Abnormal Psychology Test 3 pt3
In most states, the legal cutoff for DUI is a blood alcohol level of
.08
The MMPI-2 has _________ subscales that assess for drug use
3
Statistically, _________% of Americans age 12 and older currently use alcohol
39.5
Researchers indicate the heritability rates for alcoholism at ________%
52 to 57
Statistics indicate that ________% of college campus rapes occur when victims are too intoxicated to consent to or refuse sex
72
Jed was in a residential treatment program for substance-related disorders that was one of the few programs that also addresses stigma among this population. What would likely be the program's focus for reducing stigma?
Accepting difficult feelings, connecting with others, emphasizing process over content in negative thinking, and exploring goals and values in life
Modeling substance use may be especially pertinent to which of the following groups?
Adolescents
Members of which of the following groups are most likely to experience severe consequences from drug use?
African Americans
Korsakoff's syndrome is a disorder marked by confusion and memory loss and is tied to excessive use of which of the following?
Alcohol
Genetics may affect a person's sensitivity to alcohol. Genetics influence __________, and this can predict alcoholism in offspring of people with alcoholism
a low level of response to alcohol
Jack's substance use had become so severe that many areas of his life were greatly impaired. His extensive and varied drug use has caused academic failure, financial ruin, and legal troubles. A person such as Jack may have
a substance related disorder
Increased sexual desire with poor performance, memory impairments, and the erroneous belief that problem solving ability is adequate are common effects of
alcohol
The highest 12 month and lifetime prevalence rates of the major substance related disorders are associated with
alcohol use
Substance related disorders are comorbid with other mental disorders especially
anxiety disorders
Many college students ingest large amounts of alcohol in a short period resulting in death or numerous problems. This is
binge drinking
Some people may be intoxicated for short periods; others go on ________ and remain intoxicated for lengthy periods
binges
To arrange risk factors for substance related disorders into a general model of addiction, many theorists and researchers adopt a
biopsychosocial approach
People with alcoholism often have periods of heavy drinking in which they remember nothing referred to as
blackouts
Cocaine and amphetamines are powerful drugs that
cause serious additive problems for users
Dysfunctional behaviors that spouses, partners, children, and others engage in to cope with the stress of having a family member with a substance related disorder refers to
codependency
Pam's son is a college student and an alcoholic. He still lives at home, and she often cleans up messes that occur when he is binge drinking. Even though she wishes desperately he was not an alcoholic, she still feels like she somehow contributes to it. She tries to help him complete his assignments in school, even though they are really his responsibility, because she doesn't want to see him fail. What family factor discussed in your text is at work in this situation?
codependency
Erroneous beliefs one has about oneself and the surrounding world that can lead to maladjustment are
cognitive distortions
The lethal dose, or LD, of a substance is an attempt to
correlate blood levels with death
The increase in sexual desire from alcohol use is accompanied by
decreased sexual performance
Severe confusion and autonomic overactivity in the form of the sweating, heart palpitations, and trembling that occurs during alcohol withdrawal is
delirium tremens
When a long time, heavy drinker quits drinking suddenly and completely, that person is likely to experience
delirium tremens
Drugs such as alcohol that inhibit aspects of the central nervous system are
depressants
When drugs are modified for specific purposes, they are designated as
designer or club drugs
When alcohol inhibits a key inhibitory brain system, the process is known as
disinhibition
Background factors that indirectly affect a person and can generally contribute to a mental disorder are
distal factors
A person who comes home after a long week at work, drinks two or three margaritas, and falls asleep _______ a mental disorder
does not have
Stimuli associated with drug use, such as friends, favorite hangouts, and other things that stimulate further drug use, are called
drug cues
Increased glutamate from stress may produces a state of sadness from dopamine depletion to trigger cravings for increased dopamine using drugs, thereby enhancing
drug relapse
Substance use can be described along a continuum in these areas
emotions, cognition, and behaviors
As a person drinks more alcohol past the disinhibition stage, he/she becomes more intoxicated as areas of the brain become depressed or inhibited. These areas include the reticular activating system, the limbic system, and the cortex.
excitatory
Drinking alcohol past the disinhibition stage will result in
excitatory brain areas to become inhibited
Observations that include monitoring a person's behavior and reporting dates absent from work, time away from home, family arguments over drug use, and binges are often part of
family therapy
Periods of heavy drinking in which a person with alcoholism can remember events only when someone reminds them of what happened or they drink heavily again are referred to as
grayouts
Andy has taken a drug that has produced powerful distortions in his perceptions. He has reported tasting certain colors and smelling certain sounds. Andy has likely taken a(n)
hallucinogen
Jason is a heroin user who cannot always afford new needles, so he used to share needles with his friends who also use heroin. At the county health office, though, a new program allows him to exchange his used needles for clean ones at no cost, so he does not need to share needles anymore. Jason's behavior has been influenced by a(n) _________ program
harm reduction
Consider the case of Elon in Chapter 9 of your text. As Elon continued to drink and use illicit drugs, his ability to perform sexually was
impaired
Risk taking, lack of planning, chaotic lifestyle, desire for immediate gratification, and explosiveness are defining characteristics of
impulsivity
The two main personality factors that seem to relate to substance abuse disorders are
impulsivity and psychopathy
Cocaine, when compared to amphetamines,
increases serotonin as well as dopamine and norepinephrine
Prescription medications tend to be the drugs of choice with increased age, with _________ tending to be the illegal drugs of choice for teenagers
inhalants and marijuana
Martin has excessively used alcohol for many years. His brain size is likely to be
larger than normal
Research on heroin addiction in Vietnam based soldiers in the 1960s and 1970s generally revealed the importance of _______ as a risk factor for substance related disorders
learning
Elise is responding to a survey asking about her parents' attitudes towards substance use. She says that her parents strongly disapprove of it. Elise is probably
less likely to use a substance in the coming month because of her parents' disapproval of substance use
A person who has used an excessive amount of alcohol may experience changes in behavior such as becoming aggressive, making inappropriate sexual advances, and showing poor judgment and rapid shifts in mood, all of which make it more difficult to function effectively. These behavioral changes are said to be
maladaptive
Obvious incapacitation caused by alcohol consumption leads to
many traffic and other accidents
The primary brain area associated with substance abuse disorders is the
mesolimbic pathway
Which brain feature is most closely involved in the priming, drug cues, craving, and stress that all contribute to substance related disorders
mesolimbic system
The stimulant that is best known for the force and violence that users inflict on others is
methamphetamine
People do not generally pick up a crack pipe or inject heroin themselves, but usually learn the behavior by
modeling
An interview for substance abuse that goes beyond just getting information regarding the problem, and provides empathy, support, and sets specific treatment goals would be a
motivational interview
An assessment and treatment strategy that allows obtaining information about a person's substance related problems and providing feedback to help increase his readiness for change is referred to as
motivational interviewing
Jackson is working with a new client who has a substance use disorder. "I don't know if I can change," the client frets. Jackson replies, "I think you could. After all, if you don't, you are headed for destruction." "I know, and I don't want to go there," the client acknowledges. Jackson affirms, "That is a great choice. Let's talk about how you can find a different path." Jackson is using which assessment tool?
motivational interviewing
Opiates are drugs commonly used to relieve pain or cough, such as morphine and codeine, and are sometimes called
narcotics
Drug use can serve as a powerful ________, in that stress, pressure, depression, and withdrawal symptoms recede
negative reinforcer
Because drug use is often a hidden problem, and many people do not accurately report their alcohol or other drug use, therapists may conduct
observations
Drug use can be quite rewarding, and therefore is maintained by
operant conditioning
Used medicinally for pain, __________ are a category of drugs that are extremely addictive
opiates
One common misperception among people with substance related disorders is increased _______ about effects of various substances and minimization of negative effects
positive expectancies
In the last 12 months, the illegal drugs most commonly tried for the first time include
prescription medications and marijuana
When a single drug does, such as a drink of alcohol or a snorted line of cocaine, leads to an uncontrollable binge, this situation is referred to as
priming
The influence of peers on one's decision to engage in substance use is an example of a(n) _______ factor
proximal
Drug seeking behavior sometimes relates to ________ dependence on a drug, meaning a person believes he or she needs that drug to function effectively
psychological
Janine would really like to quit smoking but simply cannot fight the cravings. Which aspect of substance use disorder does Janine struggle with
psychological
Reducing exposure to alcohol and other drugs, improving motivation to continue abstinence, self-monitoring daily mood and tempting situations, recognizing and coping appropriately with drug cravings, reducing anxiety and depression, modifying irrational thoughts about drug use, and developing a crisis plan are all key to
relapse prevention
A D2 receptor dysfunction with resulting inability to enjoy everyday rewards is
reward deficiency syndrome
Interviews that are specifically designed to assess recent and lifetime problems with respect to substance use are referred to as
screening interviews
A critical environmental factor with the ability to trigger onset in relapse of substance related disorders is
stress
When people have a glass of wine to relax, smoke a cigarette to unwind, or snort a line of cocaine to enhance mood, it clearly indicates how _________ can trigger substance abuse
stress
Activation of the certain brain substances related to stress, such as corticotropin releasing hormone and cortisol, that help us cope but also increase dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway result in
stress induced relapse
Repeated use of substances to the point that recurring problems are evident defines
substance use disorder
One evolutionary theory is that the mesolimbic dopamine system is not strictly a reward based system but on intricately involved in
survival motivation
Bill mixes alcohol with other drugs, which lowers the dose necessary for death. This is because mixing different drugs causes a(n) ____________ effect
synergistic
Universal efforts to prevent substance abuse often target
the public
Charmane started smoking when she started college. At first, she found that one cigarette could give her a burst of energy that would keep her going all evening on her homework. But by winter break, Charmane finds that she needs three cigarettes to get that same burst of energy to keep going. Charmane is experiencing
tolerance
The need to ingest greater and greater quantities of the drug to achieve the same effect defines
tolerance
Raising the minimum drinking age and airing anti drug commercials are examples of
universal efforts to prevent substance use
One common cognitive factor involved in alcohol use is that
users believe it will enhance their social functioning
Maladaptive changes that occur when a person stops using a drug are the defining criteria of
withdrawal
Which of the following is NOT an example of substance use
Ellie is tired and turns on white noise to help her sleep
Which cultural subgroup makes up the highest for substance abuse or dependence
Indians/ Alaska natives
Areta has just experienced a date rape. Which drug would her rapist have been most likely to use?
Ketamine
A cognitive disorder that involves confusion, memory loss, and problems with coordination because of thiamine deficiency from extended alcohol use is
Korsakoff's syndrome
Sarah has not seen her uncle in three years. She is shocked when she finally does see him at a Thanksgiving dinner she is hosting because he is so changed. He has lost a lot of teeth and looks about 20 years older. He seems anxious and depressed, even paranoid. She is further upset when she realizes he has stolen a large amount of cash from her dresser. Sarah suspects he has a substance use disorder. Use of what substance would most likely cause all of what Sarah has observed?
Methamphetamine
A 24 item measure of drinking habits, interpersonal and legal problems related to drinking, and treatment for alcoholismis the
Michigan Alcohol Screening Test
Bradford has just been diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver. What does this mean?
Scar tissue has replaced liver tissue
When combining alcohol use with other drugs
The effect is multiplicative, not additive
Which statement about children of parents with substance related disorders is true?
These children are more likely to develop a substance related disorder
The highest percentage of binge drinkers in the world is found in
Canadian men and Swedish women
If you wanted to assess a client for personality disorders as well as alcohol use, you should probably use
Millon Clinical Multiaxial 3
The best known and widely used depressant drug is
alcohol
A genetic cause has been significantly implicated in the areas of
alcoholism and opiate addiction
THC is found in
cannabis sativa
Various inappropriate family factors provide some correlational insight into causes of substance related disorders. One problem with this type of evidence is that family factors are confounded by
genetic predisposition
A derivative of morphine that is typically injected is
heroin
Dopamine release acts as a powerful
reward
