Abnormal Psychology Exam #2
Which of the following would be an example of anxiety? - Hilda dreaded walking home alone. - Julie jumped when she saw the snake. - Carl was certain that the food was poisoned. - The voices in Paul's head told him he should be afraid.
- Hilda dreaded walking home alone.
Why was there objection to inclusion of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the DSM when it was first proposed in 1980? - It was argued that the symptoms of PTSD were too similar to the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. - It was inconsistent with the atheoretical nature of the manual. - There was no research evidence that traumatic events could cause symptoms severe enough to be considered a mental disorder. - PTSD was considered a medical, and not a mental, condition.
- It was inconsistent with the atheoretical nature of the manual.
Which of the following situations might lead to a legitimate diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder under DSM-IV-TR but would not in the newer DSM-5? - Kat is traumatized when she sees a video of a terrorist attack on a school in Bolivia on the internet. - Emilio is on an airplane that suddenly loses engine power, drops 20,000 feet in 2 minutes, and is in serious danger of crashing. - Ricardo watches a terrible car accident take place in front of his home in which the driver of one of the cars is killed. - Lisa is severely disturbed when she is the victim of attempted sexual assault, even though she was able to fight off her assailant.
- Kat is traumatized when she sees a video of a terrorist attack on a school in Bolivia on the internet.
Who is likely to have the shortest telomeres? - Rhea, age 50, who has never been depressed - Alex, age 25, who has experienced several severe episodes of depression over the last five years - Jonah, age 25, who experienced an episode of depression after losing his job - Lane, age 50, who has experienced several severe episodes of depression over the last five years
- Lane, age 50, who has experienced several severe episodes of depression over the last five years
What was Dr. Jack Kevorkian known for? - Developing suicide hotlines across the United States. - Lowering the risk of suicide in terminally ill people - Making it possible for more than 130 gravely-ill people to commit suicide - Increasing the number of drugs available to treat people contemplating suicide.
- Making it possible for more than 130 gravely-ill people to commit suicide
With people who work during the weekdays, heart attacks are most likely to occur on __________ due to __________. - Friday; the unstructured nature of weekend time - Monday; stress associated with returning to work after the weekend - Sunday; taking on physical activities that are much more strenuous than those assumed during the week - Wednesday; the tendency of many employers to make more demands on their employees midweek
- Monday; stress associated with returning to work after the weekend
What is the primary difference between a fear response and a panic attack? - Panic attacks are usually very short in duration, averaging about 30 seconds, while fear responses can last for hours. - Panic attacks are accompanied by a subjective sense of impending doom or fear of losing control that is not usually present during a fear response. - Fear responses are emotional and cognitive in nature, while panic attacks involve only physical symptoms. - Fear responses usually occur "out of the blue," while panic attacks are a response to a specific, identifiable trigger.
- Panic attacks are accompanied by a subjective sense of impending doom or fear of losing control that is not usually present during a fear response.
Which of the following statements is correct in regard to the role of cognitions in panic? - Panic clients are more likely to interpret bodily sensations as catastrophic events. - Only individuals who tend to catastrophize develop panic disorder. - Cognitive therapy is less effective than emotive therapy for panic disorder. - Panic can be prevented in a panic provocation study by explaining what will happen.
- Panic clients are more likely to interpret bodily sensations as catastrophic events.
Which of the following most accurately describes some of the research on hippocampal volume and PTSD? - Reduced hippocampal volumes may be both a risk factor for and consequence of PTSD. - Reduced hippocampal volumes are only a consequence of PTSD. - Reduced hippocampal volumes are only a risk factor of PTSD. - Hippocampal volumes are unrelated to PTSD.
- Reduced hippocampal volumes may be both a risk factor for and consequence of PTSD.
When Dutch veterans of the Iraq War were given questionnaires, 21 percent of them appeared to have posttraumatic stress disorder. When structured interviews were used, however, that number dropped to 4 percent. This difference may have been for which of the following reasons? - Symptoms that appeared at times other than during or after a traumatic event were not included in the results. - Participants in the study knew if they were diagnosed with PTSD, they would qualify for additional military benefits. - Respondents may have misunderstood questions on the questionnaire. - There were symptoms reported that caused much impairment in functioning.
- Respondents may have misunderstood questions on the questionnaire.
Why is it that long-term exposure to proinflammatory cytokines is associated with an increased risk of heart attack? - The cytokines trigger the growth of plaques in the blood vessels, and these plaques can rupture. - The heart muscle is naturally allergic to cytokines above a certain level, and this can cause an anaphylactic cardiac event. - Cytokines are "cardiopathic," and they actually cause degradation of heart muscle tissue. - While anti-inflammatory cytokines trigger the brain to stimulate cardiac output, proinflammatory cytokines cause the brain to inhibit cardiac output.
- The cytokines trigger the growth of plaques in the blood vessels, and these plaques can rupture.
Exposure to which two factors seems to play an important role in the development of social anxiety? - uncontrollability and unpredictability - depression and mania - aggression and assertion - conflict and frustration
- uncontrollability and unpredictability
What is the primary distinction between a diagnosis of adjustment disorder and one of either acute stress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder? - the duration of time that the symptoms have been experienced - whether the stressor is something common and the severity of the symptoms - whether the symptoms are strictly psychological or also include physical maladies - whether the symptoms appeared before or after the stressor occurred
- whether the stressor is something common and the severity of the symptoms
Unlike in the United States, the sources of worry in GAD seem to vary across cultures. For example, in Yoruba, __________. - getting a good job - financial security - worries center on creating and maintaining a large family - familial illness
- worries center on creating and maintaining a large family
Unlike in the United States, the sources of worry in GAD seem to vary across cultures. For example, in Yoruba, __________. - worries center on creating and maintaining a large family - financial security - getting a good job - familial illness
- worries center on creating and maintaining a large family
The minimum duration of disturbance that is required for a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder is __________. 3 months 6 months 1 month 2 weeks
1 month
Which of the following statements accurately describes research findings involving anxiety disorders? - Approximately 38 percent of the U.S. population will experience an anxiety disorder at some point in their lives. - Anxiety disorders have the earliest age of onset of all mental disorders. - People with anxiety disorders are the least likely to tap into medical services. - Among the adult population, approximately 25 percent suffer from at least one anxiety disorder in any twelve-month period.
- Anxiety disorders have the earliest age of onset of all mental disorders.
Which of the following biological findings would seem the most surprising given the nature of posttraumatic stress disorder? - Neuroimaging finds that the amygdala tends to be under-aroused rather than over-aroused in people with PTSD. - Those who have undergone electroconvulsive therapy for depression seem to be much less likely to develop PTSD in response to future traumatic events. - Baseline cortisol levels are often very similar between those with PTSD and healthy control participants. - The medications used to treat anxiety and depression are sometimes very effective in treating PTSD.
- Baseline cortisol levels are often very similar between those with PTSD and healthy control participants.
Increasingly, research suggests that stress shortens the length of telomeres, or the protective ends of chromosomes. What biological process has recently been shown to explain this effect? - Cortisol reduces activity of telomerase, an enzyme that maintains telomere length. - Cortisol increases activity of telomerase, an enzyme that decreases telomere length. - Cytokines reduce the length of telomeres. - C-reactive protein reduces the length of telomeres.
- Cortisol reduces activity of telomerase, an enzyme that maintains telomere length.
Which of the following most accurately describes how early life stressors affect the perception of stress later in life? - Genetics are not related at all to how stress is perceived. - Experiencing stress early in life always helps people to learn how to cope with it later. - Early life stressors may make us more sensitive to stress later on, and the effects of stress can be cumulative. - People who are depressed see stressors as less stressful because they do not care as much about things going on around them.
- Early life stressors may make us more sensitive to stress later on, and the effects of stress can be cumulative.
Marian is severely depressed and wants to commit suicide. She feels guilty about the harm she may inflict on her mother because both her father and her mother's sister committed suicide. Which of the following statements describes the influence of familial suicides on Marian's suicidal ideation? - Marian is ten times more likely to commit suicide than someone from a family with no suicides. - Evidence points to the correlation between familial suicide and Marian's increased risk for suicide. - Marian's desire to commit suicide is independent of any suicides in her family's past - Research suggests that there is no correlation between risk for suicide and history of familial suicide.
- Evidence points to the correlation between familial suicide and Marian's increased risk for suicide.
Gene's husband died suddenly in an unexpected car accident with a large truck. After learning about the accident, Gene was extremely upset and for the following 4 months experienced symptoms of PTSD that were extremely distressing and interfered with his daily functioning. When asked, however, Gene reported that he did not experience feelings of fear, helplessness, or horror when learning of the event. Which of the following statements is true? - Gene's symptoms qualify for PTSD as defined by DSM-5 but not DSM-IV. - Gene's symptoms do not qualify for PTSD as defined by either DSM-IV or DSM-5. - Gene's symptoms qualify for PTSD as defined by DSM-IV but not DSM-5. - Gene's symptoms qualify for PTSD as defined by both DSM-IV and DSM-5.
- Gene's symptoms qualify for PTSD as defined by DSM-5 but not DSM-IV.
__________ involves a pervasive sense of anxiety and worry across many different areas of life. - Panic disorder - Agoraphobia - Social anxiety disorder - Generalized anxiety disorder
- Generalized anxiety disorder
Mrs. Belshy tells her psychologist, "I cannot leave a certain region around my home without having terrible fears. I am extremely worried when I am in a car or a bus. I am afraid I will have another one of those terrifying experiences." What disorder does Mrs. Belshy probably have and what experience is she talking about? - The disorder is obsessive-compulsive disorder, the experience is an obsession. - The disorder is specific phobia, the experience is a panic attack. - The disorder is agoraphobia, the experience is a panic attack. - The disorder is generalized anxiety disorder, the experience is anxiety.
- The disorder is agoraphobia, the experience is a panic attack.
Every time Tia walks by her neighbor's house, their outdoor cat arches his back and hisses at her, causing her to feel nervous that the cat is going to attack her. Which of the following scenarios is most likely to happen as a result of these repeated interactions? - Tia will get increasingly scared of her neighbor's dog. - Tia will feel scared of all animals. - Tia will be scared of her neighbors. - Tia will feel nervous when passing her neighbor's house even when the cat is not outside.
- Tia will feel nervous when passing her neighbor's house even when the cat is not outside.
Although traditionally thought of as a symptom of OCD, hoarding was added as a new disorder in the DSM-5. Which of the following pieces of evidence likely influenced this decision? - Treatments that reduce OCD symptoms do not seem to reduce hoarding symptoms. - People engaging in compulsive hoarding tend to be less occupationally and socially disabled than people with OCD. - Between 10 and 40 percent of people with OCD also engage in compulsive hoarding. - People with OCD tend to demonstrate poorer prognosis than people with hoarding symptoms.
- Treatments that reduce OCD symptoms do not seem to reduce hoarding symptoms.
Which of the following most accurately describes outcomes of using D-cycloserine in the treatment of specific phobias? - D-cycloserine has no beneficial effects in the treatment of specific phobias. - When used alongside exposure therapy, D-cycloserine enhances the treatment of specific phobias. - D-cycloserine is effective in reducing symptoms of specific phobias on its own. - When used alongside exposure therapy, D-cycloserine decreases the effectiveness of treatment.
- When used alongside exposure therapy, D-cycloserine enhances the treatment of specific phobias
After her boyfriend recently ended their two-year relationship, Mariette has been having difficulty coping. She feels that she "can't handle" this, even though she is still functioning adequately. Although the break-up is just two weeks old, she is visiting a therapist to help her deal with the stress. Which of the following might be the best diagnosis? - adjustment disorder - acute stress disorder - generalized anxiety disorder - posttraumatic stress disorder
- adjustment disorder
The __________, an area of the brain involved in selective attention, shows __________ in patients with depression. - hypothalamus; increased activation - brain stem; decreased volume and lower levels of activation - pituitary gland; decreased production of dopamine - anterior cingulate cortex; decreased volume and abnormally low levels of activation
- anterior cingulate cortex; decreased volume and abnormally low levels of activation
Stressful life events _________ - play no role in the development or progression of bipolar II disorder. - appear to increase the time to recovery from a manic episode. - do not trigger manic episodes. - do not generally precipitate an initial manic episode, but tend to play more of a role over time.
- appear to increase the time to recovery from a manic episode.
Individuals with social phobia are likely to ________ - be aggressive. - attribute events in their lives to external factors. - attribute negative life events to internal, global, and stable factors. - have been raised in a permissive environment.
- attribute events in their lives to external factors.
People with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) sometimes believe that the high amount of worry associated with the disorder brings certain benefits. Which of the following is a benefit some believe to be associated with GAD? - avoidance of catastrophe - increased longevity - financial success brought about by fear of spending money - ability to fend off panic attacks and physical ailments
- avoidance of catastrophe
The effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) on generalized anxiety disorder seem to be influenced by CRH's influence on a part of the brain called the __________, which has an important influence on one's ability to mediate generalized anxiety. - lateral geniculate nucleus of the limbic system - bilateral corpus callosal junction - anterior fissure of the putamen - bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
- bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
Angela has had several periods of extremely "up" moods. They last for a couple of weeks and she has gotten into trouble several times. During those times she doesn't sleep, spends way too much money, gets involved in bad business decisions, talks quickly and thinks even more quickly, and believes she can do anything. The best diagnosis for Angela is ________ - manic disorder. - bipolar II disorder. - cyclothymic disorder. - bipolar I disorder.
- bipolar I disorder.
Which theory of panic proposes that people who are hypersensitive to bodily sensations, and who interpret those sensations in a catastrophic manner, are more prone to developing panic disorder? - biological theory of panic - developmental theory of panic - cognitive theory of panic - comprehensive learning theory of panic
- cognitive theory of panic
Maggie, a senior in high school, got her first rejection from a college. To help reduce the anxiety she is experiencing, she decides to go for a long run every morning. In other words, running is a __________. - coping strategy for Maggie - stressor for Maggie - positive hobby for Maggie - way for Maggie to get fit
- coping strategy for Maggie
Research with rats demonstrated that those exposed to stressful tail shocks produced more __________, a stress hormone, after later exposure to a novel stressor. This research provides evidence that the effects of stress are __________. - serotonin; objective - serotonin; self-perpetuating - cortisol; cumulative - cortisol; subjective
- cortisol; cumulative
In order to meet the criteria for a major depressive episode, a person must have __________. - feelings of grandiosity over a period of three weeks - disinterest in pleasurable activities for at least two weeks - ongoing intense irritability or violent outbursts - racing thoughts for at least a week
- disinterest in pleasurable activities for at least two weeks
Although depression is a greater risk factor than medical factors are in predicting mortality for patients who have already had a heart attack, many physicians fail to treat depression. This oversight has been attributed to the physician's tendency to __________. - underestimate the connection between psychological and physical health - avoid addressing issues that might create more stress on the patient - dismiss the depression as an issue because it is perceived to be merely a consequence of having had a life-threatening medical event - be overly concerned about how antidepressant medications might interact with cardiac medications
- dismiss the depression as an issue because it is perceived to be merely a consequence of having
Quierra has recently been given a reprimand at her job. Her boss told her that if her performance does not improve immediately, she is going to be fired. She is understandably upset about this. The bad stress that this event has caused is called __________. - anhedonia - eustress - distress - affective lability
- distress
Quentin is severely depressed and presents an immediate and serious suicide risk. In the past he has not responded to tricyclics. A wise course of action is to treat him with _________ - electroconvulsive therapy because it can rapidly reduce symptoms. - Prozac because it can reduce symptoms in 12 to 24 hours. - lithium because suicide is almost always accompanied by manic episodes. - anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine and valproate because they can prevent future depressions.
- electroconvulsive therapy because it can rapidly reduce symptoms.
Ruth, age 72, is visiting the office of a psychotherapist to deal with some recent problems related to anxiety. Given the rates of anxiety disorders in older adults, which of the following is she most likely to be dealing with? - social anxiety - generalized anxiety disorder - panic disorder - agoraphobia
- generalized anxiety disorder
One of the main problems with the worry in generalized anxiety disorders is that it __________. - is a form of avoidance of deeper emotional issues and prevents extinction - keeps people with the disorder feeling happier than if they didn't worry - keeps people distracted from what is really bothering them - increases the effects of operant conditioning on fears
- is a form of avoidance of deeper emotional issues and prevents extinction
Research into the effectiveness of writing about one's emotions has found that it may be helpful in speeding the process of recovering from a medical illness. One reason for this might be __________. - when one is assigned a certain amount of writing time, that takes away from time when other unhealthy behaviors may be occurring - journaling about emotions helps people rethink problems or reduce how threatening the problems seem - the act of writing slows the mind down from the rapid pace of the world, and this facilitates physical healing - when people write about problems they no longer have to think about them, and this helps reduce the release of stress hormones
- journaling about emotions helps people rethink problems or reduce how threatening the problems seem
Which of the following experiences is likely to produce the most stress? - going through a breakup - watching a film about what to expect during and after hip surgery before undergoing surgery - losing one's home in an unexpected hurricane-related flood - talking with the dentist about what to expect with a dental implant procedure
- losing one's home in an unexpected hurricane-related flood
A __________ occurs in the absence of any external threat. - psychotic episode - panic attack - depressive episode - fear response
- panic attack
Which of the following treatments would likely have the highest rates of treatment dropout? - psychological debriefing - cognitive therapy for PTSD - virtual reality exposure therapy - prolonged exposure for PTSD
- prolonged exposure for PTSD
A rapid return of symptoms immediately after drug treatment is terminated is a common example of ________; a return to depressive symptoms after a period of spontaneous remission of symptoms is called a ________. - melancholia; recurrence - recurrence; relapse - mood-congruent depression; mood-incongruent depression - relapse; recurrence
- relapse; recurrence
The positive physical and psychological responses that some people display when confronted with stress is called __________. - resilience - grit - optimism - strength
- resilience
Marita has a tremendous fear of baseball hats. She is not afraid of any other kind of hat, and in fact she wears stylish hats on a regular basis. When she is near a person wearing a baseball cap, however, she gets very upset and has to move away from them. She cannot explain why this fear exists and recognizes it to be irrational. Marita has had relationships end because of this fear in the past. What would be the best diagnosis for Marita's fear? - generalized anxiety disorder - specific phobia - agoraphobia - social anxiety disorder
- specific phobia
External demands that one might consider challenging or threatening are called __________, and the various effects they have an organism are called __________. - distressors; eustress - eustressors; distress - stressors; stress - anxiety; stimuli
- stressors; stress
Jonah has a crippling fear of thunderstorms. Even though he is in his teens, thunder and lightning cause him to retreat to his bedroom where he will hide under his bed covers until the storm ends. Jonah's mother has had a lifelong fear of thunderstorms since one of her siblings was struck by lightning and killed when she was young. According to learned behavior theory, how did Jonah's phobia develop? - through vicarious conditioning - through classical conditioning - because of repressed id impulses - because of evolutionary preparedness
- through vicarious conditioning
Which of the following is considered the single most effective treatment for the various anxiety disorders? - treatment through graduated exposure to feared cues, objects, and situations - virtual reality therapy, acclimating patients to feared stimuli - Aaron Beck's treatment strategies for depression - psychodynamic therapy aimed at understanding the unconscious forces that perpetuate the anxiety
- treatment through graduated exposure to feared cues, objects, and situations
Jennifer has a very unusual problem. She feels compelled to pull out her own hair, both the hair on her head as well as hair on different parts of her body. This has led to embarrassing bald spots, skin irritations, and occasional bleeding in the past. Jennifer is now in treatment for __________. - obsessive-compulsive disorder - excoriation disorder - body dysmorphic disorder - trichotillomania
- trichotillomania
Gjabolla has been suffering from a terrible fear of lightning for some time now. Whenever there are storms in the weather forecast, she gets very upset and plans on spending the duration of that time in her basement. She has even called in sick to work to avoid going out during a bad thunderstorm. How long would these symptoms have to persist before a diagnosis of a specific phobia could be made? - 3 months - 1 month - 6 months - 2 weeks
6 months
Which type of anxiety disorder is marked by a persistent and disproportionate fear of a specific object or situation that presents little or no actual danger? - specific phobia - panic disorder - obsessive-compulsive disorder - generalized anxiety disorder
specific phobia
Which branch of the United States military seems to have the highest problem with suicide, both attempted suicide and suicide deaths? Army Marines Air Force Navy
Army
Which type of leukocyte is responsible for the antibodies that respond to specific antigens? T-cells NK-cells B-cells interleukin-1 cells
B-cells
Jill's marriage has suffered ever since the birth of her second child. Since the birth, she has been depressed and has had little interest in intimacy with her husband. Jill feels unattractive with the additional weight she carries since the birth and has been rejecting her husband's advances. After Jill discussed her feelings with Dr. Tora, Dr. Tora decided to prescribe her an antidepressant. Considering the problems she has been having in her marriage, which of the following is Dr. Tora most likely to prescribe? Bupropion Imipramine Prozac Venlafaxine
Bupropion
Which of the following is a true statement about Mowrer's two-process theory of avoidance learning? - It has not been helpful in explaining why people with OCD develop obsessions in the first place and why some people never develop compulsive behaviors. - It provides an explanation for the development of all anxiety disorders. - While it suggests mechanisms for the development of GAD, it does not account for the development of panic disorder and OCD. - It does not account for the effectiveness of extinction procedures in the treatment of OCD.
It has not been helpful in explaining why people with OCD develop obsessions in the first place and why some people never develop compulsive behaviors.
According to the authors, which of the following is one of the most important ways to reduce the frequency with which posttraumatic stress disorder occurs? - Change insurance reimbursement laws so that people with PTSD can seek treatment that is paid for. - Lower the frequency with which traumatic events occur. - Create mandatory psychotherapy for soldiers who are returning from combat experiences. - Have mental health professionals available in emergency rooms for attack victims.
Lower the frequency with which traumatic events occur.
The goal of __________ is to reduce anxiety by changing people's relationships with stressful thoughts and decreasing emotional reactivity. stress facilitation therapy Mindfulness Based Stress reduction cognitive behavior therapy for stress relaxation training
Mindfulness Based Stress reduction
Which of the following is no longer considered an anxiety disorder in DSM-5? - panic disorder - obsessive-compulsive disorder - social anxiety - generalized anxiety disorder
OCD
__________ helps people tolerate an anticipated threat by changing the things that they say to themselves during a stressful event. Critical incident stress debriefing Rational emotive therapy Gestalt proactive therapeutic training Stress-inoculation training
Stress-inoculation training
Which of the following might explain why rates of depression are low in China and Japan? - Mental illnesses are not stigmatized, thus those who are depressed receive much social support and do not seek treatment. - The heavy emphasis on the individual decreases the likelihood of blaming the self for failure. - Symptoms of depression tend to be described in terms of physical problems rather than in psychological terms. - Both positive and negative emotional extremes are rare in China and Japan.
Symptoms of depression tend to be described in terms of physical problems rather than in psychological terms.
Which visuospatial video game was the focus of a research study by Holmes and colleagues (2009) examining the effects of distraction on consolidation of visual memories? Qix Pac-Man Tetris Bloxx
Tetris
Which of the following traumatic events would be most likely to produce PTSD for someone? a hurricane an earthquake a minor automobile accident a terrorist attack in a shopping mall
a terrorist attack in a shopping mall
Which of the following anxiety response components involves general avoidance of an upsetting stimulus? - subjective - physiological - cognitive - behavioral
behavioral
Although it does not always occur, __________ is a frequent complication of panic disorder. generalized anxiety disorder social anxiety disorder hoarding disorder agoraphobia
agoraphobia
Which of the following is considered to be an anxiety disorder in DSM-5? agoraphobia obsessive-compulsive disorder bipolar I disorder schizophrenia
agoraphobia
The biological cost of responding to stress is called the __________ load. - homeostatic - allostatic - extrinsic - dysregulatory
allostatic
Marvin has been suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder since returning from combat in the military. He goes to his physician asking for medication to help reduce the symptoms. His physician tells him that only __________ medications have been found to produce modest benefits, and offers him a prescription for that medicine. mood-stabilizing antidepressant antianxiety neuroleptic
antidepressant
Which response pattern is described as a complex blend of unpleasant emotions and cognitions that is very diffuse and oriented to the future? fear anxiety trepidation apprehension
anxiety
Individuals who experience prolonged unemployment are at a greater risk for __________. engaging in acts of domestic violence developing an eating disorder attempting or dying by suicide panic disorder
attempting or dying by suicide
Results of a large study of children with parents with an emotional disorder found that those high on __________ between 2 and 6 years of age were nearly three times more likely to be diagnosed with social anxiety disorder than were children low on this trait. - introversion - neuroticism - dependence - behavioral inhibition
behavioral inhibition
Juliana has chronic headaches. To help her reduce the frequency of these headaches, she undergoes a treatment where she practices reducing her muscle tension and heart rate on command, which are monitored by her treatment provider, who then provides her with information about her performance. This is an example of what form of treatment? biofeedback relaxation training progressive muscle training mindfulness-based stress reduction
biofeedback
Research by Schneider and colleagues (2005) has shown that the daily practice of Transcendental Meditation may be helpful in reducing __________. serum cholesterol levels blood pressure blood glucose hostility
blood pressure
Which hormone is released by the hypothalamus when the HPA pathway is stimulated? melatonin androstenedione acetylcholinesterase corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)
corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Jayden is a black male who works as a lawyer. Since childhood, he has experienced discrimination and unfair treatment because of his race. He recently found out that he has high blood pressure and early signs of cardiovascular disease despite exercising regularly and being relatively young. Building on preliminary research by Lewis and colleagues, Jayden would likely show higher levels of __________ in his liver. anti-inflammatory cytokines C-reactive protein (CRP) proinflammatory cytokines IL-6
crp
__________ are small protein molecules that serve as chemical messengers and allow immune cells to communicate with each other. Histamines Leukocytes Cytokines Basophils
cytokines
Although people who experience __________ sessions after a traumatic event often report satisfaction with the procedure, there is no substantial research that finds it to be effective at reducing symptoms of PTSD or hastening recovery in civilians. re-exposure inoculation in vivo debriefing
debriefing
Which of the following is the most important medical risk factor in predicting mortality for patients who have had a heart attack? substance abuse a sedentary lifestyle diet depression
depression
What has research repeatedly found to be the best way of treating a specific phobia? pharmacotherapy Gestalt therapy exposure therapy psychoanalysis
exposure therapy
Diana and her family decide to go camping for the weekend. When Diana wakes up and steps out of her tent, she sees a bear with its back turned to her, going through their trash. She immediately freezes, her heart rate increases, and then she steps back into the tent quietly to make sure the bear does not hear or see her. This response would be considered a __________. - fear response - anxiety disorder - traumatic response - panic attack
fear response
Research by Chida & Steptoe (2009) and Wong et al. (2013) found that a Type A behavior pattern component correlated with coronary artery deterioration. Which of the following was the behavioral correlate noted? impatience or time urgency hostility extreme commitment to work excessive competitive drive
hostility
Chronic stress appears to impair the body's ability to respond to the signals that will terminate immune system reactivity. The result of this impairment is __________. - an overproduction of leukocytes - dysregulation of stress-related signals between the brain and body - inflammation - heart rate increase
inflammation
Jayne was in a near-fatal car accident 6 weeks ago and has been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder by her therapist. One of her symptoms—having regular nightmares about the accident—is an example of which major category of this condition? avoidance negative alterations in cognition and mood physiological arousal intrusion
intrusion
Research examining the importance of social support and the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) found that women who reported __________ on two separate occasions were 76 percent more likely to develop heart disease in subsequent years. depression loneliness anxiety hallucinations
loneliness
Demetrius is an Iraq War veteran diagnosed with PTSD who, while in Iraq, witnessed an army personnel carrier transporting U.S. soldiers explode. Since returning to the United States, Demetrius's wife, Shania, notes that her husband seems detached and blames himself for every mishap that occurs in the family. In which of the four PTSD symptom categories do the behaviors described by Shania fall? intrusion avoidance arousal and reactivity negative alterations in cognitions and mood
negative alterations in cognitions and mood
The subspecialty of __________ psychology emphasizes the study of human traits and resources such as humor, gratitude, and compassion. existential stress humanistic positive
positive
n 2005, Kiecolt-Glaser and her colleagues conducted a study of married couples in which people who were given blister wounds to their arm showed increased healing time when the body's production of __________ was inhibited by evoked marital conflict. anti-inflammatory lymphocytes supportive platelets glucocorticoids proinflammatory cytokines
proinflammatory cytokines
Katrina, a police officer, has PTSD. She is working with a therapist who has her vividly recount the traumatic event she experienced on duty over and over at each therapy session. What type of treatment is Katrina participating in? prolonged exposure systematic desensitization cognitive restructuring stress inoculation training
prolonged exposure
When she goes to graduate school, Nanji wants to study how the immune system and nervous system interact and how they are each impacted by stress. She would most likely apply to programs specializing in __________. psychotraumatology behavioral medicine health psychology psychoneuroimmunology
psychoneuroimmunology
Which of the following factors appears to be protective against the negative consequences of psychological stress? self-regulation Type D personality loneliness being married, regardless of marriage quality
self-regulation
According to the groundbreaking research by Brown and colleagues (2009), people who reported __________ or more adverse events during their childhood died, on average, 20 years earlier than normal life expectancy than those who did not. - two - 20 - six - 18
six
Which of the following parts of the body is the most frequent target of concern for people with body dysmorphic disorder? skin stomach nose breasts/chest/nipples
skin
Which type of anxiety disorder is marked by a persistent and disproportionate fear of a specific object or situation that presents little or no actual danger? - panic disorder - obsessive-compulsive disorder - specific phobia - generalized anxiety disorder
specific phobia
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2013), the rates of unemployment for African Americans are __________ as high as they are for Caucasians. five times ten times twice three times
twice
Danny, age 40, has been described by others as being prone to negative emotions. He is also insecure and anxious. Which personality type best fits the description of Danny's behaviors? Type C Type B Type A Type D
type d
__________ conditioning can be used to explain that the development of a phobia is transmitted when one person observes another person behaving in a phobic manner and then adopts that same fear of the stimulus. Dispositional Classical Operant Vicarious
vicarious
