A&P II Ch. 24 Digestive Lab QUIZ, BIOL2402 Endocrine Hormones, BIOL 2402: Anatomy & Physiology: LAB- The Digestive System, A&P 2 Lab Exam 1 Berry
Growth Hormone (GH)
Releasing gland: Anterior Pituitary (Not Tropic) Stimulus: Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) from hypothalamus Target: Liver, muscle, bone, and cartilage, mostly Effects: Stimulates body growth and protein synthesis, mobilizes fat and conserves glucose
Prolactin (PRL)
Releasing gland: Anterior Pituitary (Not Tropic) Stimulus: decrease in prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) from hypothalamus Target: Mammary glands in the breast Effects: Stimulates milk production (lactation)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Releasing gland: Anterior Pituitary (Tropic) Stimulus: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus Target: Adrenal cortex Effects: Stimulates the release of glucocoticoids and androgens (mineralocorticoids to a lesser extent)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Releasing gland: Anterior Pituitary (Tropic) Stimulus: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus Target: Ovaries and testes (gonads) Effects: F-ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production; M-sperm production
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Releasing gland: Anterior Pituitary (Tropic) Stimulus: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus Target: Ovaries and testes (gonads) Effects: F-triggers ovulation and ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone; M-testosterone production
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Releasing gland: Anterior Pituitary (Tropic) Stimulus: Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) from hypothalamus Target: Thyroid gland Effects: Stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Estrogens
Releasing gland: Ovaries Stimulus: LH and FSH Target: Most body cells Effects: sexual maturity, reproductive maturity
Progesterone (together with estrogen)
Releasing gland: Ovaries Stimulus: LH and FSH Target: Uterus and mammary glands Effects: regulate menstrual cycle and breast development
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Releasing gland: Parathyroid gland Stimulus: low levels of blood calcium Target: Bones and kidneys Effects: increase blood calcium by stimulating osteoclast (calcium from bone to blood) and kidneys also reabsorb more calcium.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; drug name: Vasopressin)
Releasing gland: Posterior Pituitary but produced in hypothalamus Stimulus: Nerve impulse from hypothalamus due to increase blood concentration or decrease blood volume Target: Kidneys Effects: Kidneys reabsorb water, reduce urine output, converse body fluid
Oxytocin (drug name: Pitocin)
Releasing gland: Posterior Pituitary but produced in hypothalamus Stimulus: Nerve impulse from hypothalamus due to uterine stretch or suckling of infant Target: Uterus and mammary glands Effects: Uterine contractions smooth muscle and milk ejection
Testosterone
Releasing gland: Testes Stimulus: LH and FSH Target: Most body cells Effects: sexual maturity, reproductive maturity, sperm production, sex drive
Thyroid Hormone (TH; T3 and T4)
Releasing gland: Thyroid gland Stimulus: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from Anterior pituitary Target: Most cells of body (except brain, spleen, gonads) Effects: Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR), regulates tissue growth and development
Calcitonin
Releasing gland: Thyroid gland Stimulus: high levels of blood calcium Target: Bones Effects: decrease blood calcium level by bone uptake of calcium from blood by osteoblast.
Glucocorticoids (mostly cortisol)
Releasing gland: Zona Fasciculata layer of Adrenal cortex Stimulus: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Target: Most body cells Effects: Promotes breakdown of fat and protein, gluconeogenesis, promotes stress resistance, inhibits immune response
Mineralcorticoids (mostly aldosterone)
Releasing gland: Zona Glomerulosa layer of Adrenal cortex Stimulus: increased blood potassium, low blood sodium, decreased blood volume/pressure (also ACTH in severe stress) Target: Kidneys Effects: increase reabsorption of sodium and water, increase secretion of potassium in urine
Gonadocorticoids (androgens: mostly testosterone and some estrogen)
Releasing gland: Zona reticularis layer of Adrenal cortex Stimulus: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Target: Bone, muscle, integument, and other tissue Effects: F-sexual maturity, enhance sex drive; M-insignificant effects
Glucagon
Releasing gland: alpha cells of Pancreas Stimulus: decrease blood glucose and SNS Target: Primarily liver and adipose Effects: breakdown of glycogen to glucose, lactic acid to glucose, and liver release of glucose.
Insulin
Releasing gland: beta cells of Pancreas Stimulus: increase blood glucose and PNS Target: Most body cells Effects: uptake of glucose by body cells; promotes glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis.
Hypothalamus
Releasing hormones
Aldosterone
Salt conservation by kidneys
Melatonin
Sleep & rhythms
Androgens
Sperm production, male sexual characteristics
Cortisol (Corticosterone)
Stimulate metabolism of proteins and fats
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Stimulates thyroid
Islets of Langerhans - endocrine
Yellow (light)/ cream layer
Quadrate Lobe Of Liver
bump on bottom
Figure 24-1 The Stomach (dissected) Use Figure 24-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "4."
circular muscle layer
Epithelium (simple columnar)
extension cells along the edge
Muscularis Externa
external muscle
O2 acts as the
final electron acceptor
Central Incisors
front teeth
Circular Layer
goes around stomach
Circular Muscles
goes around; upper middle layer
Oblique Layer
goes at an angle
Longitudinal Muscles
goes straight across; bottom layer
Longitudinal Layer
goes up & down
Ascending Colon
goes up & down on the left side
Lamina Propria
gray connective tissue
Lacteal of Villus
green extension
Peyer's Patches
green patch
Bile Duct
green, has bile canaliculi
Teniae Coli
grey strip in middle of large intestine
Stable internal equilibrium
homeostasis
The endocrine system regulates cell and organ function by the synthesis and or secretion of chemicals called
hormones
Central Vein
in middle
Hypothalamus is located
in the floor of the diencephalon of the brain
Central Veins
in the middle
Caudate Lobe of Liver
in the valley on top
parathyroid hormone
increases blood calcium and decreases potassium
Thyroxine
increases metabolic rate, growth, maturation
prolactin
increases milk production
Vermiform Appendix
indention in between ileum & cecum
somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone; GHIH)
inhibits the anterior pituitary from producing thyroid stimulating hormone and growth hormone
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH, dopamine)
inhibits the cells called lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary from producing prolactin
The scientific method
is a logical and rational order of steps that help a scientist to organize their thoughts and procedures
Adenosine phosphate ATP
is the form of energy used in these metabolic reactions
Portal Vein
#11, purple vein
Hepatic Artery
#12, on liver
Gall Bladder
#17
Hepatic Vein
#23, blue vein that branches off inferior vena cava
Main Pancreatic Ducts
#4, white line runs though whole pancreas
Anus
*********
Muscularis Externa of Stomach
1. Longitudinal Layer 2. Circular Layer 3. Oblique Layer
Cardiac Region
just inside the beginning of the stomach
Lateral Incisors
lateral teeth (behind central)
Submucosa
layer below mucosa
Figure 24-1 The Stomach (dissected) Use Figure 24-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "3."
longitudinal muscle layer
Intestinal Crypt (crypt of Leiberkuhn)
lower down; dips inside
The endocrine system and nervous system
maintain a stable internal equilibrium
Jejunum
majority of intestines (pink)
Nasopharynx
middle portion of pharynx
Oxytocin
milk release, uterine contractions, parental behavior
Pylorus
more constricted region
Muscularis Mucosae
muscle layer; separates mucosa from submucosa
Figure 24-1 The Stomach (dissected) Use Figure 24-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "10."
oblique muscle layer
Right Lobe of Liver
on (left) side; bigger portion
Left Lobe of Liver
on (right) lobe; smaller portion
Greater Curvature
on bottom
Lesser Curvature
on top
Ileocecal Valve
opening that goes from ileum to cecum
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion? appendix pancreas spleen colon esophagus
pancreas
Parathyroid
parathyroid hormone
Anal Canal
pink part of the rectum
As cells consume O2 __________ ______________ favor the movement of O2 down it's pressure gradient.
pressure gradients
Oxytocin (OT)
produced by neuroendocrine cells of the paraventricular nuclei in reponse to sexual arousal, breast-feeding, and during childbirth promoting uterine contractions
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
produced by the neuroendocrine cells of the supraoptic nuclei in response to dehydration, low blood volume and low blood pressure
Releasing Hormones
promote or inhibit release of pituitary hormones
Luteinizing Hormone
promotes production of progesterone and testosterone
Sinusoids
purple channels
Branch of Portal Vein
purple one
Sinusoids
purple rivers that run through the tissue
Capillary of Villus
red duct extension
Branch of Hepatic Artery
red one
Rectum
red part that sticks out
beta endorphin
reduces pain
Figure 24-1 The Stomach (dissected) Use Figure 24-1 to answer the following questions: What is the function of the structure labeled "6"?
regulates gastric emptying
hard palate
roof of mouth
Figure 24-2 The Wall of the Small Intestine Use Figure 24-2 to answer the following questions: Which structure controls the contraction of the muscularis externa?
10
hypothalamus - hypothalamo hypophyseal tract - posterior pituitary - releases
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) OT (oxytocin)
equation of aerobic cellular respiration
ADP + Pi + C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + H2O + energy (heat or ATP)
Adrenal Cortex
Aldosterone, Cortisol, Corticosterone
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
Ovary
Estrogens, Progesterone
Six hormones produced by the hypothalamus are released into the capillary bed called the hypophyseal portal system
GHRH CRH TRH GnRH
Insulin
Increases entry of glucose to cells; increase fat
Pancreas
Insulin, Glucagon
Progesterone
Maintains pregnancy
Pineal Gland
Melatonin
Mitochondria of cells
Most ATP is generated in the
The main source of metabolic water in the body
O2 and two lower energy electrons combine with two protons from the mitochondrial matrix to form water
Duct Cells - Exocrine
Orange circles on yellow vessel
This molecule binds with lower energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain in aerobic cellular respiration
Oxygen
Posterior Pituitary
Oxytocin, Vasopressin
Estrogens
Promote female sexual characteristics
Catecholamines (epinephrine 80% and norepinephrine 20%)
Releasing gland: Adrenal Medulla Stimulus: Nerve impulse from preganglionic "Sympathetic" fibers. Target: Most body cells Effects: activation of "fight-or-flight response"
Round Ligament
white line on inside
Falciform Ligament
white line on outside
Aerobic cellular respiration
the process by which ATP is generated in the mitochondria
Oropharynx
the top portion of the pharynx
Pharynx
throat
Mucosa (mucous membrane)
top layer & includes all villi
Fundus
top portion of the stomach
Head of Pancreas
towards intestine
Sigmoid Colon
towards the bottom
Left colic (splenic) flexure
turns colon left
Right colic (hepatic) flexure
turns colon right
Descending Colon
up & down on right side
Canines
3rd teeth back
Put the following layers of the digestive tract wall in order from the lumen to the deepest layer: 1. lamina propria 2. muscularis externa 3. submucosa 4. digestive (mucous) epithelium 5. serosa 6. muscularis mucosae
4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5
Premolars/ bicuspids
4th & 5th teeth back
For every ______ molecules of O2 consumed n the oxidation of glucose, ______ molecules of carbon dioxides, water, and approximately _______ molecules of ATP are produced
6,6,32
Which structure helps the stomach to stretch as it fills with food?
9 (rugae of mucosa)
Testes
Androgens
Acinar cells - exocrine
Blue part
Thymus
Thymosin & others
anterior pituitary
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing hormone, ACTH, prolactin, beta endorphin
Thyroid
Thyroxine
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
adrenal gland secretion, produced in response to biological stress
Body of Stomach
all of inner stomach
Triiodothyronine (T3)
also secreted by follicular cells, it works in conjuction with thyroxine to produce the same effects.
The hypothalamus connects
between the autonomatic nervous system and the endocrine system
Brunner's gland
big blue gland
Common Bile Duct
comes out of gall bladder -goes into small intestine
Vasopressin
constricts blood vessels
Glucagon
conversion of stored fats to blood glucose
Cecum
darker pink part; cut out region
The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called
dentin.
Haustra
each bunching on intestine/colon
Tail of Pancreas
end part of pancreas
Thyroxine (T4)
secreted by follicular cells, it regulates the overall metabolic rate of the body. It promotes an increase in heart and respiration rate and stimulates lipolysis, glycogenolysis, and protein metabolism to provide the necessary fuel for such activities. Easily converted to T3 with the removal of iodine Serves as a continuous supply of t3
Transverse Colon
side to side
Epinephrine (Norepinephrine)
similar effects of sympathetic nervous system (general action is to mobilize the body's nervous system fight-or-flight response)
Duodenum
small part entering intestine
Ileum
small part that connects to large intestine
Hepatocytes
small, bubbles in model
hypothalamus - hypohyseal portal system - anterior pituitary - ...
somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone) Prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
stimulated the cells called gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary to produce and release follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
stimulates cells called somatatrophs in the anterior pituitary to produce and release growth hormone
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
stimulates the cells called corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary to produce and release adrenocorticotropic hormone
Thryotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
stimulates the cells called thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary to produce and release thyroid-stimulating hormone
Figure 24-2 The Wall of the Small Intestine Use Figure 24-2 to answer the following questions: What is the layer labeled "3"?
submucosa
Thymosin
support immune system responses
The hypothalamus controls
system wide homeostasis, such as water balance, thermoregulation, reproduction, childbirth, bone growth, metabolism, and stress management
Hormone stimulus compared to nervous
takes longer and lasts longer
Mesentery
wraps around together
Rugae
wrinkles (folds) in body
Greater Omentum
yellow fatty curtain
Serosa (visceral peritoneum)
yellow tissue; floor
Lymphatic Vessels
yellow vessels