A&P II Ch. 24 Digestive Lab QUIZ, BIOL2402 Endocrine Hormones, BIOL 2402: Anatomy & Physiology: LAB- The Digestive System, A&P 2 Lab Exam 1 Berry

Growth Hormone (GH)

Releasing gland: Anterior Pituitary (Not Tropic) Stimulus: Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) from hypothalamus Target: Liver, muscle, bone, and cartilage, mostly Effects: Stimulates body growth and protein synthesis, mobilizes fat and conserves glucose

Prolactin (PRL)

Releasing gland: Anterior Pituitary (Not Tropic) Stimulus: decrease in prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) from hypothalamus Target: Mammary glands in the breast Effects: Stimulates milk production (lactation)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Releasing gland: Anterior Pituitary (Tropic) Stimulus: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus Target: Adrenal cortex Effects: Stimulates the release of glucocoticoids and androgens (mineralocorticoids to a lesser extent)

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Releasing gland: Anterior Pituitary (Tropic) Stimulus: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus Target: Ovaries and testes (gonads) Effects: F-ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production; M-sperm production

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Releasing gland: Anterior Pituitary (Tropic) Stimulus: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus Target: Ovaries and testes (gonads) Effects: F-triggers ovulation and ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone; M-testosterone production

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Releasing gland: Anterior Pituitary (Tropic) Stimulus: Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) from hypothalamus Target: Thyroid gland Effects: Stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

Estrogens

Releasing gland: Ovaries Stimulus: LH and FSH Target: Most body cells Effects: sexual maturity, reproductive maturity

Progesterone (together with estrogen)

Releasing gland: Ovaries Stimulus: LH and FSH Target: Uterus and mammary glands Effects: regulate menstrual cycle and breast development

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Releasing gland: Parathyroid gland Stimulus: low levels of blood calcium Target: Bones and kidneys Effects: increase blood calcium by stimulating osteoclast (calcium from bone to blood) and kidneys also reabsorb more calcium.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; drug name: Vasopressin)

Releasing gland: Posterior Pituitary but produced in hypothalamus Stimulus: Nerve impulse from hypothalamus due to increase blood concentration or decrease blood volume Target: Kidneys Effects: Kidneys reabsorb water, reduce urine output, converse body fluid

Oxytocin (drug name: Pitocin)

Releasing gland: Posterior Pituitary but produced in hypothalamus Stimulus: Nerve impulse from hypothalamus due to uterine stretch or suckling of infant Target: Uterus and mammary glands Effects: Uterine contractions smooth muscle and milk ejection

Testosterone

Releasing gland: Testes Stimulus: LH and FSH Target: Most body cells Effects: sexual maturity, reproductive maturity, sperm production, sex drive

Thyroid Hormone (TH; T3 and T4)

Releasing gland: Thyroid gland Stimulus: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from Anterior pituitary Target: Most cells of body (except brain, spleen, gonads) Effects: Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR), regulates tissue growth and development

Calcitonin

Releasing gland: Thyroid gland Stimulus: high levels of blood calcium Target: Bones Effects: decrease blood calcium level by bone uptake of calcium from blood by osteoblast.

Glucocorticoids (mostly cortisol)

Releasing gland: Zona Fasciculata layer of Adrenal cortex Stimulus: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Target: Most body cells Effects: Promotes breakdown of fat and protein, gluconeogenesis, promotes stress resistance, inhibits immune response

Mineralcorticoids (mostly aldosterone)

Releasing gland: Zona Glomerulosa layer of Adrenal cortex Stimulus: increased blood potassium, low blood sodium, decreased blood volume/pressure (also ACTH in severe stress) Target: Kidneys Effects: increase reabsorption of sodium and water, increase secretion of potassium in urine

Gonadocorticoids (androgens: mostly testosterone and some estrogen)

Releasing gland: Zona reticularis layer of Adrenal cortex Stimulus: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Target: Bone, muscle, integument, and other tissue Effects: F-sexual maturity, enhance sex drive; M-insignificant effects

Glucagon

Releasing gland: alpha cells of Pancreas Stimulus: decrease blood glucose and SNS Target: Primarily liver and adipose Effects: breakdown of glycogen to glucose, lactic acid to glucose, and liver release of glucose.

Insulin

Releasing gland: beta cells of Pancreas Stimulus: increase blood glucose and PNS Target: Most body cells Effects: uptake of glucose by body cells; promotes glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis.

Hypothalamus

Releasing hormones

Aldosterone

Salt conservation by kidneys

Melatonin

Sleep & rhythms

Androgens

Sperm production, male sexual characteristics

Cortisol (Corticosterone)

Stimulate metabolism of proteins and fats

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Stimulates thyroid

Islets of Langerhans - endocrine

Yellow (light)/ cream layer

Quadrate Lobe Of Liver

bump on bottom

Figure 24-1 The Stomach (dissected) Use Figure 24-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "4."

circular muscle layer

Epithelium (simple columnar)

extension cells along the edge

Muscularis Externa

external muscle

O2 acts as the

final electron acceptor

Central Incisors

front teeth

Circular Layer

goes around stomach

Circular Muscles

goes around; upper middle layer

Oblique Layer

goes at an angle

Longitudinal Muscles

goes straight across; bottom layer

Longitudinal Layer

goes up & down

Ascending Colon

goes up & down on the left side

Lamina Propria

gray connective tissue

Lacteal of Villus

green extension

Peyer's Patches

green patch

Bile Duct

green, has bile canaliculi

Teniae Coli

grey strip in middle of large intestine

Stable internal equilibrium

homeostasis

The endocrine system regulates cell and organ function by the synthesis and or secretion of chemicals called

hormones

Central Vein

in middle

Hypothalamus is located

in the floor of the diencephalon of the brain

Central Veins

in the middle

Caudate Lobe of Liver

in the valley on top

parathyroid hormone

increases blood calcium and decreases potassium

Thyroxine

increases metabolic rate, growth, maturation

prolactin

increases milk production

Vermiform Appendix

indention in between ileum & cecum

somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone; GHIH)

inhibits the anterior pituitary from producing thyroid stimulating hormone and growth hormone

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH, dopamine)

inhibits the cells called lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary from producing prolactin

The scientific method

is a logical and rational order of steps that help a scientist to organize their thoughts and procedures

Adenosine phosphate ATP

is the form of energy used in these metabolic reactions

Portal Vein

#11, purple vein

Hepatic Artery

#12, on liver

Gall Bladder

#17

Hepatic Vein

#23, blue vein that branches off inferior vena cava

Main Pancreatic Ducts

#4, white line runs though whole pancreas

Anus

*********

Muscularis Externa of Stomach

1. Longitudinal Layer 2. Circular Layer 3. Oblique Layer

Cardiac Region

just inside the beginning of the stomach

Lateral Incisors

lateral teeth (behind central)

Submucosa

layer below mucosa

Figure 24-1 The Stomach (dissected) Use Figure 24-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "3."

longitudinal muscle layer

Intestinal Crypt (crypt of Leiberkuhn)

lower down; dips inside

The endocrine system and nervous system

maintain a stable internal equilibrium

Jejunum

majority of intestines (pink)

Nasopharynx

middle portion of pharynx

Oxytocin

milk release, uterine contractions, parental behavior

Pylorus

more constricted region

Muscularis Mucosae

muscle layer; separates mucosa from submucosa

Figure 24-1 The Stomach (dissected) Use Figure 24-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "10."

oblique muscle layer

Right Lobe of Liver

on (left) side; bigger portion

Left Lobe of Liver

on (right) lobe; smaller portion

Greater Curvature

on bottom

Lesser Curvature

on top

Ileocecal Valve

opening that goes from ileum to cecum

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion? appendix pancreas spleen colon esophagus

pancreas

Parathyroid

parathyroid hormone

Anal Canal

pink part of the rectum

As cells consume O2 __________ ______________ favor the movement of O2 down it's pressure gradient.

pressure gradients

Oxytocin (OT)

produced by neuroendocrine cells of the paraventricular nuclei in reponse to sexual arousal, breast-feeding, and during childbirth promoting uterine contractions

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

produced by the neuroendocrine cells of the supraoptic nuclei in response to dehydration, low blood volume and low blood pressure

Releasing Hormones

promote or inhibit release of pituitary hormones

Luteinizing Hormone

promotes production of progesterone and testosterone

Sinusoids

purple channels

Branch of Portal Vein

purple one

Sinusoids

purple rivers that run through the tissue

Capillary of Villus

red duct extension

Branch of Hepatic Artery

red one

Rectum

red part that sticks out

beta endorphin

reduces pain

Figure 24-1 The Stomach (dissected) Use Figure 24-1 to answer the following questions: What is the function of the structure labeled "6"?

regulates gastric emptying

hard palate

roof of mouth

Figure 24-2 The Wall of the Small Intestine Use Figure 24-2 to answer the following questions: Which structure controls the contraction of the muscularis externa?

10

hypothalamus - hypothalamo hypophyseal tract - posterior pituitary - releases

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) OT (oxytocin)

equation of aerobic cellular respiration

ADP + Pi + C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + H2O + energy (heat or ATP)

Adrenal Cortex

Aldosterone, Cortisol, Corticosterone

Adrenal Medulla

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

Ovary

Estrogens, Progesterone

Six hormones produced by the hypothalamus are released into the capillary bed called the hypophyseal portal system

GHRH CRH TRH GnRH

Insulin

Increases entry of glucose to cells; increase fat

Pancreas

Insulin, Glucagon

Progesterone

Maintains pregnancy

Pineal Gland

Melatonin

Mitochondria of cells

Most ATP is generated in the

The main source of metabolic water in the body

O2 and two lower energy electrons combine with two protons from the mitochondrial matrix to form water

Duct Cells - Exocrine

Orange circles on yellow vessel

This molecule binds with lower energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain in aerobic cellular respiration

Oxygen

Posterior Pituitary

Oxytocin, Vasopressin

Estrogens

Promote female sexual characteristics

Catecholamines (epinephrine 80% and norepinephrine 20%)

Releasing gland: Adrenal Medulla Stimulus: Nerve impulse from preganglionic "Sympathetic" fibers. Target: Most body cells Effects: activation of "fight-or-flight response"

Round Ligament

white line on inside

Falciform Ligament

white line on outside

Aerobic cellular respiration

the process by which ATP is generated in the mitochondria

Oropharynx

the top portion of the pharynx

Pharynx

throat

Mucosa (mucous membrane)

top layer & includes all villi

Fundus

top portion of the stomach

Head of Pancreas

towards intestine

Sigmoid Colon

towards the bottom

Left colic (splenic) flexure

turns colon left

Right colic (hepatic) flexure

turns colon right

Descending Colon

up & down on right side

Canines

3rd teeth back

Put the following layers of the digestive tract wall in order from the lumen to the deepest layer: 1. lamina propria 2. muscularis externa 3. submucosa 4. digestive (mucous) epithelium 5. serosa 6. muscularis mucosae

4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5

Premolars/ bicuspids

4th & 5th teeth back

For every ______ molecules of O2 consumed n the oxidation of glucose, ______ molecules of carbon dioxides, water, and approximately _______ molecules of ATP are produced

6,6,32

Which structure helps the stomach to stretch as it fills with food?

9 (rugae of mucosa)

Testes

Androgens

Acinar cells - exocrine

Blue part

Thymus

Thymosin & others

anterior pituitary

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing hormone, ACTH, prolactin, beta endorphin

Thyroid

Thyroxine

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

adrenal gland secretion, produced in response to biological stress

Body of Stomach

all of inner stomach

Triiodothyronine (T3)

also secreted by follicular cells, it works in conjuction with thyroxine to produce the same effects.

The hypothalamus connects

between the autonomatic nervous system and the endocrine system

Brunner's gland

big blue gland

Common Bile Duct

comes out of gall bladder -goes into small intestine

Vasopressin

constricts blood vessels

Glucagon

conversion of stored fats to blood glucose

Cecum

darker pink part; cut out region

The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called

dentin.

Haustra

each bunching on intestine/colon

Tail of Pancreas

end part of pancreas

Thyroxine (T4)

secreted by follicular cells, it regulates the overall metabolic rate of the body. It promotes an increase in heart and respiration rate and stimulates lipolysis, glycogenolysis, and protein metabolism to provide the necessary fuel for such activities. Easily converted to T3 with the removal of iodine Serves as a continuous supply of t3

Transverse Colon

side to side

Epinephrine (Norepinephrine)

similar effects of sympathetic nervous system (general action is to mobilize the body's nervous system fight-or-flight response)

Duodenum

small part entering intestine

Ileum

small part that connects to large intestine

Hepatocytes

small, bubbles in model

hypothalamus - hypohyseal portal system - anterior pituitary - ...

somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone) Prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

stimulated the cells called gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary to produce and release follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

stimulates cells called somatatrophs in the anterior pituitary to produce and release growth hormone

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

stimulates the cells called corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary to produce and release adrenocorticotropic hormone

Thryotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

stimulates the cells called thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary to produce and release thyroid-stimulating hormone

Figure 24-2 The Wall of the Small Intestine Use Figure 24-2 to answer the following questions: What is the layer labeled "3"?

submucosa

Thymosin

support immune system responses

The hypothalamus controls

system wide homeostasis, such as water balance, thermoregulation, reproduction, childbirth, bone growth, metabolism, and stress management

Hormone stimulus compared to nervous

takes longer and lasts longer

Mesentery

wraps around together

Rugae

wrinkles (folds) in body

Greater Omentum

yellow fatty curtain

Serosa (visceral peritoneum)

yellow tissue; floor

Lymphatic Vessels

yellow vessels