.
products
Substances that enter into a chemical reaction.
reactants
Gamma motor neurons
regulate the sensitivity of the muscle spindle.
Damage to pontine nuclei might affect __________.
respiration
The __________ nervous system communicates with the skeletal muscles and the __________ nervous system communicates with the smooth and cardiac muscle as well as glands.
somatic; autonomic
The central nervous system includes the __________.
spinal cord
In the anatomical position, a person is ________ with the upper limbs ________ and the palms facing ________.
standing erect, hanging against the sides, forward
Subcutaneous tissue contains all of the following except __________.
stratified squamous epithelial tissue
The proportion of collagen to hydroxyapatite in bone determines the
strength of the bone
A muscle that is not consciously controlled and has a banded appearance would be described as __________.
striated and. involuntary
FILL IN THE BLANKS ______ predicts ______. Structure is studied in ______, and function is studied in ______. A human hand is _______, which makes it easy to ______ objects. The chambers of the heart are _______, allowing them to ______ blood. The bones of the body are _______, which allows them to _______ you.
structure, function, Anatomy, physiology jointed, grasp hollow, pump rigid, support
During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep,
the muscles are paralyzed, and body temperature, blood pressure, and heart and respiratory rates increase.
The Roman numeral assigned to each cranial nerve reflect
the sequence from anterior to posterior in which they emerge from the brain.
The plasma membrane of an excitable cell is more permeable to potassium ions because
there are more leak channels for K+ than Na+.
TRUE OR FALSE True or False? The importance of O2 in the human body is to extract energy (ATP) from food molecules.
true
True or False? Abnormal development in the telencephalon may also affect the development of the lateral ventricles.
true
Nervous tissue of the CNS that is composed primarily of myelinated axons is often referred to as ______ matter.
white
Classify these examples as to whether they represent cranial or somatic reflexes. Jerking your leg up when you step on a nail Jerking away from a sudden firecracker explosion Quickly stop chewing when you bite on a stone in your food Blinking your eyes at the flash Staying upright if your knee gives out Rapidly removing your hand from a very hot iron
Cranial:Blinking your eyes at the flash, Jerking away from a sudden firecracker explosion, Quickly stop chewing when you bite on a stone in your food Somatic:Jerking your leg up when you step on a nail, Staying upright if your knee gives out, Rapidly removing your hand from a very hot iron
If you were to divide a human head into equal parts using a frontal section and a transverse section, how and where would it be divided?
Four parts, divided vertically into anterior and posterior portions, and horizontally at approximately the top of the ears
Thyroid hormone (TH) can cause some cells to produce more proteins, such as sodium-potassium pumps, to help increase metabolic rate and heat production. Which of the following best describes how TH accomplishes this?
Genes are activated in the target cell, increasing transcription of specific mRNAs.
Which of the following is an organic substance found in the human body?
Glucose
Identify the statement that best differentiates gray matter and white matter.
Gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites, whereas white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons.
Emotions can influence the concentrations of specific hormones in the body. Which brain region is most directly responsible for the connection between the nervous system (emotions) and endocrine system (hormones)?
Hypothalamus
Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal in location?
Kidney
If you were to insert an imaginary sagittal plane through your foot and divide it into two equal sections, how would your foot be divided?
Left and right portions running from approximately the middle of the third toe to the middle of the heel
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
Left cerebral hemisphere - spatial perception
Which of the following is not a property of reflexes?
Reflexes do not require a stimulus.
A receptor cell is stimulated, generates a graded potential, and releases neurotransmitter that binds to a sensory neuron. The receptor cell described is an example of a __________ receptor.
Secondary
A student is asked to classify a gland based on the following observations: It contains a duct, the duct is straight without branches, and the secretory portion is a saclike structure. What type of gland is being described?
Simple acinar
When we have an infection, we often develop a fever. What is the body trying to accomplish by temporarily raising the body temperature?
Slow the replication of the germ.
Which of the following will be most severely affected by a toxin that blocks calcium channels present on the sarcolemma of muscle cells?
Smooth muscle
A cell is exposed to cyanide, a toxic molecule that blocks mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Which of the following processes will be most directly affected?
Sodium-potassium pump transporting sodium and potassium ions
Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect in elastin fibers. People with this syndrome have __________.
hyperextensible joints
Solution A has a pH of 10 and Solution B has a pH of 2. Which of the following statements about these solutions is true?
Solution B has a higher hydrogen ion concentration than solution A
Abby is trying to focus on her A&P exam, but she feels something crawling along the back of her arm. Alarmed, she jumps up and brushes away a small spider. Which of the following does Abby have to thank for alerting her to this issue?
Spinothalamic tract
FILL IN THE BLANK The larger arteries that supply the brain with blood are located within the ____________ space. These arteries include the ____________ arteries that enter the cranium via the ____________ , and the ____________ arteries, which enter the cranium by way of the ____________ . Additionally, the ____________ artery lies on the ventral side of the pons. The basilar artery and internal carotid arteries contribute to the ring-shaped ____________ . The cerebral cortex receives blood from the anterior, middle, and posterior ____________ arteries.
Subarachnoid, Internal cartoid, cartoid canals, Vertebral, Formen magnum, Basilar, Cerebral arterial circle, Cerebral
A blood vessel ruptures and bleeds between the meningeal dura mater and arachnoid mater. Which of the following describes the location of this bleed?
Subdural space
Select the brain structure that is most similar in function to the substantia nigra.
Subthalamic nucleus
Which nerve provides innervation to the anterior and lateral muscles of the the leg and foot?
Superficial fibular nerve
Which of these does not contribute to the cessation of the signal in a synaptic transmission?
Synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis.
Amino acids are combined to form a dipeptide.
Synthesis reaction; Dehydration reaction
Which of the following statements concerning structures of the spinal cord is false?
The posterior horn of the cord contains the cell bodies of motor neurons.
Indicate which statement is not an accurate representation of the relationship between structure and function.
The spine of the scapula is a bony ridge on the posterior scapular surface.
If a blockage forms in the cerebral aqueduct, where will CSF back up first?
Third ventricle
TRUE OR FALSE Most pre-mRNAs are larger than the mRNAs formed from them.
True
TRUE OR FALSE The application of pressure creates a slight electrical charge on osteoblasts.
True
White blood cells that phagocytize and digest other cells would be expected to
contain large numbers of lysosomes.
The respiratory center of the brain (taking into account input from chemoreceptors, pulmonary stretch receptors, and higher centers of the brain to determine respiratory output) is an example of a __________ circuit.
converging
The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous tunic is the __________.
cornea
The peripheral nervous system includes the __________.
cranial nerves
Lungs serve the purpose of gas exchange. We inhale air, drawing in oxygen (O2) and exhale air, expelling carbon dioxide (CO2). Both of these molecules are small and nonpolar, and therefore freely pass though membrane bilayers of cells in the lungs. Based on this information, the movement of O2 from the alveoli of the lungs into the bloodstream is an example of
diffusion
Groups of related nerve cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system are called __________.
ganglia
A student observes a stained slide of brain tissue under the microscope. She notices a large number of neuron cell bodies and dendrites. What type of brain tissue is she looking at?
gray matter
DNA replication results in two new DNA molecules. Each of these new molecules
has one strand of nucleotides from the parent DNA and one newly synthesized strand of nucleotides.
Rapid changes in altitude can rupture the tympanic membrane. Symptoms that may occur include
hearing impairment.
Hydrogen bonds are important for all of the following, except
helping atoms give up or receive electrons.
If the Broca area is damaged, the result is
hesitant and distorted speech
Some hormone receptors can be found associated with the cell membrane of a target cell. These receptors are proteins that have a portion exposed to the extracellular environment (where the hormone will be found) and a portion exposed to the cytoplasmic environment of the cell (where the cellular change begins to take place). Based on this information, these hormone receptors are _________.
integral proteins
Damage to a postsynaptic membrane would
interfere with the ability to respond to neurotransmitter.
The vesicles that contain melanin are called ______.
melanosomes
FILL IN THE BLANKS In the first step of negative feedback, the ______ monitors the value of a variable. Information about the variable is sent to the ________, which compares the value of the variable to the set point. If a response is necessary, a/an ______ responds, causing an action that maintains homeostasis. Homeostasis involves maintaining body functions near a/an_______, which is the ideal normal value for that component.
receptor, control center, effector, set point
FILL IN THE BLANK In the homeostatic feedback loop, the first step involves the ____________ that monitors the change in a ____________ (or variable). Information about the variable is sent to the ____________ , which compares the value of the variable to the ____________ . If a response is necessary, a/an ____________ responds, causing an action that maintains homeostasis. Homeostasis involves ____________ body functions near a/an set point, which is the ideal normal value for that component.
receptor, stimulus, control center, set point, effector, maintaining
The two layers of the dermis, from deep to superficial, are the __________.
reticular layer and papillary layer
When rhodopsin is exposed to light,
retinal separates from opsin.
A chemical reaction in which the reaction can proceed from reactants to products and from products to reactants.
reversible reaction
FILL IN THE BLANKS: Chemical signal molecules called growth factors are ____________ and packaged in small, membrane compartments called ____________ . These compartments are fused with the plasma membrane in the process of ____________ , causing the release of the growth factors into the ____________ surrounding the cell. Growth factors may be used for long-distance ____________ , being carried in the blood to cells located in a very different part of the body to trigger cell reproduction. The growth factors bind membrane-bound ____________ on the cell surface, triggering intracellular responses that lead to cell ____________ . Cellular replication requires the duplication of an entire cell with a full complement of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids that will include genetic instructions in the form of ____________ . This requires the ____________ of enormous numbers of molecules, an activity that uses ____________ to make bonds between atoms.
synthesized, vesicles, exocytosis, extracellular fluid, communication, receptors, reproduction, DNA, synthesis, energy
A ringing in the ears is called __________.
tinitus